SUPERLATTICE STUDIES IN THE SYSTEMS SILVER–MAGNESIUM–TIN AND SILVER–MAGNESIUM–ZINC

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 412-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Henry ◽  
G. V. Raynor
Keyword(s):  
Strain Energy ◽  
Cesium Chloride ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ordered Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Silver Magnesium ◽  
Electrochemical Effect ◽  
Minimum Interaction ◽  
Tin Content ◽  
Electron Compound

The 3/2 electron compound in the system silver–magnesium, in which tin and zinc are soluble, has an ordered structure of the cesium chloride type (second zone superlattice). The first additions of tin to this phase do not affect the ordered structure. Above a certain limit, a third zone superlattice is formed, and the tin atoms themselves occupy ordered positions. X-ray examination at high temperatures shows that the third zone superlattice disorders independently of the main, second zone superlattice. The transformation temperature increases with increasing tin content; that of the cesium chloride superlattice, however, decreases with increasing tin content. In the silver–magnesium–zinc system, the introduction of zinc into the binary silver–magnesium 3/2 electron compound causes no development of a third zone superlattice. The temperature at which the second zone superlattice disorders decreases with increasing zinc content.It is suggested that the reason for the existence of the second superlattice depends upon a combination of the following factors:(i) The lattice distortion due to the high valency of tin creates a long-range distortion which is more easily distributed, leading to a minimum interaction strain energy, by the formation of a doubly ordered structure.(ii) The electrochemical effect between magnesium and tin atoms at a distance "a" apart (where "a" is the lattice spacing of the body-centered cubic cell) contributes to the lowered free energy of a doubly ordered structure.

X-ray micro tomography in the scanning electron microscope

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Brünger
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Target Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Micro Tomography ◽  
Scanning Electron

Reconstructive tomography is a new technique in diagnostic radiology for imaging cross-sectional planes of the human body /1/. A collimated beam of X-rays is scanned through a thin slice of the body and the transmitted intensity is recorded by a detector giving a linear shadow graph or projection (see fig. 1). Many of these projections at different angles are used to reconstruct the body-layer, usually with the aid of a computer. The picture element size of present tomographic scanners is approximately 1.1 mm2.Micro tomography can be realized using the very fine X-ray source generated by the focused electron beam of a scanning electron microscope (see fig. 2). The translation of the X-ray source is done by a line scan of the electron beam on a polished target surface /2/. Projections at different angles are produced by rotating the object.During the registration of a single scan the electron beam is deflected in one direction only, while both deflections are operating in the display tube.

Great Increase of Numbers of Virus Particles by Irradiating C3H Mouse Mammary Tumors Transplanted into Male Mice

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 272-273
Author(s):  
P. J. Melnick ◽  
J. W. Cha ◽  
E. Samouhos
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Mammary Tumors ◽  
The Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Mouse Mammary Tumors ◽  
Transplantable Tumors ◽  
C3h Mice ◽  
Cobalt Radiation ◽  
Enzyme Changes

Spontaneous mammary tumors in females of a high tumor strain of C3H mice were cut into small fragments that were Implanted into the subcutaneous tissue of the back of males of the same strain, where they grew as transplantable tumors. When about Cm. In diameter daily fractional radiation was begun, applied to the tumors, the rest of the body being shielded by a lead shield. Two groups were treated with 150 and 200 r X-ray dally, of half value layer 0.6mm. copper; a third group was treated with 500 r cobalt radiation dally. The primary purpose was to examine the enzyme changes during radiation, with histochemlcal technics.

Characterisation of planar crystal defects in Y2Fe17Cx (0.6 ≤ x ≤ 1.6) magnetic material by High Resolution Electron Microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 774-775
Author(s):  
W. Coene ◽  
F. Hakkens ◽  
T.H. Jacobs ◽  
K.H.J. Buschow
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Annealing Treatment ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Crystal Defects ◽  
Ordered Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Planar Crystal ◽  
Resolution Electron

Intermetallic compounds of the type RE2Fe17Cx (RE= rare earth element) are promising candidates for permanent magnets. In case of Y2Fe17Cx, the Curie temperature increases from 325 K for x =0 to 550 K for x = 1.6 . X ray and electron diffraction reveal a carbon - induced structural transformation in Y2Fe17Cx from the hexagonal Th2Ni17 - type (x < 0.6 ) to the rhombohedral Th2Zn17 - type ( x ≥ 0.6). Planar crystal defects introduce local sheets of different magnetic anisotropy as compared with the ordered structure, and therefore may have an important impact on the coercivivity mechanism .High resolution electron microscopy ( HREM ) on a Philips CM30 / Super Twin has been used to characterize planar crystal defects in rhombohedral Y2Fe17Cx ( x ≥ 0.6 ). The basal plane stacking sequences are imaged in the [100] - orientation, showing an ABC or ACB sequence of Y - atoms and Fe2 - dumbbells, for both coaxial twin variants, respectively . Compounds resulting from a 3 - week annealing treatment at high temperature ( Ta = 1000 - 1100°C ) contain a high density of planar defects.

THE TRENDS OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN AGED 1- 12 YEARS AND ITS MANAGEMENT FROM 2011 TO 2015 AT ARTHUR DAVISON CHILDRENS HOSPITAL IN NDOLA: Retrospective study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Greta
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Smear Microscopy ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Childhood Tb ◽  
Tuberculosis In Children ◽  
Age Range

BACKGROUND Tuberculosis is a widespread and in many cases a fatal, infectious disease caused by many strains of mycobacterium complex usually mycobacterium tuberculosis. It can affect any part of the body but mainly the lungs hence called pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis in children has been less of a public health priority in the recent years despite the fact that TB has been a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide with difficulties in diagnosis. Data on trends of childhood TB is rarely in published literature hence need for this research which will help in publishing OBJECTIVE To establish the trends in TB among children aged 1-12 years and its management over a period of five years from 2011- 2015 at Arthur Davison children’s hospital in Ndola and also to determine the proportion of TB in these children and to establish the age group most affected by TB over the period of five years and lastly to assess the proportion of TB and HIV as a co-morbidity METHODS The study reviewed all records that were registered in the MOH TB register at ADH from 2011 to 2015 coming up with a total number of 483 TB records and these records had satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data capturing tool was used to collect the data. RESULTS : This study determined the trends of TB in children aged 1 to 12 over the five years period from a total of 483 reviewed paediatric TB cases , its proportion in these children, the age range most affected by TB and lastly assessed TB and HIV as a co-morbidity at Arthur Davison Children’s hospital. It revealed that the trends were decreasing and that out of 483 TB patient, the majority 157(32.5%) of the TB patients were seen in the year 2011, followed by 129(26.7%), 84(17.4%), 57(11.8%) and 56(11.6%) representing the year 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015 respectively. Findings on the age range most affected are that the majority 282(58.4%) of the TB patients were aged (5-12) years old while 201(41.6%) were aged between (1-5) years old. Therefore, the age range most affected by TB was between (5-12) years. The TB proportion results showed that Out of 483, the majority 467(96.7%) of the TB patient type were newly diagnosed, followed by 13(2.7%), 2(.4%) and the rest 1(.2%) that were Relapse, Trans-in and Treatment resumed respectively. And that many 467(96.7%) of TB condition types were PTB while 16(3.3%) were EPTB. Furthermore, the majority of 463(95.9%) were diagnosed by X-ray while 20(4.1%) were diagnosed by smear microscopy. And lastly In terms of HIV as a co-morbidity, the majority 175(36.2%) of the TB patients were HIV positive, followed by 173(35.8%) that were HIV negative while the rest 135(28%) of the TB patients were not tested for HIV CONCLUSIONS This study reports that the trends of TB in children aged 1-12 years have been decreasing from 2015 to 2011 .And the age range most affected was found to have been 5-12 years and the proportion of TB cases were mostly newly diagnosed and the diagnosis was made by use x-ray and lastly the large proportion of TB patients had tested positive for HIV as a co-morbidity. Therefore efforts should be made to sustain this decreasing trend of childhood TB.

Visualization of Invasion into the Body and Internal Diffusion of Nanoparticles

2008 ◽  
Vol 396-398 ◽  
pp. 569-572
Author(s):  
Fumio Watari ◽  
Shigeaki Abe ◽  
I.D. Rosca ◽  
Atsuro Yokoyama ◽  
Motohiro Uo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Diffusion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Body Level ◽  
Organ Level ◽  
Level 2 ◽  
Internal Body

Nanoparticles may invade directly into the internal body through the respiratory or digestive system and diffuse inside body. The behavior of nanoparticles in the internal body is also essential to comprehend for the realization of DDS. Thus it is necessary to reveal the internal dynamics for the proper treatments and biomedical applications of nanoparticles. In the present study the plural methods with different principles such as X-ray scanning analytical microscope (XSAM), MRI and Fluorescent microscopy were applied to enable the observation of the internal diffusion of micro/nanoparticles in the (1) whole body level, (2) inner organ level and (3) tissue and intracellular level. Chemical analysis was also done by ICP-AES for organs and compared with the results of XSAM mapping.

Quantification of Starch Order in Physically Modified Rice Flours Using Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
pp. 000370282110282
Author(s):  
Daitaro Ishikawa ◽  
Jiamin Yang ◽  
Tomoyuki Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Water Sorption ◽  
Order Parameter ◽  
Rice Flour ◽  
Ordered Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Glucose Unit ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Ray Scattering

The purpose of this study was to understand the ordered structure of starch in rice flour based on a physical modification with non-heating, milling, and water sorption through the structural evaluation of rice flour using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and infrared spectroscopy within the 4000–100 cm−1 region. The SAXS pattern of the samples with low moisture contents subjected to milling yield a band within the 0.4–0.9 nm−1 of the q range owing to a lamellar repeat of starch with an ordered structure in rice flour. We proposed an order parameter using the intensity of the SAXS band to quantify the order structure of starch in rice flour, and the true density was negatively correlated with the order parameter. Infrared band at 990 cm−1 in COH bending mode applied to the hydroxyl group of C6 shifted to a low wavenumber corresponding to the order parameter. A linear correlation was found between the order parameter and the 990 cm−1 and band at 861 cm−1 owing to COC symmetrical stretching of glycoside bond and CH2 deformation of the glucose unit of starch, 572, 472, and 436 cm−1, owing to the pyranose ring in the glucose unit of starch. The identified infrared bands are effective for quantifying the ordered structure of starch at the lamellar level. When subjected to water sorption, the band position at 990 cm−1 shifted to a higher wavenumber above a water activity of 0.7. This result revealed that the water-induced transition of glass to rubber of starch in rice flour can be clearly evaluated through infrared spectroscopy using the band at 990 cm−1. In addition, the band at 861 cm−1 also shifted to a higher wavenumber, whereas those at 572 and 436 cm−1 did not show a significant shift. These results indicate that water sorption slightly affects the internal structure and may mainly affect the surface of starch.

scholarly journals Classification of Shoulder X-ray Images with Deep Learning Ensemble Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2723
Author(s):  
Fatih Uysal ◽  
Fırat Hardalaç ◽  
Ozan Peker ◽  
Tolga Tolunay ◽  
Nil Tokgöz
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
The Body ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Cohen’S Kappa ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cohen's Kappa ◽  
Auc Value ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Fully Connected

Fractures occur in the shoulder area, which has a wider range of motion than other joints in the body, for various reasons. To diagnose these fractures, data gathered from X-radiation (X-ray), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or computed tomography (CT) are used. This study aims to help physicians by classifying shoulder images taken from X-ray devices as fracture/non-fracture with artificial intelligence. For this purpose, the performances of 26 deep learning-based pre-trained models in the detection of shoulder fractures were evaluated on the musculoskeletal radiographs (MURA) dataset, and two ensemble learning models (EL1 and EL2) were developed. The pre-trained models used are ResNet, ResNeXt, DenseNet, VGG, Inception, MobileNet, and their spinal fully connected (Spinal FC) versions. In the EL1 and EL2 models developed using pre-trained models with the best performance, test accuracy was 0.8455, 0.8472, Cohen’s kappa was 0.6907, 0.6942 and the area that was related with fracture class under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was 0.8862, 0.8695. As a result of 28 different classifications in total, the highest test accuracy and Cohen’s kappa values were obtained in the EL2 model, and the highest AUC value was obtained in the EL1 model.

scholarly journals Non-destructive handheld XRF study of archaeological composite silver objects—the case study of the late Roman Seuso Treasure

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktória Mozgai ◽  
Bernadett Bajnóczi ◽  
Zoltán May ◽  
Zsolt Mráv
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Composite Objects ◽  
Mechanical Attachment ◽  
Non Destructive ◽  
Made In ◽  
Late Roman

AbstractThis study details the non-destructive chemical analysis of composite silver objects (ewers, situlas, amphora and casket) from one of the most significant late Roman finds, the Seuso Treasure. The Seuso Treasure consists of fourteen large silver vessels that were made in the fourth–early fifth centuries AD and used for dining during festive banquets and for washing and beautification. The measurements were systematically performed along a pre-designed grid at several points using handheld X-ray fluorescence analysis. The results demonstrate that all the objects were made from high-quality silver (above 90 wt% Ag), with the exception of the base of the Geometric Ewer B. Copper was added intentionally to improve the mechanical properties of soft silver. The gold and lead content of the objects shows constant values (less than 1 wt% Au and Pb). The chemical composition as well as the Bi/Pb ratio suggests that the parts of the composite objects were manufactured from different silver ingots. The ewers were constructed in two ways: (i) the base and the body were made separately, or (ii) the ewer was raised from a single silver sheet. The composite objects were assembled using three methods: (i) mechanical attachment; (ii) low-temperature, lead-tin soft solders; or (iii) high-temperature, copper-silver hard solders. Additionally, two types of gilding were revealed by the XRF analysis, one with remnants of mercury, i.e. fire-gilding, and another type without remnants of mercury, presumably diffusion bonding.

Ionic regulation and buoyancy in some planktonic organisms

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Newton ◽  
W. T. W. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
The Body ◽  
Coelomic Fluid ◽  
Ionic Regulation ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Emission Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Gastrovascular System

Magnesium/chlorine and sulphur/chlorine ratios have been measured in the body fluids of some planktonic organisms by x-ray emission analysis of frozen hydrated specimens in a scanning electron microscope. Homarus vulgaris (Anthropoda: Decapoda) larvae excluded Mg2+ and SO42-ions from the haemolymph, but to a lesser extent than does the adult lobster. Bipinnaria larvae of Asterias (Echinodermata) excluded Mg2+ and SO42-ions from the coelomic fluid. Obelia medusae excluded Mg2+ and SO42-ions from the mesogloea but concentrate them in the gastrovascular system. The high concentration of sulphate in the gastrovascular fluid of medusae has been confirmed by rhodizonate titration in Cyanea and Rhizostoma jellyfish. Some implications of magnesium and sulphate regulation are discussed.

Computerized Tomography: A Perspective in the Pediatric Patient

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-308
Author(s):  
Derek Harwood-Nash ◽  
Herman Grossman ◽  
Alvin Felman ◽  
John Kirkpatrick ◽  
Leonard Swischuk
Keyword(s):  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Conventional Radiography ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Central Research ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Whole Body Ct

Computerized tomography (CT), a technique conceptualized by Oldendorf in 19611 and developed by Hounsfield2 of EMI-Tronics Inc. (EMI) Central Research Laboratories, has proven to be a successful innovation in neuroradiology. Reviews by Ambrose3 in England and by Baker et al.4 and by New et al.5 in the United States have clearly demonstrated the value of this new modality in neuroradiological diagnosis. In 1975 Houser et al.6 and Harwood-Nash et al.7 provided the initial clinical and radiological data about CT in infants and children. More recently this technique has been extended to the study of tissues and organs in the body other than those in the head. This has been accomplished by modification of the original machine into a whole-body CT system. Early reviews by Ledley et al.8 and by Alfidi et al.9 suggest a significant potential for diagnosis of lesions in the abdomen, pelvis, and thorax. The advantages of CT are that it is less invasive than standard special diagnostic radiological procedures and that for the first time it provides in vivo information regarding the content and the characteristics of tissue composing organs and masses. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT In conventional radiography an image is made on radiographic film by an attenuated X-ray beam. In passing through a core of tissue, each ray of the beam is attenuated as it is absorbed and scattered by the tissue in its path. The intensity of the transmitted ray depends on the sum total of X-ray attenuation by all the different soft tissues in its path.

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