Enterocytozoon bieneusi in AIDS: symptomatic relief and parasite changes after furazolidone.

Background: Overactive bladder syndrome is a broadly occurring urological disorder with a distressing impact on the quality of life. The commonly used antimuscarinic drugs show poor patient compliance because of unsatisfactory potency, tolerability and high occurrence of adverse effects such as dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, dizziness etc. Mirabegron is the first approved β3-adrenoreceptor agonist, used as mono or in combination therapies for overactive bladder syndrome. Objective: The present review provides an insight into the mechanism, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, clinical trials and the development of various conventional and modified-release dosage forms of mirabegron for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome. Results: The clinical trials of phase II and phase III of mirabegron demonstrated symptomatic relief from the overactive bladder without disturbing the micturition cycle. To date, mirabegron showed promising results for safety, tolerability and efficacy in patients with overactive bladder syndrome. The modified-release tablet dosage form of mirabegron appear to be a proficient and suitable replacement for antimuscarinics and revealed the tremendous potential to overcome the adverse effects of conventional antimuscarinic drugs like Oxybutyline chloride ER, Detrol LA, VESIcare, etc. Conclusion: Mirabegron shows a distinct mode of action, i.e., targeting β3-adrenoreceptors and improving bladder storage without altering void contractions. The limited side effects, high safety, efficacy and tolerability of mirabegron present an adequate substitute to antimuscarinics. However, long-term analysis and clinical studies are prerequisites for assessing the safety, tolerability and efficacy profile of mirabegron.

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Computational and In-Vitro Validation of Natural Molecules as Potential Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors and Neuroprotective Agents

Current Alzheimer Research ◽

10.2174/1567205016666181212155147 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 116-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ashwani Kumar ◽

Vineet Mehta ◽

Utkarsh Raj ◽

Pritish Kumar Varadwaj ◽

Malairaman Udayabanu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Silico ◽

Hippocampal Neurons ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

In Vitro Assays ◽

Disease Modifying Drugs ◽

In Silico Docking ◽

Ache Inhibitors ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Disease Modifying

Background: Cholinesterase inhibitors are the first line of therapy for the management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), however, it is now established that they provide only temporary and symptomatic relief, besides, having several inherited side-effects. Therefore, an alternative drug discovery method is used to identify new and safer ‘disease-modifying drugs’. Methods: Herein, we screened 646 small molecules of natural origin having reported pharmacological and functional values through in-silico docking studies to predict safer neuromodulatory molecules with potential to modulate acetylcholine metabolism. Further, the potential of the predicted molecules to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and their ability to protect neurons from degeneration was determined through in-vitro assays. Results: Based on in-silico AChE interaction studies, we predicted quercetin, caffeine, ascorbic acid and gallic acid to be potential AChE inhibitors. We confirmed the AChE inhibitory potential of these molecules through in-vitro AChE inhibition assay and compared results with donepezil and begacestat. Herbal molecules significantly inhibited enzyme activity and inhibition for quercetin and caffeine did not show any significant difference from donepezil. Further, the tested molecules did not show any neurotoxicity against primary (E18) hippocampal neurons. We observed that quercetin and caffeine significantly improved neuronal survival and efficiently protected hippocampal neurons from HgCl2 induced neurodegeneration, which other molecules, including donepezil and begacestat, failed to do. Conclusion: Quercetin and caffeine have the potential as “disease-modifying drugs” and may find application in the management of neurological disorders such as AD.

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Emerging Promise of Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Hope for the Development of Alzheimer’s Vaccine

Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1568026620666200422105156 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 1214-1234 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Md. Tanvir Kabir ◽

Md. Sahab Uddin ◽

Bijo Mathew ◽

Pankoj Kumar Das ◽

Asma Perveen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Immune Response ◽

Neutralizing Antibodies ◽

Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

Aβ Oligomers ◽

Th2 Immune Response ◽

Age Related ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the characteristics of this devastating disorder include the progressive and disabling deficits in the cognitive functions including reasoning, attention, judgment, comprehension, memory, and language. Objective: In this article, we have focused on the recent progress that has been achieved in the development of an effective AD vaccine. Summary: Currently, available treatment options of AD are limited to deliver short-term symptomatic relief only. A number of strategies targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) have been developed in order to treat or prevent AD. In order to exert an effective immune response, an AD vaccine should contain adjuvants that can induce an effective anti-inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) immune response. AD vaccines should also possess the immunogens which have the capacity to stimulate a protective immune response against various cytotoxic Aβ conformers. The induction of an effective vaccine’s immune response would necessitate the parallel delivery of immunogen to dendritic cells (DCs) and their priming to stimulate a Th2-polarized response. The aforesaid immune response is likely to mediate the generation of neutralizing antibodies against the neurotoxic Aβ oligomers (AβOs) and also anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus preventing the AD-related inflammation. Conclusion: Since there is an age-related decline in the immune functions, therefore vaccines are more likely to prevent AD instead of providing treatment. AD vaccines might be an effective and convenient approach to avoid the treatment-related huge expense.

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Rhinosinusitis in the Pediatric Patient with Cystic Fibrosis

Current Pediatric Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573396309666131209205748 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 198-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Christopher Fundakowski ◽

Rosemary Ojo ◽

Ramzi Younis

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Autosomal Recessive ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Surgical Intervention ◽

Chronic Sinusitis ◽

Genetic Disorder ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

Recurrence Rates ◽

Polyp Recurrence ◽

Sinonasal Polyposis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common autosomal recessive genetic disorder where a deletion mutation and subsequent downstream alteration in transmembrane regulator proteins results in increased mucus viscosity. CF manifests clinically with chronic multisystem inflammation and recurrent infections. Nearly all children with CF have chronic sinusitis, and a large majority will have concurrent sinonasal polyposis. Chronic sinusitis and sinonasal polyposis in pediatric patients with CF can be managed conservatively initially, though most will fail medical management and require surgical intervention. Unfortunately, symptom resolution is marginal and polyp recurrence rates are high. Currently, no cure exists for CF and the mainstay of treatment is to provide symptomatic relief, and minimize disease morbidity.

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Ayurvedic management of Retinitis Pigmentosa (Doshandha) - A Case Study

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.v2i05.10275 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (05) ◽

Author(s):

Anju D. ◽

Pushpa Raj Poudel ◽

Ajoy Viswam ◽

Ashwini M. J.

Keyword(s):

Retinitis Pigmentosa ◽

Low Vision ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

Retinal Dystrophy ◽

Treatment Protocol ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Photoreceptor Cells ◽

Rod Photoreceptor ◽

Night Time ◽

Initial Symptoms

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited, degenerative eye disease that causes severe vision impairment due to the progressive degeneration of rod photoreceptor cells in retina. This form of retinal dystrophy manifests initial symptoms independentof age; thus, RP diagnosis occurs anywhere from early infancy to late adulthood. This primary pigmentary retinal dystrophy is a hereditary disorder predominantly affecting the rods more than the cones. The main classical triads of retinitis pigmentosa are arteriolar attenuation, Retinal bone spicule pigmentation and Waxy disc pallor. The main treatment of retinitis pigmentosa is by using Low vision aids (LVA) and Genetic counseling. As such a complete cure for retinitis pigmentosa is not present. So a treatment protocol has to be adopted that helps in at least the symptomatic relief. In Ayurveda, the signs and symptoms of this can be compared with the Lakshanas of Doshandha which is one among the Dristigata Roga. It is considered as a diseased condition in which sunset will obliterate the Dristi Mandala and makes the person blind at night time. During morning hours the rising sunrays will disperse the accumulated Dosas from Dristi to clear vision. This disease resembles Kaphajatimira in its pathogenesis, but the night blindness is the special feature. Since the disease is purely Kaphaja, a treatment attempt is planned in Kaphara and Brimhana line. The present paper discusses a case of retinitis pigmentosa and it’s Ayurvedic Treatment.

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Ayurvedic Management of Dry Eye Sydrome - A Case Study

Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) ◽

10.21760/jaims.v2i4.9375 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Hemalatha S. ◽

Rati S.

Keyword(s):

Dry Eye ◽

Treatment Modality ◽

Similar Condition ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

Tear Film ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

Common Condition ◽

Dry Out ◽

Tear Substitute

Dry eye syndrome is a common condition that results from reduced tear production or excessive tear evaporation or an abnormality in the production of mucus or lipids normally found in the tear layer or combination of these. If blinking is decreased or if the eyelids cannot be closed, they may dry out leading to dry eye. It is accompanied by increased osmolarity of the tear film and inflammation on the surface of the eye may occur of left untreated leading to pain, ulcers or scars on the cornea and loss of vision. Prevalence of dry eye range from 5% to 35% worldwide while in India it is 29.25%. Tear substitute are the only treatment modality with modern medicine, only providing symptomatic relief. Ayurveda describes similar condition called Sushkakshi Paka and this patient was treated with Tarpana and Nasya with Jeevantyadi Ghrita.

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Green Tea Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) Targeting Protein Misfolding in Drug Discovery for Neurodegenerative Diseases

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom11050767 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 767

Author(s):

Priscila Baltazar Gonçalves ◽

Ana Carolina Rennó Sodero ◽

Yraima Cordeiro

Keyword(s):

Drug Discovery ◽

Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽

Green Tea ◽

Protein Misfolding ◽

Financial Burden ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Bioactive Compound ◽

Common Cause

The potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) of the major bioactive compound of green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), is well documented. Numerous findings now suggest that EGCG targets protein misfolding and aggregation, a common cause and pathological mechanism in many NDs. Several studies have shown that EGCG interacts with misfolded proteins such as amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ), linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and α-synuclein, linked to Parkinson’s disease (PD). To date, NDs constitute a serious public health problem, causing a financial burden for health care systems worldwide. Although current treatments provide symptomatic relief, they do not stop or even slow the progression of these devastating disorders. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective drugs for these incurable ailments. It is expected that targeting protein misfolding can serve as a therapeutic strategy for many NDs since protein misfolding is a common cause of neurodegeneration. In this context, EGCG may offer great potential opportunities in drug discovery for NDs. Therefore, this review critically discusses the role of EGCG in NDs drug discovery and provides updated information on the scientific evidence that EGCG can potentially be used to treat many of these fatal brain disorders.

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Comparative Assessment of In-House Real-Time PCRs Targeting Enteric Disease-Associated Microsporidia in Human Stool Samples

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10060656 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 656

Author(s):

Konstantin Tanida ◽

Andreas Hahn ◽

Kirsten Alexandra Eberhardt ◽

Egbert Tannich ◽

Olfert Landt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Indigenous People ◽

Real Time Pcr ◽

Latent Class ◽

Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽

Enteric Disease ◽

Immunosuppressed Patients ◽

Study Population ◽

Stool Samples ◽

Pcr Assays

Microsporidiosis is an infection predominantly occurring in immunosuppressed patients and infrequently also in travelers. This study was performed to comparatively evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of real-time PCR assays targeting microsporidia with etiological relevance in the stool of human patients in a latent class analysis-based test comparison without a reference standard with perfect accuracy. Thereby, two one-tube real-time PCR assays and two two-tube real-time PCR assays targeting Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalocytozoon spp. were included in the assessment with reference stool material (20), stool samples from Ghanaian HIV-positive patients (903), and from travelers, migrants and Colombian indigenous people (416). Sensitivity of the assays ranged from 60.4% to 97.4% and specificity from 99.1% to 100% with substantial agreement according to Cohen’s kappa of 79.6%. Microsporidia DNA was detected in the reference material and the stool of the HIV patients but not in the stool of the travelers, migrants, and the Colombian indigenous people. Accuracy-adjusted prevalence was 5.8% (n = 78) for the study population as a whole. In conclusion, reliable detection of enteric disease-associated microsporidia in stool samples by real-time PCR could be demonstrated, but sensitivity between the compared microsporidia-specific real-time PCR assays varied.

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