Chemical composition of epicuticular wax in cabbage plants grown in vitro

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Sutter
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Secondary Alcohols ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Polar Components ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Intensity Characteristic

The chemical composition of epicuticular wax from cabbage plants grown in vitro was compared with that from plants grown in a greenhouse. There was a greater percentage of polar compounds (fatty acids, primary alcohols, aldehydes, and esters) and less alkanes and secondary alcohols in wax from cultured plants relative to those from greenhouse plants. Homologues in each class were more evenly distributed and had a greater range of chain lengths in wax from cultured plants. The high proportion of polar components in wax from cultured plants might be a factor in water loss when the plants are transferred to the greenhouse. Possible explanations for the altered wax composition in plants grown in vitro include increased relative humidity and decreased light intensity characteristic of in vitro conditions.

Quantity, chemistry, and wettability of epicuticular waxes on needles of red spruce along a fog-acidity gradient

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 1472-1479 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.E. Percy ◽  
R. Jagels ◽  
S. Marden ◽  
C.K. McLaughlin ◽  
J. Carlisle
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Contact Angles ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Secondary Alcohols ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Alkyl Esters ◽  
Needle Age ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Wax Deposits

Needle wettability and epicuticular wax physicochemical characteristics were examined for red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) trees growing along a gradient of fog quantity and acidity. Trees at four coastal and one inland site were sampled in November 1988 for three needle age-classes. Needle wettability was assessed by measuring needle–water droplet contact angles. Mean angles per site and age-class ranged from 73 to 42° and decreased significantly with increasing needle age. Needle contact angles were highly correlated with fog acidity (R = 0.99), decreasing with increasing acidity. Angles were lower on needles from declining trees than on needles from visually healthy trees. Epicuticular wax amount was highly correlated with quantity of fog collected at the sites (R = 0.99). Needles from trees at the inland site located outside the coastal fog zone had the smallest wax deposits, while needles from trees exposed to the greatest amount of fog had the largest wax deposits. Epicuticular wax was comprised of secondary alcohols (42%), diols (19%), alkyl esters (16%), primary alcohols (6%), hydroxy fatty acids (2%), and fatty acids (1%). Estolides (14%) in the wax were tentatively identified but not confirmed by mass spectrometry. Needles from trees exposed to the most fog had the greatest amounts of secondary alcohols and alkyl esters. Needles from trees not exposed to fog had greater amounts of diols. There was no obvious relationship between fog acidity and wax chemical composition.

Chemical Composition and Surface Structures of Epicuticular Leaf Waxes from Castanea sativa and Aesculus hippocastanum

1992 ◽  
Vol 47 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 661-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.-G. Gülz ◽  
E. Müller ◽  
T. Herrmann
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
Aesculus Hippocastanum ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Leaf Waxes ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Plant Waxes

Epicuticular leaf waxes of Castanea sativa and Aesculus hippocastanum contain the same lipids in form of homologous series of hydrocarbons, wax esters, aldehydes, primary alcohols and fatty acids in similar concentrations without any main component dominating. In Ae. hippocastanum wax acetates are present, additionally. Both waxes are found to contain triterpenols and triterpenol esters in remarkable amounts. β-Amyrin, α-amyrin and lupeol are present in both plant waxes, in Ae. hippocastanum wax friedelanol and friedelanone, additionally. The epidermis of both plants are covered with a thin continuous wax layer without crystalloids. But the adaxial leaf surface of C. sativa shows granular wax sculptures and therefore a different micromorphological ultrastructure for both leaf sides.

Epicuticular Leaf Wax of Euphorbia helioscopia L. (Euphorbiaceae)

1993 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nazir ◽  
Waqar Ahmad ◽  
Naeem Akhtar Rabi ◽  
Shafiq Ahmad Khan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Lipid Classes ◽  
Hexadecanoic Acid ◽  
Polar Components ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Euphorbia Helioscopia ◽  
Main Components

The epicuticular wax of Euphorbia helioscopia was fractionated into fatty acids, hydrocarbons, wax esters, aldehydes, methyl esters, triterpenol acetates, alcohols, sterols, and polar components. The composition of the fractions was determined by GC, GC-MS, HPLC. Main components within these lipid classes are hentriacontane, wax esters C46 and C48, octacosanal, hexacosanol and octacosanol, hexadecanoic acid, and β-sitosterol. Lupeol and its acetate were also confirmed.

scholarly journals Genetic Variation in Needle Epicuticular Wax Characteristics in Pinus Pinceana Seedlings

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1-6) ◽  
pp. 210-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Ramirez-Herrera ◽  
K. E. Percy ◽  
J. A. Loo ◽  
L. D. Yeates ◽  
J. Vargas-Hernandez
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Canonical Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Secondary Alcohols ◽  
Local Environments

Abstract Seedlings from each of 12 Pinus pinceana populations from throughout the species’ range in Mexico were evaluated in a common-garden test to (1) determine the level of genetic variation and genetic structure of epicuticular needle wax quantity, (2) examine differences in wax chemical composition, and (3) seek evidence for an adaptive response in wax composition and quantity across environmental and geographic gradients. Regions and populations within regions showed high variation (38.2% and 10.5%, respectively, of the total variation) in wax quantity. Epicuticular wax recovered from primary needles of P. pinceana comprised eight classes. Secondary alcohols (71.7%) were the major homologs identified by gas chromatography. Seedlings from the northern region were separated based on wax composition from seedlings from the central and southern regions by canonical discriminant analysis. A strong differentiation among regions (QSTR=0.571) and populations within regions (QSTP(R)=0.384) was observed for wax quantity. Data on wax quantity and chemical composition indicate that physicochemical characteristics of epicuticular wax may show adaptation of P. pinceana to local environments.

"Epicuticular Waxes" from Exine Material of Pine Pollen

1987 ◽  
Vol 42 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 858-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Niester ◽  
Paul-Gerhard Gülz ◽  
Rolf Wiermann
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Effective Mechanism ◽  
Pine Pollen ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Physical And Chemical

“Epicuticular waxes” from pine pollen and from pollen wings have been investigated. Various hydrocarbons, aldehydes, wax esters, free fatty acids and primary alcohols in the form of homologous series were identified. A noteworthy observation was the presence of a large number of unsaturated fatty acids. Although there were quantitative differences between the waxes from whole pollen and pollen wings, the distribution patterns of chain lengths of the individual compounds were very similar. It is demonstrated unequivocally, through the use of pollen wing material, that the waxes are components of the exine. It is postulated that the pollen waxes provide an additional effective mechanism for protection against the effects of the physical and chemical environment.

Epicuticular Leaf Wax of Euphorbia dendroides L., Euphorbiaceae

1987 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul-Gerhard Gülz ◽  
Herbert Hemmers ◽  
Jutta Bodden ◽  
Franz-Josef Marner
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Epicuticular Wax ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Primary Alcohols ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Quantity and composition of epicuticular leaf wax of Euphorbia dendroides L. was examined. The wax contained rt-alkanes, wax esters, aldehydes, fatty acids and primary alcohols. In addition to these common epicuticular wax constituents several triterpenoids and benzoic acid esters were found. The triterpenols β-amyrin and lupeol occurred free as well as esterified with long chain fatty acids. The ketones Δ 12-oleanen-3-one and lupen-3-one have also been identified.

Chemical Composition of Corallina mediterranea Areschoug and Corallina granifera Ell. et Soland

2003 ◽  
Vol 58 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore De Rosa ◽  
Zornitsa Kamenarska ◽  
Kamen Stefanov ◽  
Stefka Dimitrova-Konaklieva ◽  
Chavdar Najdenski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Carbonyl Compounds ◽  
Polar Compounds ◽  
Sterol Composition ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Polar Components ◽  
The Mediterranean

Abstract The composition of sterols, volatiles and some polar compounds from three Corallina samples (C. granifera and C. mediterranea from the Black Sea and C. mediterranea from the Mediterranean Sea) was established. The sterol composition of the Black Sea samples was similar but it differs from that of the Mediterranean sample. The composition of the volatiles was very complex. The main groups of constituent were hydrocarbons, alcohols, carbonyl compounds, acids and their esters, terpenes. The composition of the polar components, soluble in n-butanol, was also established. There were some differences in the chemical composition of the two Black Sea species, which may be due to the biodiversity between them, while the differences in the composition of the two C. mediterranea samples could be due to the differences in the environment (salinity, temperature, pollution, etc.).

Metabolic pathways of cytoplasmic droplets from freshly secreted goat's milk

1977 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Vernon ◽  
W. W. Christie
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Biopsy Material ◽  
Goat’S Milk ◽  
Goat's Milk ◽  
Chain Lengths ◽  
Low Rate

SummaryA new procedure is described for the preparation of cytoplasmic droplets from goat's milk and the metabolic potential of these droplets has been surveyed. Acetate was incorporated into fatty acids of varying chain lengths and acetate and glucose were oxidized to CO2 by these cytoplasmic droplets in vitro. There was a low rate of protein synthesis but no detectable DNA or lactose synthesis. It is concluded that the cytoplasmic droplets can provide an alternative to biopsy material for studying certain aspects of goat mammary lipid metabolism in vitro.

scholarly journals Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and gas production characteristics of six ficus species based diets with Panicum maximum in the dry season

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-152
Author(s):  
T. O. Abegunde ◽  
O. J. Babayemi ◽  
A. O. Akinsoyinu
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Production Characteristics

The nutritive value of Ficus exasperata, F. polita, f. vogelli, F. ahutilifolia, F. thonningii, und F. mucoso in mixtures with 30% Punicum maximum were investigated in terms of their chemical composition, saponins, phenols, in vitro gus production (IVGP), metabolizuble energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD%) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was significantly (P<0.05) lowest in E thoningii. Saponin was detected in F politu, while Phenol was detected in all Ficus species except F. poliiu und F. thonningii. WVGP, ME, OMD and SCFA obtained for all Ficus species were significantly (P<0.05) higher than values obtained for F. mucoso. Least value for soluble 'a' fraction of the samples was recorded for A mucoso (5.76), similar to values obtained for E thonningii (7.17), F. abutilifoliu (7.92) and F exasperula (7.92). Potential gas production 'b'values differed significantly (p<0.05) among E exasperata (50.50), I vogelli (43.92) and f mucoso (37.25), but was similar among E polita (46.17), E. thonningii (44.83) and F. abutilifolia (44.50). Potentially degradable a+b' fructions for all ficus species except F. mucuso were similar und significantly (P<0.05) higher than F mucoso. Rate of fermentation 'c' differed significantly (P<0.05) henveen F exasperata (0.06) and E mucoso (0.04). Data from this study showed that ull Ficus species except Ficus mucoso had potential to be used as forage supplements in the dry season. 

scholarly journals Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Guarani-Kaiowá indigenous knowledge and pharmacological activities

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249919
Author(s):  
Kellen Natalice Vilharva ◽  
Daniel Ferreira Leite ◽  
Helder Freitas dos Santos ◽  
Katia Ávila Antunes ◽  
Paola dos Santos da Rocha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Rhynchophorus Palmarum

Zootherapy is a traditional secular practice among the Guarani-Kaiowá indigenous ethnic group living in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. My people use the oil extracted from larvae of the snout beetle Rhynchophorus palmarum (Linnaeus, 1758) to treat and heal skin wounds and respiratory diseases. Based on this ethnopharmacological knowledge, the chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and healing properties of R. palmarum larvae oil (RPLO) were investigated, as well as possible toxic effects, through in vitro and in vivo assays. The chemical composition of the RPLO was determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity of RPLO was investigated through the direct 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, and the antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. The healing properties of RPLO were investigated by performing a cell migration assay using human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5), and the toxicity was analyzed, in vivo, using a Caenorhabditis elegans model and MRC-5 cells, in vitro. RPLO contains 52.2% saturated fatty acids and 47.4% unsaturated fatty acids, with palmitic acid (42.7%) and oleic acid (40%) representing its major components, respectively. RPLO possesses direct antioxidant activity, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 46.15 mg.ml-1. The antimicrobial activity of RPLO was not observed at a concentration of 1% (v/v). RPLO did not alter the viability of MRC-5 cells and did not exert toxic effects on C. elegans. Furthermore, MRC-5 cells incubated with 0.5% RPLO showed a higher rate of cell migration than that of the control group, supporting its healing properties. Taken together, RPLO possesses direct antioxidant activity and the potential to aid in the healing process and is not toxic toward in vitro and in vivo models, corroborating the safe use of the oil in traditional Guarani-Kaiowá medicine.

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