Post-exercise changes in myocellular lipid droplet characteristics of young lean individuals are affected by circulatory non-esterified fatty acids

Intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content is an energy source during acute exercise. Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels can compete with IMCL utilization during exercise. IMCL content is stored as lipid droplets (LDs) that vary in size, number, subcellular distribution and in coating with LD protein PLIN5. Little is known about how these factors are affected during exercise and recovery. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of acute exercise with and without elevated NEFA levels on intramyocellular LD size and number, intracellular distribution and PLIN5 coating, using high-resolution confocal microscopy. In a cross-over study, 9 healthy lean young men performed a 2h moderate intensity cycling protocol in the fasted (high NEFA levels) and glucose-fed state (low NEFA levels). IMCL and LD parameters were measured at baseline, directly after exercise and 4h post-exercise. We found that total IMCL content was not changed directly after exercise (irrespectively of condition), but IMCL increased 4h post-exercise in the fasting condition, which was due to an increased number of LDs rather than changes in size. The effects were predominantly detected in type I muscle fibers and in LDs coated with PLIN5. Interestingly, subsarcolemmal, but not intermyofibrillar IMCL content, was decreased directly after exercise in the fasting condition and was replenished during the 4h recovery period. In conclusion, acute exercise affects IMCL storage during exercise and recovery, particularly in type I muscle fibers, in the subsarcolemmal region and in the presence of PLIN5. Moreover, the effects of exercise on IMCL content are affected by plasma NEFA levels.

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Consistency in compensatory eating responses following acute exercise in inactive, overweight and obese women

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s000711451500046x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 113 (7) ◽

pp. 1170-1177 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jessica L. Unick ◽

Kevin C. O'Leary ◽

Leah Dorfman ◽

J. Graham Thomas ◽

Kelley Strohacker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Exercise ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Exercise Bout ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Obese Women ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Overweight Women ◽

Increase Energy Intake ◽

The Difference

It is often assumed that some individuals reliably increase energy intake (EI) post-exercise (‘compensators’) and some do not (‘non-compensators’), leading researchers to examine the characteristics that distinguish these two groups. However, it is unclear whether EI post-exercise is stable over time. The present study examined whether compensatory eating responses to a single exercise bout are consistent within individuals across three pairs of trials. Physically inactive, overweight/obese women (n28, BMI 30·3 (sd2·9) kg/m2) participated in three pairs of testing sessions, with each pair consisting of an exercise (30 min of moderate-intensity walking) and resting testing day. EI was measured using a buffet meal 1 h post-exercise/rest. For each pair, the difference in EI (EIdiff= EIex− EIrest) was calculated, where EIexis the EI of the exercise session and EIrestis the EI of the resting session, and women were classified as a ‘compensator’ (EIex>EIrest) or ‘non-compensator’ (EIex≤ EIrest). The average EI on exercise days (3328·0 (sd1686·2) kJ) was similar to those on resting days (3269·4 (sd1582·4) kJ) (P= 0·67). Although EI was reliable within individuals across the three resting days (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0·75, 95 % CI 0·60, 0·87;P< 0·001) and three exercise days (ICC 0·83, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·91;P< 0·001), the ICC for EIdiffacross the three pairs of trials was low (ICC 0·20, 95 % CI − 0·02, 0·45;P= 0·04), suggesting that compensatory eating post-exercise is not a stable construct. Moreover, the classification of ‘compensators’/‘non-compensators’ was not reliable (κ =− 0·048;P= 0·66). The results were unaltered when ‘relative’ EI was used, which considers the energy expenditure of the exercise/resting sessions. Acute compensatory EI following an exercise bout is not reliable in overweight women. Seeking to understand what distinguishes ‘compensators’ from ‘non-compensators’ based on a single eating episode post-exercise is not justified.

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Lipid metabolism links nutrient-exercise timing to insulin sensitivity in men classified as overweight or obese

10.1101/742627 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R.M. Edinburgh ◽

H.E Bradley ◽

N-F. Abdullah ◽

S.L. Robinson ◽

O.J. Chrzanowski-Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Exercise Training ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Whole Body ◽

Muscle Fibres ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Type I ◽

Muscle Adaptation ◽

Fed State ◽

Exercise Timing

AbstractContextPre-exercise nutrient availability alters acute metabolic responses to exercise, which could modulate training responsiveness. We hypothesised that in men with overweight/obesity, acute exercise before versus after nutrient ingestion would increase whole-body and intramuscular lipid utilization, translating into greater increases in oral glucose insulin sensitivity over 6-weeks of training.Design and ParticipantsWe showed in men with overweight/obesity (mean±SD for BMI: 30.2±3.5 kg×m-2 for acute, crossover study, 30.9±4.5 kg×m-2 for randomized, controlled, training study) a single exercise bout before versus after nutrient provision increased lipid utilisation at the whole-body level, but also in both type I (p<0.01) and type II muscle fibres (p=0.02). We then used a 6-week training intervention to show sustained, 2-fold increases in lipid utilisation with exercise before versus after nutrient provision (p<0.01).Main Outcome MeasuresPostprandial glycemia was not differentially affected by exercise training before vs after nutrient provision (p>0.05), yet plasma was reduced with exercise training before, but not after nutrient provision (p=0.03), resulting in increased oral glucose insulin sensitivity when training was performed before versus after nutrient provision (25±38 vs −21±32 mL×min-1×m-2; p=0.01) and this was associated with increased lipid utilisation during exercise (r=0.50, p=0.02). Regular exercise prior to nutrient provision augmented remodelling of skeletal muscle phospholipids and protein content of the glucose transport protein GLUT4 (p<0.05).ConclusionsExperiments investigating exercise training and metabolic health should consider nutrient-exercise timing, and exercise performed before versus after nutrient intake (i.e., in the fasted state) may exert beneficial effects on lipid utilisation and reduce postprandial insulinemia.PrécisExercise in the fasted-versus fed-state increased intramuscular and whole-body lipid use, translating into increased muscle adaptation and insulin sensitivity when regularly performed over 6 weeks.

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Dose-Response Effects of Exercise Duration and Recovery on Cognitive Functioning

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.1177/0031512517726920 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 124 (6) ◽

pp. 1164-1193 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Elizabeth A. Crush ◽

Paul D. Loprinzi

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Functioning ◽

Cognitive Ability ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Exercise Duration ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Favorable Effect ◽

Enhancement Effect ◽

Cognitive Tests

We examined the effects of different acute exercise durations and recovery periods on cognitive function in a counterbalanced, cross-over randomized controlled experiment. We placed 352 participants, aged 18 to 35 years into one of 16 experimental groups. Each participant visited the laboratory twice, separated by a 1-week washout period. Either Visit 1 or 2 consisted of an acute bout of moderate-intensity treadmill exercise (10, 20, 30, 45, or 60 minutes) followed by a period of rest (5, 15, or 30 minutes) before taking a set of five cognitive tests; the other visit consisted only of completing the cognitive tests (no exercise). Cognitive tests sampled multiple cognitive parameters, including reasoning, concentration, memory, attention, and planning. We found that a short recovery period (i.e., 5 minutes) may have a less favorable effect on planning ability but may be beneficial for memory. In addition, for various exercise durations and recovery periods, a Group × Time × Resting (nonexercise) A cognitive interaction effect was observed such that for both memory and inhibitory cognitive ability, acute exercise (vs. no exercise) had an enhancement effect for those with lower resting cognitive functioning. The length of the acute exercise recovery period and resting cognitive ability most influenced the association between exercise and cognitive function.

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Shedding Light on the Effects of Moderate Acute Exercise on Working Memory Performance in Healthy Older Adults: An fNIRS Study

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci10110813 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 813 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Katharina Stute ◽

Nicole Hudl ◽

Robert Stojan ◽

Claudia Voelcker-Rehage

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Working Memory ◽

Executive Functions ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Memory Performance ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Healthy Older Adults ◽

Beneficial Effects

Numerous studies have reported the beneficial effects of acute exercise on executive functions. Less is known, however, about the effects of exercise on working memory as one subcomponent of executive functions and about its effects on older adults. We investigated the effects of acute moderate-intensity exercise on working memory performance, the respective cortical hemodynamic activation patterns, and the development and persistence of such effects in healthy older adults. Forty-four participants (M: 69.18 years ± 3.92; 21 females) performed a letter 2-back task before and at three time points after (post 15 min, post 30 min, and post 45 min) either listening to an audiobook or exercising (15 min; 50% VO2-peak). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to assess cortical hemodynamic activation and brain-behavior correlations in the fronto-parietal working memory network. Overall, we found no group differences for working memory performance. However, only within the experimental group, 2-back performance was enhanced 15 min and 45 min post-exercise. Furthermore, 15 min post-exercise frontal activation predicted working memory performance, regardless of group. In sum, our results indicate slight beneficial effects of acute moderate-intensity exercise on working memory performance in healthy older adults. Findings are discussed in light of the cognitive aging process and moderators affecting the exercise-cognition relationship.

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Electrolyte supplementation after prolonged moderate-intensity exercise results in decreased plasma [TCO2] in Standardbreds

Equine and Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.1017/s1478061507890086 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 4 (3-4) ◽

pp. 149-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Amanda Waller ◽

George J Heigenhauser ◽

Michael I Lindinger

Keyword(s):

Electrolyte Solution ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Practical Interest ◽

Weak Acid ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Hydration Status ◽

Strong Ion Difference ◽

Moderate Intensity Exercise ◽

Post Exercise

AbstractThe present study used the physicochemical approach to characterize the changes in acid–base status that occur in Standardbreds after post-exercise electrolyte supplementation. Jugular venous blood was sampled from six conditioned Standardbreds on two separate occasions, at rest and for 24 h following a competitive exercise test (CET) designed to simulate the speed and endurance test of a 3-day event. After the CETs, horses were given water ad libitum and either a hypotonic commercial electrolyte solution, via nasogastric tube followed by a typical hay/grain meal, or a hay/grain meal alone. The electrolyte supplementation resulted in c. 2 mmol l− 1 decreased plasma [TCO2] during the recovery period as compared with control. The primary contributor to the decreased [TCO2] with electrolyte supplementation was a decreased strong ion difference ([SID]), as a result of the non-significant increase in plasma [Cl− ]. Additionally, electrolyte supplementation resulted in faster restoration of hydration status compared with control, as evidenced by faster recovery of plasma [protein] and total weak acid concentration ([Atot]). It is concluded that oral administration of a hypotonic electrolyte solution after prolonged moderate-intensity exercise diminishes the post-exercise alkalosis, and that recovery of hydration status is still incomplete 24 h after exercise when no electrolytes are given. Thus, supplementation with electrolytes according to estimated sweat losses may attenuate post-exercise increases in plasma [TCO2], which is of significant practical interest to the horse racing community, as a testing threshold of greater than 37 mmol l− 1 is used by many racing jurisdictions to determine whether a horse has been administered an alkalinizing agent.

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Effects of exercise on gut peptides, energy intake and appetite

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe-06-0030 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 193 (2) ◽

pp. 251-258 ◽

Cited By ~ 201

Author(s):

Catia Martins ◽

Linda M Morgan ◽

Stephen R Bloom ◽

M Denise Robertson

Keyword(s):

Energy Intake ◽

Energy Homeostasis ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Negative Energy ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Maximal Heart Rate ◽

Gut Peptides ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Exercise Period

This study investigated the acute effects of exercise on the postprandial levels of appetite-related hormones and metabolites, energy intake (EI) and subjective measures of appetite. Ghrelin, polypeptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were measured in the fasting state and postprandially in 12 healthy, normal-weight volunteers (six males and six females) using a randomised crossover design. One hour after a standardised breakfast, subjects either cycled for 60 min at 65% of their maximal heart rate or rested. Subjective appetite was assessed throughout the study using visual analogue scales and subsequent EI at a buffet meal was measured at the end (3-h post-breakfast and 1-h post-exercise). Exercise significantly increased mean PYY, GLP-1 and PP levels, and this effect was maintained during the post-exercise period for GLP-1 and PP. No significant effect of exercise was observed on postprandial levels of ghrelin. During the exercise period, hunger scores were significantly decreased; however, this effect disappeared in the post-exercise period. Exercise significantly increased subsequent absolute EI, but produced a significant decrease in relative EI after accounting for the energy expended during exercise. Hunger scores and PYY, GLP-1 and PP levels showed an inverse temporal pattern during the 1-h exercise/control intervention. In conclusion, acute exercise, of moderate intensity, temporarily decreased hunger sensations and was able to produce a short-term negative energy balance. This impact on appetite and subsequent energy homeostasis was not explained by changes in postprandial levels of ghrelin; however, ‘exercise-induced anorexia’ may potentially be linked to increased PYY, GLP-1 and PP levels.

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The Basis for the Increase in Factor VIII Procoagulant Activity During Exercise

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1657315 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 49 (01) ◽

pp. 053-057 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Robert G Kopitsky ◽

Mary Ellen P Switzer ◽

R Sanders Williams ◽

Patrick A McKee

Keyword(s):

Factor Viii ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Fviii Activity ◽

Plasma Factor ◽

The Subject ◽

Von Willebrand ◽

Willebrand Factor ◽

Healthy Males ◽

Related Increase

SummaryWe studied the effect of acute exercise on the ability of thrombin to activate plasma factor VIII (FVIII) activity in 20 healthy males. The subject showed an average exercise-related increase in FVIII activity of 54.5±8.2% over pre-exercise FVIII activity (p<0.001). When exposed to the same concentration of thrombin, post-exercise FVIII activity showed greater enhancement than pre-exercise FVIII activity: 157.1±12.8% increase in activity versus 117.3±9.9%, respectively (p<0.01). The degree of the potentiated thrombin effect in post-exercise samples relative to pre-exercise samples was linearly correlated with the degree of the exercise-related increase in FVIII activity. Taken together with our previous observations that the extent of thrombin enhancement of FVIII activity varies inversely with the mole ratio of FVIII/von Willebrand factor subunits to thrombin, these findings imply that release of FVIII does not occur during exercise, and that the exercise-related increase in FVIII activity results primarily, if not completely, from activation of already circulating but inactive FVIII.

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Effects of Caffeine and Acute Aerobic Exercise on Working Memory and Caffeine Withdrawal

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-56251-y ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Anisa Morava ◽

Matthew James Fagan ◽

Harry Prapavessis

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Phase I ◽

Aerobic Exercise ◽

Acute Exercise ◽

Withdrawal Symptoms ◽

Moderate Intensity ◽

Psychoactive Substances ◽

Caffeine Withdrawal ◽

Single Bout ◽

Cognitive Benefits

AbstractStudies show that a single bout of exercise confers cognitive benefits. However, many individuals use psychoactive substances such as caffeine to enhance cognitive performance. The effects of acute exercise in comparison to caffeine on cognition remain unknown. Furthermore, caffeine use is associated with withdrawal symptoms upon cessation. Whether acute exercise can reduce withdrawal symptoms also remains unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise to caffeine on working memory (WM) and caffeine withdrawal symptoms (CWS). In Phase I, non-caffeine (n = 29) and caffeine consumers (n = 30) completed a WM assessment, followed by acute exercise and caffeine. In Phase II, caffeine consumers (n = 25) from Phase I underwent the WM assessment and reported CWS following a 12-hour deprivation period. Acute moderate intensity aerobic exercise and caffeine (1.2 mg/kg) significantly improved WM accuracy and reduced CWS comparably. WM performance was not reduced following caffeine deprivation.

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Camelina Oil Supplementation Improves Bone Parameters in Ovariectomized Rats

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11051343 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1343

Author(s):

Iwona Puzio ◽

Dorota Graboś ◽

Marek Bieńko ◽

Radosław P. Radzki ◽

Aneta Nowakiewicz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Serum Level ◽

Recovery Period ◽

Physiological Saline ◽

Ovariectomized Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Sham Operation ◽

Type I ◽

Camelina Oil ◽

Bone Parameters ◽

Ovx Rats

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of administration of Camelina sativa oil (CO) as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on bone parameters in ovariectomized rats (OVX). Overall, 40 10-week-old healthy female Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups with 10 animals in each. Rats in the control group (SHO) were subjected to a sham operation, whereas experimental rats (OVX) were ovariectomized. After a 7-day recovery period, the SHO the rats received orally 1 mL of physiological saline for the next 6 weeks. The OVX rats received orally 1 mL of physiological saline (OVX-PhS), 5 g/kg BW (OVX-CO5), or 9 g/kg BW (OVX-CO9) of camelina oil. The use of camelina oil had a significant effect on body weight, lean mass, and fat mass. The camelina oil administration suppressed the decrease in the values of some densitometric, tomographic, and mechanical parameters of femur caused by estrogen deficiency. The CO treatment increased significantly the serum level of osteocalcin and decreased the serum level of C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen in the OVX rats. In conclusion, camelina oil exerts a positive osteotropic effect by inhibiting ovariectomy-induced adverse changes in bones. Camelina oil supplementation can be used as an efficient method for improving bone health in a disturbed state. However, further research must be carried out on other animal species supplemented with the oil.

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