Fever in pregnant, parturient, and lactating rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 268 (4) ◽  
pp. R919-R923 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Martin ◽  
T. J. Malkinson ◽  
W. L. Veale ◽  
Q. J. Pittman
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Toxic Responses

Conscious virgin, pregnant, or lactating rats were given intravenous Escherichia coli endotoxin while their temperatures were monitored telemetrically. Virgin females responded to 10-50 micrograms/kg endotoxin with a slight hypothermia, followed by a fever of nearly 2 degrees C magnitude. In pregnant rats given 25 micrograms/kg of the endotoxin, fevers were reduced between 96 h before and 24 h after parturition compared with those seen in virgins or in lactating rats > 24 h postpartum. In the 24-h period before expected time of parturition, no rat developed a fever and the majority of animals became hypothermic; furthermore, in 80% of such animals given 25 micrograms/kg endotoxin, the hypothermia was accompanied by death within 3-15 h. Some mortality and hypothermia were also seen up to 48 h before birth and up to 24 h after birth. No mortality was observed in virgin, pregnant, or lactating rats outside of this time period. We conclude that, around the time of delivery, there is a suppression of fever in the rat and occasional toxic responses to endotoxin.

scholarly journals Searching for Antagonistic Activity of Bacterial Isolates Derived from Food Processing Environments on Some Food-Borne Pathogenic Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-423
Author(s):  
B. Baráti-Deák ◽  
Cs. Mohácsi-Farkas ◽  
Á. Belák
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Food Processing ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Growth Decline

Bacterial strains with inhibitory effect on Salmonella Hartford, Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Escherichia coli, respectively, were isolated. Out of the 64 bacteria originated from food processing environments, 20 could inhibit at least one of the tested pathogens, and it was proved that growth decline of the pathogenic bacteria was more remarkable by co-culturing than by using cell-free supernatants of the isolates. Seven different genera (Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Macrococcus, Staphylococcus, Serratia, and Rothia) reduced the pathogens’ growth during the time period of analysis, and the strongest inhibitory effect was observed after 24 h between 15 and 30 °C. Sensitivity of the tested human pathogenic bacteria against the inhibitory strains was distinct, as Y. enterocolitica could be inhibited by numerous isolates, while S. Hartford proved to be the most resistant. Our results reveal that the isolated bacteria or their excreted metabolites could hinder pathogen growth when used in sufficient quantities.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis plants perform arithmetic division to prevent starvation at night

eLife ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Scialdone ◽  
Sam T Mugford ◽  
Doreen Feike ◽  
Alastair Skeffington ◽  
Philippa Borrill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological System ◽  
Kinetic Models ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Chemical Kinetic ◽  
Light Period ◽  
Starch Degradation ◽  
Degradation Pathways ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Time Period

Photosynthetic starch reserves that accumulate in Arabidopsis leaves during the day decrease approximately linearly with time at night to support metabolism and growth. We find that the rate of decrease is adjusted to accommodate variation in the time of onset of darkness and starch content, such that reserves last almost precisely until dawn. Generation of these dynamics therefore requires an arithmetic division computation between the starch content and expected time to dawn. We introduce two novel chemical kinetic models capable of implementing analog arithmetic division. Predictions from the models are successfully tested in plants perturbed by a night-time light period or by mutations in starch degradation pathways. Our experiments indicate which components of the starch degradation apparatus may be important for appropriate arithmetic division. Our results are potentially relevant for any biological system dependent on a food reserve for survival over a predictable time period.

scholarly journals Agritourism and Kidding Season: A Large Outbreak of Human Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) Infections Linked to a Goat Dairy Farm—Connecticut, 2016

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megin C. Nichols ◽  
Paul Gacek ◽  
Quyen Phan ◽  
Kelly J. Gambino-Shirley ◽  
Lauren M. Gollarza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Running Water ◽  
Fecal Shedding ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
Uremic Syndrome

The objective of this study was to determine sources of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 (STEC O157) infection among visitors to Farm X and develop public health recommendations. A case-control study was conducted. Case-patients were defined as the first ill child (aged <18 years) in the household with laboratory-confirmed STEC O157, or physician-diagnosed hemolytic uremic syndrome with laboratory confirmation by serology, who visited Farm X in the 10 days prior to illness. Controls were selected from Farm X visitors aged <18 years, without symptoms during the same time period as case-patients. Environment and animal fecal samples collected from Farm X were cultured; isolates from Farm X were compared with patient isolates using whole genome sequencing (WGS). Case-patients were more likely than controls to have sat on hay bales at the doe barn (adjusted odds ratio: 4.55; 95% confidence interval: 1.41–16.13). No handwashing stations were available; limited hand sanitizer was provided. Overall, 37% (29 of 78) of animal and environmental samples collected were positive for STEC; of these, 62% (18 of 29) yielded STEC O157 highly related by WGS to patient isolates. STEC O157 environmental contamination and fecal shedding by goats at Farm X was extensive. Farms should provide handwashing stations with soap, running water, and disposable towels. Access to animal areas, including animal pens and enclosures, should be limited for young children who are at risk for severe outcomes from STEC O157 infection. National recommendations should be adopted to reduce disease transmission.

scholarly journals Impact of COVID-19 Confinement on Alcohol Purchases in Great Britain: Controlled Interrupted Time-Series Analysis During the First Half of 2020 Compared With 2015–2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Anderson ◽  
Eva Jané Llopis ◽  
Amy O’Donnell ◽  
Eileen Kaner
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Interrupted Time Series ◽  
Interrupted Time Series Analysis ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Series Analysis ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Aims To investigate if COVID-19 confinement led to excess alcohol purchases by British households. Methods We undertake controlled interrupted time series analysis of the impact of COVID-19 confinement introduced on 26 March 2020, using purchase data from Kantar Worldpanel’s of 23,833 British households during January to early July 2020, compared with 53,428 British households for the same time period during 2015–2018. Results Excess purchases due to confinement during 2020 were 178 g of alcohol per 100 households per day (adjusted for numbers of adults in each household) above an expected base of 438 g based on averaged 2015–2018 data, representing a 40.6% increase. However, when adjusting for expected normal purchases from on-licenced premises (i.e. bars, restaurants, etc.), there was evidence for no excess purchases of grams of alcohol (a 0.7% increase). With these adjustments, beer purchases dropped by 40%, wine purchases increased by 15% and spirits purchases by 22%. Excess purchases increased the richer the household and the lower the age of the main shopper. Confinement was associated with a shift in purchases from lower to higher strength beers. Conclusion During the COVID-19 confinement, the evidence suggests that households did not buy more alcohol for the expected time of the year, when adjusting for what they normally would have purchased from on-licenced premises.

Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 Shedding in Preweaned Calves on Colorado Dairies

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 990-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chloe Stenkamp-Strahm ◽  
Craig McConnel ◽  
Doreene R. Hyatt ◽  
Roberta Magnuson ◽  
Paige Tenneson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Northern Colorado ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACT To gain insight into a potential age-related predisposition for Escherichia coli pathogen shedding on dairies, this pilot study measured the prevalence of E. coli O157 (ECO157) in the feces of preweaned dairy calves. An aim of this study was to link these outcomes with the concurrent environmental presence of ECO157 and dam ECO157 shedding elucidated in a parallel study. Recto-anal mucosal swabs and a subset of fecal grab samples were collected from calves (2 to 8 weeks of age; n = 399) monthly between December 2013 and June 2014 on three dairies in northern Colorado. A subset of calf dams (n = 111) were also sampled via fecal grab. Concurrently, environmental samples were collected from locations within the vicinity of the calves: farm tractor tires, steering wheels, hutches, buckets, and gloves from the research technicians and the employees involved in calf rearing. The presence of ECO157 and virulence genes was measured in the samples and confirmed via PCR. Of the calves, only 1 (0.25%) of 399 individuals shed during the time period, and the ECO157 strain detected carried no measured virulence genes (eaeA, stx1, and stx2). No difference was seen in detection between the recto-anal mucosal swabs and the fecal grab technique. In contrast, 32% (35 of 111) of the dams shed ECO157, with 1.8% (2 of 111) of the shed isolates containing virulence genes. No ECO157 was detected in the environmental samples. These outcomes demonstrate a disparity between dam and calf ECO157 shedding and indicate that preweaned calves, managed similarly to those of this study, probably have a minor influence on dairy contamination and the transmission of ECO157.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Recovery of Ampicillin-Sulbactam-Resistant Escherichia coli in Hospitalized Patients

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 1004-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith S. Kaye ◽  
Anthony D. Harris ◽  
Howard Gold ◽  
Yehuda Carmeli
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

ABSTRACT Ampicillin-sulbactam resistance in Escherichia coli is an emerging problem. This study determined risk factors for the recovery of ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant E. coli in hospitalized patients. A case-control design was used to compare two groups of case patients with control patients. The first group of case patients consisted of patients from whom nosocomially acquired ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant E. coli strains were isolated, and the second group of case patients consisted of patients from whom ampicillin-sulbactam-susceptible E. coli strains were isolated. Control patients were a random selection among 5% of all patients admitted during the same time period. Risk factors analyzed included antimicrobial drug exposure, comorbid conditions, and demographics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant E. coli strains were isolated from 175 patients, and ampicillin-sulbactam-susceptibleE. coli strains were isolated from 577 patients. Nine hundred thirty-four control patients were selected. Exposure to penicillin antibiotics as a class and to ampicillin and ampicillin-sulbactam individually were the only significant, independent risk factors associated with the isolation of ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant E. coli (odds ratio [OR] = 2.32 [P < 0.001], OR = 3.04 [P = 0.02], and OR = 1.72 [P= 0.04], respectively), but they were not associated with the isolation of ampicillin-sulbactam-susceptible E. coli. Interestingly, exposure to piperacillin-tazobactam tended to protect against the isolation of E. coli strains resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam, but this did not reach statistical significance (OR = 0.13; P = 0.11).

scholarly journals Dra/AfaE Adhesin of Uropathogenic Dr/Afa+Escherichia coli Mediates Mortality in Pregnant Rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 73 (11) ◽  
pp. 7597-7601 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Wroblewska-Seniuk ◽  
R. Selvarangan ◽  
A. Hart ◽  
R. Pladzyk ◽  
P. Goluszko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Maternal Mortality ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli bearing adhesins of the Dr/Afa family frequently causes urogenital infections during pregnancy in humans and has been associated with mortality in pregnant rats. Two components of the adhesin, Dra/AfaE and Dra/AfaD, considered virulence factors, are responsible for bacterial binding and internalization. We hypothesize that gestational mortality caused by Dr/Afa+ E. coli is mediated by one of these two proteins, Dra/AfaE or Dra/AfaD. In this study, using afaE and/or afaD mutants, we investigated the role of the afaE and afaD genes in the mortality of pregnant rats from intrauterine infection. Sprague-Dawley rats, on the 17th day of pregnancy, were infected with the E. coli afaE + afaD and afaE afaD + mutants. The clinical E. coli strain (afaE + afaD +) and the afaE afaD double mutant were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. The mortality rate was evaluated 24 h after infection. The highest maternal mortality was observed in the group infected with the afaE + afaD + strain, followed by the group infected with the afaE + afaD strain. The mortality was dose dependent. The afaE afaD double mutant did not cause maternal mortality, even with the highest infection dose. The in vivo studies corresponded with the invasion assay, where the afaE + strains were the most invasive (afaE + afaD strain > afaE + afaD + strain), while the afaE mutant strains (afaE afaD + and afaE afaD strains) seemed to be noninvasive. This study shows for the first time that the afaE gene coding for the AfaE subunit of Dr/Afa adhesin is involved in the lethal outcome of gestational infection in rats. This lethal effect associated with AfaE correlates with the invasiveness of afaE + E. coli strains in vitro.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli bloodstream isolates from patients admitted to European cancer centers.

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Oethinger ◽  
S Conrad ◽  
K Kaifel ◽  
A Cometta ◽  
J Bille ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Cancer Centers ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Time Period

Previous reports have suggested an increasing incidence of highly fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli causing bacteremia among cancer patients on prophylactic therapy. We used genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of chromosomal DNA digests and random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting to study clonal relationships among such isolates obtained at 10 cancer centers located across Europe and the Middle East. Analysis by both methods indicated that isolates from different centers were genotypically unrelated to each other. There were five centers from which more than one individual patient isolate was available, and most demonstrated significant within-center genetic diversity of strains. Strains shared among patients could be identified at two centers. At the center with the largest number of bloodstream isolates from cancer patients available, fluoroquinolone-resistant control isolates from surgical patients and fluoroquinolone-susceptible control isolates from patients admitted to medical services during the same time period were unrelated to resistant cancer patient isolates and to each other as well. A substantial number of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates (19 of 58) were nontypeable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Fluoroquinolone resistance was commonly associated with multiple antibiotic resistance to chemically unrelated antibacterial agents irrespective of the origin of the isolates.

Assessment of effects of drugs Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi on embryonic development of the rat

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-567
Author(s):  
Семенова ◽  
M. Semenova ◽  
Ковешникова ◽  
E. Koveshnikova
Keyword(s):  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
New Combination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Combination Drugs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Methodological Guidelines ◽  
Individual Body

Objective of research: To estimate the effect of new combination drugs Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi on rats. Materials and methods: The present experiment for the evaluation of eventual embyotoxic and teratogenic properties of drugs Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi was conducted on 32 female and 8 male rats based on the current methodological guidelines. Pregnant female rats were divided into 2 experimental and 2 control groups. Drugs were applied between the 7th and the 14th day of pregnancy taking into account the highest sensitivity of embryos towards different types of influence within this time period. Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi were injected to pregnant rats subcutaneously at a dose of 0,3 mg a.i./kg of individual body weight. Rats from the control group received a forming mixture in comparable volume. Within the whole period of pregnancy, we observed the general clinical condition of female rats. Results and discussion: Effects of new domestic preparations Aversect Forte and Aversect Combi on the antenatal development of the rat via subcutaneous injection of preparations to female rats at a dose of 0,3 mg a.i./kg between the 7th and the 14th day of pregnancy were estimated. The test preparations did not cause any external and internal developmental anomalies; indicators of embryo death, mass and dimensions of embryos were at the actual level of control and physiological parameters for that type of animals.

scholarly journals Pilot test of an accrual Common Metric for the NIH Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) Consortium: Metric usefulness

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Laura E. Peterson ◽  
Denise H. Daudelin ◽  
Lisa C. Welch ◽  
Anshu Parajulee ◽  
Harry P. Selker
Keyword(s):  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Process Improvement ◽  
Pilot Test ◽  
Translational Science ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Principal Investigators ◽  
Expected Time ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Individual Trial ◽  
The Common

Abstract The Common Metrics Initiative aims to develop and field metrics to improve research processes within the national Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) Consortium. A Median Accrual Ratio (MAR) common metric was developed to assess the results of efforts to increase subject accrual into a set of clinical trials within the expected time period. A pilot test of the MAR was undertaken at Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) with eight CTSA Consortium hubs. Post-pilot interviews were conducted with 9 CTSA Principal Investigators (PIs) and 23 pilot team members. Over three-quarters (78%) of respondents reported that the MAR could be useful for performance improvement, but also described limitations or concerns. The most commonly cited barrier to MAR use for performance improvement was difficulty in interpreting the single value that is produced. Most respondents were interested in using the MAR to assess recruitment at an individual trial level. Majority of respondents (63%) had mixed opinions about aggregating metric results across the CTSA Consortium for comparison or benchmarking. Collecting data about additional contextual factors, and comparing accrual between subgroups, were cited as potentially helping address concerns about aggregation. Significant challenges remain in ensuring that the MAR can be sufficiently useful for collaborative process improvement. We offer recommendations to potentially improve metric usefulness.

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