scholarly journals Alteration of the Ileal Microbiota of Weanling Piglets by the Growth-Promoting Antibiotic Chlortetracycline

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (17) ◽  
pp. 5489-5495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Rettedal ◽  
S�bastien Vilain ◽  
Stacy Lindblom ◽  
Kelly Lehnert ◽  
Clay Scofield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters

ABSTRACT Antibiotics such as chlortetracycline (CTC) have been used to promote growth of pigs for decades, but concerns over increased antibiotic-resistant infections in humans have prompted the development of alternative strategies. Developing alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) could be informed by information on the mechanisms of growth promotion, notably, how AGPs affect the microbial populations of the gastrointestinal tract. Pigs from three sows were aseptically delivered by cesarean section. Six piglets were distributed to each of two foster mothers until weaning, when piglets were fed a diet with or without 50 mg/kg CTC for 2 weeks. The ileal bacterial microbiota was characterized by using a cultivation-independent approach based on DNA extraction, PCR amplification, cloning, and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene pool. The ileal and mucosal communities of these growing pigs were dominated by Lactobacillus bacteria, various members of the family Clostridiaceae, and members of the poorly known genus Turicibacter. Overall, CTC treatment resulted in three shifts: a decrease in L actobacillus johnsonii, an increase in L. amylovorus, and a decrease in Turicibacter phylotypes. The composition of the microbiota varied considerably between individual pigs, as revealed by shared operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and similarity (SONS) analysis (θYC values). While the observed variation between untreated pigs obscured the possible effect of CTC, ∫-LIBSHUFF and SONS analyses of pooled libraries indicated a significant shift due to CTC in both the lumen and the mucosa, with some OTUs unique to either treated or control ileum. DOTUR analysis revealed little overlap between control and treated communities at the 3% difference level, indicating unique ileal communities in the presence of CTC.

Phage-mediated dissemination of virulence factors in pathogenic bacteria facilitated by antibiotic growth promoters in animals: a perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Migma Dorji Tamang ◽  
Hoon Sunwoo ◽  
Byeonghwa Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
The World ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters

AbstractAddition of sub-therapeutic antibiotics to the feed of food-producing animals for growth promotion and disease prevention has become a common agricultural practice in many countries. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens is a looming concern associated with the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) around the world. In addition, some studies have shown that AGPs may not only affect antibiotic resistance but may also stimulate the dissemination of virulence factors via bacteriophages. Although only a few studies are currently available in the literature regarding this topic, in this article we endeavor to provide a perspective about how AGPs would impact the transmission of virulence factors by horizontal gene transfer via phages in a few pathogenic bacterial species significant to livestock production.

scholarly journals Dietary non-pharmacological alternatives to the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in swine

2007 ◽  
Vol 23 (5-6-1) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
G. Biagi
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Growth Performances ◽  
Decision Alternative ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters

The first weeks after weaning are a critical stage for piglets characterized by high incidence of diarrhoea and low weight gain. These problems were counteracted with the use of antibiotic growth promoters that may as a side-effect induce the selection of antibiotic-resistant genes in animal and human pathogens. For this reason, the European Union decided to completely ban the antibiotics used as growth promoters as of January 2006. As a consequence of this decision, alternative strategies to modulate the piglet gastrointestinal environment have been the object of many studies. The use of non-pharmaceutical dietary supplements, such as organic acids, prebiotics, probiotics, and essential oils has been shown to improve piglet post-weaning health and growth performances but results are sometimes controversial. Moreover, the role of molecules that can influence gastrointestinal and immune development in the newly weaned piglet has been investigated. The proper choice and use of a non-pharmacological dietary supplement might improve piglet productivity but it has to be considered that dietary supplements usually increase the feed price, which means that the gains in productivity should exceed the increased costs.

scholarly journals Antibiotic use in animal feed and its impact on human healt

2000 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary D. Barton
Keyword(s):  
Food Chain ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Human Medicine ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Animal Feeds ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters

AbstractAntibiotic resistance in bacteria that cause disease in man is an issue of major concern. Although misuse of antibiotics in human medicine is the principal cause of the problem, antibiotic-resistant bacteria originating in animals are contributory factors, with some types of resistance in some species of bacteria. Antibiotics are added to animal feeds to treat and prevent infections and to improve growth and production. Until recently, the major concerns about incorporation of antibiotics in animal feeds related to antibiotic residues in products from treated animals. Although, in 1969, the Swann (1969) report drew attention to the potential for antibiotic-resistant bacteria to spread from treated animals via the food chain, there was little response until the detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in animals fed a related glycopeptide, avoparcin. Subsequently, attention started to focus on the issue and other examples of transfer of resistant bacteria through the food chain, such as enterococci resistant to quinupristin–dalfopristin or to everninomicin, fluoroquinolone-resistant campylobacters and multiresistantEscherichia coli, and salmonella such asSalmonella typhimuriumDT104. Reviews and committees in many countries have highlighted the need for better control of licensing of antibiotics, and codes for prudent use of antibiotics by veterinary practitioners and farmers. The continued use of antibiotic growth promoters has been questioned and there is a need to ensure that antibiotics important in human medicine are not used therapeutically or prophylactically in animals.

scholarly journals Streptococcus australis and Ralstonia pickettii as Major Microbiota in Mesotheliomas

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 297
Author(s):  
Rumi Higuchi ◽  
Taichiro Goto ◽  
Yosuke Hirotsu ◽  
Sotaro Otake ◽  
Toshio Oyama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Ralstonia Pickettii ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Almost All

The microbiota has been reported to be correlated with carcinogenesis and cancer progression. However, its involvement in the pathology of mesothelioma remains unknown. In this study, we aimed to identify mesothelioma-specific microbiota using resected or biopsied mesothelioma samples. Eight mesothelioma tissue samples were analyzed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the effective tags were analyzed in order to determine the taxon composition of each sample. For the three patients who underwent extra pleural pneumonectomy, normal peripheral lung tissues adjacent to the tumor were also included, and the same analysis was performed. In total, 61 OTUs were identified in the tumor and lung tissues, which were classified into 36 species. Streptococcus australis and Ralstonia pickettii were identified as abundant species in almost all tumor and lung samples. Streptococcus australis and Ralstonia pickettii were found to comprise mesothelioma-specific microbiota involved in tumor progression; thus, they could serve as targets for the prevention of mesothelioma.

scholarly journals Bacterial Communities Associated with the Cycling of Non-Starch Polysaccharides and Phytate in Aquaponics Systems

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 631
Author(s):  
Daniel Menezes-Blackburn ◽  
Nahad Al-Mahrouqi ◽  
Buthaina Al-Siyabi ◽  
Adhari Al-Kalbani ◽  
Ralf Greiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Catalytic Mechanisms ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Aquaponics are efficient systems that associate aquatic organisms’ production and plants by recirculating water and nutrients between aquaculture and hydroponic tanks. In this study, we characterised the bacterial communities in the freshwater aquaponics system that can mineralise polysaccharides and phytate by producing carbohydrate-degrading enzymes and phytases, by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and in vitro culture techniques. Around 20% of the operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) identified were previously reported to carry fibre-degrading enzyme putative genes, namely β-glucanase (1%), xylanase (5%), or cellulases (17%). Ten % of the zOTUs were previously reported to carry putative genes of phytases with different catalytic mechanisms, namely β-propeller (6%), histidine acid phytases (3%), and protein tyrosine phytase (<1%). Thirty-eight morphologically different bacteria were isolated from biofilms accumulated in fish and plant compartments, and identified to belong to the Bacilli class. Among these, 7 could produce xylanase, 8 produced β-glucanase, 14 produced cellulase, and 11 isolates could secrete amylases. In addition, Staphylococcus sp. and Rossellomorea sp. could produce consistent extracellular phytate-degrading activity. The PCR amplification of β-propeller genes both in environmental samples and in the isolates obtained showed that this is the most ecologically relevant phytase type in the aquaponics systems used. In summary, the aquaponics system is abundant with bacteria carrying enzymes responsible for plant-nutrient mineralisation.

Effect of medicinal plants and organic acid on growth performance of Ross broilers

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 205-205
Author(s):  
H Ziaie ◽  
M A Karimi Torshizi ◽  
M Bashtani ◽  
H Farhangfar ◽  
P Rowlinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Broiler Performance ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Intensive Farming ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Alternative Antibiotic

The prophylactic use of antibiotic (as growth promoters) in animal feeds has made intensive farming possible and improved feed conversion. In the presence of low levels of an antibiotic, resistant cells survive and grow which produces an antibiotic-resistant population. Consequently, the use of antibiotic for broilers has been limited. Therefore, a number of studies on alternative products that can aid promotion of growth, improved feed utilization, and maintenance of gut health have taken placed (Hernandez et al, 2004). Herbs and organic acid have received an increased attention as an alternative to antibiotics (Craig, 1999; Ricke, 2003). The main aim of the present research was to evaluate the efficiency of alternative antibiotic growth promoters on Ross broiler performance.

scholarly journals Enhancing immunity level by using phytogenic feed additives in animal diets (review)

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Aamir Iqbal ◽  
Abdul Qudoos ◽  
Ismail Bayram ◽  
Olena Tytariova ◽  
Oksana Tsekhmistrenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Anti Fungal ◽  
Optimum Production

It is established that antibiotics are one of the most important medical discoveries of 20th century and will remain an utmost way of treating disease of animals as well as of human beings. We, the human beings, get meat, milk, egg, etc. from animals being very important and inevitable part of our daily nutrition. The irrational, consecutive and extensive use of antibiotics in food producing animals particularly for growth promotion has lead to antibiotic resistance, microbial resistance and possible the drug residual threat for human beings due to consumption of milk, meat, egg, etc. It was found out that during the normal physiology the animals undergo various types of stresses mainly including environmental, pathogenic, etc which suppress the immune system as well as the GIT of animals and due to this the animals become vulnerable to different diseases which leads to immunosuppression, poor health status, increased mortality and decreased production. Due to this ban on using synthetic antibiotics in animals as antibiotic growth promoters (AGP), an alternative approach is to use phytochemicals in animals’ feed for growth promotion, optimum production and enhancing or modulating the immunity level of animal. These phytogenic feed additives are important and have many properties i.e. anti-fungal, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, etc which, when supplemented with diet and fed to animals, ensure the protection and improvement of health condition, integrity of GIT and enhance the immunity level of animal. This review illustrates the importance of plant-based feed additives supplemented with other feedstuff and fed to animals particularly their role in immunomodulation to boost the immunity level on animal under stress conditions. Key words: feed additives, phytobiotics, alternative to antibiotics, animal feeding, immunity.

scholarly journals Rice-Associated Rhizobacteria as a Source of Secondary Metabolites against Burkholderia glumae

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2567
Author(s):  
Giann Carlos Peñaloza Atuesta ◽  
Walter Murillo Arango ◽  
Jordi Eras ◽  
Diego Fernándo Oliveros ◽  
Jonh Jairo Méndez Arteaga
Keyword(s):  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Burkholderia Glumae ◽  
Main Compound

Various diseases, including bacterial panicle blight (BPB) and sheath rot, threaten rice production. It has been established that Burkholderia glumae (B. glumae) is the causative agent of the above mentioned pathologies. In the present study, antagonistic activity, growth promotion, and the metabolite profiles of two rhizobacteria, isolated in different paddy fields, were assessed against B. glumae. Strains were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, and the phylogenetic analyses showed that both strains belong to the genus Enterobacter, with high similarity to the strain Enterobacter tabaci NR146667.2 (99%). The antagonistic activity was assessed with the disc diffusion method. Active fractions were isolated through a liquid/liquid extraction with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) from the fermentation media, and their antibacterial activities were evaluated following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The Pikovskaya modified medium was used to test the ability of in vitro inorganic phosphorus solubilization, and BSB1 proved to be the best inorganic phosphorus solubilizer, with a solubilization index (SI) of 4.5 ± 0.2. The glass-column fractionation of the EtOAc extracted from BCB11 produced an active fraction (25.9 mg) that inhibited the growth of five B. glumae strains by 85–95%. Further, metabolomic analysis, based on GC–MS, showed 3-phenylpropanoic acid (3-PPA) to be the main compound both in this fraction (46.7%), and in the BSB1 extract (28.6%). This compound showed antibacterial activity against all five strains of B. glumae with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1000 mg/L towards all of them. The results showed that rice rhizosphere microorganisms are a source of compounds that inhibit B. glumae growth and are promising plant growth promoters (PGP).

scholarly journals Compositional Differences in the Oral Microbiome of E-cigarette Users

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Chopyk ◽  
Christine M. Bojanowski ◽  
John Shin ◽  
Alex Moshensky ◽  
Ana Lucia Fuentes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Buccal Mucosa ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Aerosol Deposition ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
The Impact

Electronic (e)-cigarettes have been advocated as a safer alternative to conventional tobacco cigarettes. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the impact of e-cigarette aerosol deposition on the human oral microbiome, a key component in human health and disease. We aimed to fill this knowledge gap through a comparative analysis of the microbial community profiles from e-cigarette users and healthy controls [non-smokers/non-vapers (NSNV)]. Moreover, we sought to determine whether e-cigarette aerosol exposure from vaping induces persistent changes in the oral microbiome. To accomplish this, salivary and buccal mucosa samples were collected from e-cigarette users and NSNV controls, with additional oral samples collected from e-cigarette users after 2 weeks of decreased use. Total DNA was extracted from all samples and subjected to PCR amplification and sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Our analysis revealed several prominent differences associated with vaping, specific to the sample type (i.e., saliva and buccal). In the saliva, e-cigarette users had a significantly higher alpha diversity, observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (PD) compared to NSNV controls, which declined with decreased vaping. The buccal mucosa swab samples were marked by a significant shift in beta diversity between e-cigarette users and NSNV controls. There were also significant differences in the relative abundance of several bacterial taxa, with a significant increase in Veillonella and Haemophilus in e-cigarette users. In addition, nasal swabs demonstrated a trend toward higher colonization rates with Staphylococcus aureus in e-cigarette users relative to controls (19 vs. 7.1%; p = n.s.). Overall, these data reveal several notable differences in the oral bacterial community composition and diversity in e-cigarette users as compared to NSNV controls.

scholarly journals Tannins and Bacitracin Differentially Modulate Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan María Díaz Carrasco ◽  
Enzo Alejandro Redondo ◽  
Natalia Daniela Pin Viso ◽  
Leandro Martin Redondo ◽  
Marisa Diana Farber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Feasible Option ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Cecal Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Groups ◽  
Poultry Farming

Antibiotic growth promoters have been used for decades in poultry farming as a tool to maintain bird health and improve growth performance. Global concern about the recurrent emergence and spreading of antimicrobial resistance is challenging the livestock producers to search for alternatives to feed added antibiotics. The use of phytogenic compounds appears as a feasible option due to their ability to emulate the bioactive properties of antibiotics. However, detailed description about the effects of in-feed antibiotics and alternative natural products on chicken intestinal microbiota is lacking. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was used to study composition of cecal microbiota in broiler chickens supplemented with either bacitracin or a blend of chestnut and quebracho tannins over a 30-day grow-out period. Both tannins and bacitracin had a significant impact on diversity of cecal microbiota. Bacitracin consistently decreasedBifidobacteriumwhile other bacterial groups were affected only at certain times. Tannins-fed chickens showed a drastic decrease in genusBacteroideswhile certain members of order Clostridiales mainly belonging to the families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae were increased. Different members of these groups have been associated with an improvement of intestinal health and feed efficiency in poultry, suggesting that these bacteria could be associated with productive performance of birds.

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