Effect of Parental Migration Background on Childhood Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Body Mass Index

Background. Poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, and obesity in children have important public health implications but, to date, their effects have not been studied in the growing population of children in Sweden with immigrant parents.Methods. We estimated the association between parental migration background and nutrition, physical activity, and weight in 8-year-old children born in Stockholm between 1994 and 1996 of immigrants and Swedish parents (n=2589). Data were collected through clinical examination and questionnaires filled out by parents. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using multivariable logistic regression.Results. Children of immigrants complied more closely with Nordic Nutrition Recommendations compared with those of Swedes (OR = 1.35, 95% CI 1.11–1.64). They had higher intake of dietary fibre, vitamins C, B6, and E, folic acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 and omega-6) reflecting higher consumption of foods of plant origin, but lower intake of vitamins A and D, calcium, and iron reflecting lower consumption of dairy products. Children of immigrants had higher intake of sucrose reflecting higher consumption of sugar and sweets. Furthermore, these children had a higher risk of having low physical activity (OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.06–1.62) and being overweight (OR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.06–1.65) compared with children of Swedish parents. The odds of having low physical activity and being overweight were even higher in children whose parents were both immigrants. A low level of parental education was associated with increased risk of low physical activity regardless of immigration background.Conclusions. Culturally appropriate tools to capture the diverse range of ethnic foods and other lifestyle habits are needed. Healthcare professionals should be aware of the low levels of physical activity, increased weight, and lack of consumption of some important vitamins among children of immigrants.

Download Full-text

From Homicide to Happiness – A Commentary on Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Human Society

Nutrition and Health ◽

10.1177/026010600701900204 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 19 (1-2) ◽

pp. 9-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Joseph R. Hibbeln

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

American Psychiatric Association ◽

Human Society ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acid ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Omega 6

The field of omega-3 fatty acid deficiencies as reversible risk factors in major psychiatric disorders has flourished in the last decade. Treatment recommendations of the American Psychiatric Association may be considered for application to more normative states of psychiatric health. Considered here is the proposition that an increased risk of personality disorders, and an increased sense of despair in normative populations, might be considered as symptoms of deficiencies of omega-3 fatty acids. The major changes in the essential fatty acid composition of the food supply, including increased availability of the omega-6 linoleic acid, may be correlated not only with increased risks of homicide, but also increased risks of suicide and suboptimal social cohesion.

Download Full-text

Asupan Protein dan Asam Lemak Omega 6 Berlebih Sebagai Faktor Risiko Kejadian Obesitas pada Anak Sekolah Dasar di Semarang

Journal of Nutrition College ◽

10.14710/jnc.v7i4.22275 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 162

Author(s):

Rizki Khoirur Rachmawati ◽

Martha Ardiaria ◽

Deny Yudi Fitranti

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽

Case Control ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Older Children ◽

Food Frequency ◽

Physical Activity Questionnaire ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Activity Questionnaire

Latar Belakang: Obesitas adalah kondisi multifaktoral yang ditandai dengan akumulasi lemak berlebih dalam tubuh. Obesitas pada usia sekolah merupakan masalah serius yang berlanjut hingga usia dewasa dan dapat menimbulkan risiko penyakit degeneratif. Tingginya asupan protein pada anak usia 10-12 tahun di Jawa Tengah (113,1%) dan terjadi perubahan pola konsumsi dari pola konsumsi dunia barat yaitu tingginya asam lemak omega 6 menyebabkan terjadinya obesitas pada anak sekoah dasar.Metode: Desain penelitian case control dengan 66 anak usia 10-12 tahun yang dibagi dalam 2 kelompok yaitu obesitas dan normal. Penelitian ini dilakukan di SDN Pekunden. Data yang diteliti meliputi asupan protein, serat, asam lemak omega 3 dan asam lemak omega 6 sebagai variabel bebas, serta asupan energi, karbohidrat, lemak dan aktivitas fisik sebagai variabel perancu. Data asupan makan diperoleh melalui kuesioner Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire dan data aktivitas fisik diperoleh dari The Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Analisis data menggunakan uji Chi Square.Hasil: Rerata asupan protein dan asam lemak omega 6 pada kelompok obesitas lebih tinggi (100,7±23,48; 159,6±43,49) daripada kelompok normal (81,4±26,13; 141,5±68,09). Terdapat hubungan antara asupan protein dan asam lemak omega 6 berlebih dengan kejadian obesitas pada anak sekolah dasar, dimana subjek dengan asupan protein berlebih memiliki 4,81 kali lebih besar berisiko obesitas (p=0,003) dan subjek dengan asupan asam lemak omega 6 berlebih memiliki 5,81 kali lebih besar berisiko obesitas pada anak sekolah dasar (p=0,02).Simpulan: Asupan protein dan asam lemak omega 6 berlebih merupakan faktor risiko terhadap kejadian obesitas pada anak sekolah dasar.

Download Full-text

Causal associations between fatty acid measures and schizophrenia - a two-sample Mendelian randomization study

10.1101/2021.03.17.21253783 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hannah J Jones ◽

Maria Carolina Borges ◽

Rebecca Carnegie ◽

David Mongan ◽

Peter J Rogers ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Mendelian Randomization ◽

Short Chain ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Pufa Supplementation ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Study Results ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Long Chain

Objective: Although studies suggest that erythrocyte concentrations of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are lower in individuals with schizophrenia, evidence of beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation is limited. This study therefore aimed to determine whether omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid levels are causally related to schizophrenia. Methods: Causality was evaluated using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method using fatty acid levels and schizophrenia genome-wide association study results. Weighted median, weighted mode, and MR Egger regression methods were used as sensitivity analyses. To address the mechanism, analyses were performed using instruments within the FADS and ELOVL2 genes. Multivariable MR (MVMR) was used to estimate direct effects of omega-3 fatty acids on schizophrenia, independent of omega-6 fatty acids, lipoproteins and triglycerides. Results: MR analyses indicated that long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid levels were associated with lower risk of schizophrenia (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] ORIVW: 0.83, 95% CI: 0.75-0.92). In contrast, short-chain fatty acids were associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia (alpha-linolenic acid ORIVW: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.98-1.18). Causal effects were consistent across sensitivity and FADS single-SNP analyses. MVMR indicated that the protective effect of DHA on schizophrenia persisted after conditioning on other lipids (ORIVW: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.71-1.01). Conclusions: Results are consistent with protective effects of long-chain omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids on schizophrenia suggesting that people with schizophrenia may have difficulty converting short-chain to long-chain PUFAs. Long-chain PUFA supplementation or diet enrichment, particularly in higher risk individuals, might help prevent onset of disorder.

Download Full-text

Unraveling the Complex Relationship Triad between Lipids, Obesity, and Inflammation

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2014/502749 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Shahida A. Khan ◽

Ashraf Ali ◽

Sarah A. Khan ◽

Solafa A. Zahran ◽

Ghazi Damanhouri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Pulmonary Inflammation ◽

Lipid Mediators ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors

Obesity today stands at the intersection between inflammation and metabolic disorders causing an aberration of immune activity, and resulting in increased risk for diabetes, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and pulmonary inflammation to name a few. Increases in mortality and morbidity in obesity related inflammation have initiated studies to explore different lipid mediated molecular pathways of attempting resolution that uncover newer therapeutic opportunities of anti-inflammatory components. Majorly the thromboxanes, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and so forth form the group of lipid mediators influencing inflammation. Of special mention are the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids that regulate inflammatory mediators of interest in hepatocytes and adipocytes via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. They also exhibit profound effects on eicosanoid production. The inflammatory cyclooxygenase pathway arising from arachidonic acid is a critical step in the progression of inflammatory responses. New oxygenated products of omega-3 metabolism, namely, resolvins and protectins, behave as endogenous mediators exhibiting powerful anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory actions via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this review we attempt to discuss the complex pathways and links between obesity and inflammation particularly in relation to different lipid mediators.

Download Full-text

The potential role of omega-3 fatty acids supplements in increasing athletic performance

Timisoara Physical Education and Rehabilitation Journal ◽

10.1515/tperj-2016-0004 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (16) ◽

pp. 25-34

Author(s):

Șerban Gligor ◽

Răzvan Gligor

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Athletic Performance ◽

Potential Role ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Inflammatory Effect

Abstract Polyunsaturated omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are essential fatty acids that cannot be produced by the body itself and therefore must be provided through nutrition. Omega-6 and particularly omega-3 fatty acids have important roles in the organism, contributing to the maintenance and promotion of health. The optimal proportion of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is 2:1, or even better 1:1. They are involved in normal growth and development, play a role in the prevention of coronary and cardiovascular diseases, of diabetes mellitus, of arterial hypertension, arthritis and cancer. Omega-3 fatty acids mainly have an anti-inflammatory effect, but also act as hypolipidemic and antithrombotic agents. A potential role of omega-3 fatty acids is that of increasing physical performance. Their role in the physical activity refers on one side to the global health of athletes and on the other side to their anti-inflammatory effect, as high intensity physical exercise induces increased free-radical production and microtraumas, with the induction of an inflammatory status. The anti-inflammatory effect of these fatty acids manifests through an increased production of endogenous antioxidant enzymes, through decreasing the production of prostaglandins metabolites, decreasing the production of leukotriene B4, etc. They are also effective on reducing muscle pain post eccentric exercise and on decreasing the severity of bronchoconstriction induced by exercise, as well as improving pulmonary function variables. In conclusion it seems that supplementing diets with omega-3 fatty acids, apart from having benefic effects on health and on the prevention and management of certain affections, proves to be a beneficial for physical activity and athletic performance.

Download Full-text

Imbalance between Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Early Pregnancy Is Predictive of Postpartum Depression in a Belgian Cohort

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11040876 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 876 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Hoge ◽

Tabar ◽

Donneau ◽

Dardenne ◽

Degée ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Postpartum Depression ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Early Pregnancy ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Omega 6

While studies revealed that the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and their mediators would be able to regulate several biological processes involved into the development of postpartum depression (PPD), evidence from observational studies remains mixed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between maternal erythrocyte n-3 PUFA, measured in early pregnancy, and the risk of PPD. A Belgian cohort of 72 healthy women was screened. Erythrocyte fatty acids were analysed using gas chromatography. PPD was assessed using the Bromley Postnatal Depression Scale by phone interview one year after delivery. We observed a significant negative association between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels and the risk of postpartum depression in the adjusted model (p = 0.034). Higher n-6/n-3 and arachidonic acid (AA)/eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratios were significantly associated with an increased odds of PPD (p = 0.013 and p = 0.043, respectively). Women with an omega-3 index <5% had a 5-fold increased risk of depressive episode than did those with an omega-3 index ≥5% (OR 5.22 (95%CI 1.24–21.88)). A low n-3 PUFA status, alone and combined with high n-6 PUFA status, in early pregnancy was associated with a greater risk of PPD. Management of maternal n-3 PUFA deficiency can be a simple, safe and cost-effective strategy for the prevention of this major public health issue.

Download Full-text

Aerobic Physical Activity and a Low Glycemic Diet Reduce the AA/EPA Ratio in Red Blood Cell Membranes of Patients with NAFLD

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10091299 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1299 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Valeria Tutino ◽

Valentina De Nunzio ◽

Maria Caruso ◽

Caterina Bonfiglio ◽

Isabella Franco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Healthy Lifestyle ◽

Erythrocyte Membranes ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽

Aerobic Activity ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Inflammatory Processes ◽

Red Blood Cell Membranes

Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs), through the eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid (AA), are able to modulate the inflammatory processes, whereas omega-3 PUFAs, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), exert anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. An unbalanced AA/EPA ratio in favor of AA leads to the development of different metabolic disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different diets, alone and in combination with two physical activity programs, on the AA/EPA ratio value in erythrocyte membranes of patients with NAFLD. One hundred forty-two subjects with NAFLD were enrolled in the study and randomized into six treatment groups. AA/EPA ratio was significantly reduced after 90 days of treatment with only a program of aerobic activity. However, it appears that the combination of physical activity and a Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean Diet (LGIMD) was more efficacious in reducing AA/EPA levels, at 45 days of treatment, even if this effect was not maintained over time. The combined effect of diet and physical activity reduced the AA/EPA ratio value improving the score of steatosis. Dietary intake of omega-3 PUFAs, in association with a healthy lifestyle, may be used in the prevention protocols for many chronic diseases, including NAFLD.

Download Full-text

Polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy and breastfeeding

10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0005 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Sir Peter Gluckman ◽

Mark Hanson ◽

Chong Yap Seng ◽

Anne Bardsley

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Infant Development ◽

Maternal Mental Health ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Oily Fish ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Risk Of Exposure

Evidence for the importance of the long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fetal and infant development is growing, as is interest in what constitutes an appropriate intake from sources such as oily fish or dietary supplements for pregnant women and/or infants. Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been implicated in maternal mental health and aspects of infant development, including cognitive and visual function, adiposity, and allergy. Western diets have become imbalanced with regard to the ratio of omega-6:omega-3 fatty acids, and recommendations to correct this imbalance include increasing the maternal intake of oily fish. However, this recommendation needs to be evaluated in light of the increased risk of exposure to contaminants such as mercury. Vegetable oils and cereals are important sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids for vegetarians.

Download Full-text

Pre-pregnancy Dietary Intake of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab046_006 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 709-709

Author(s):

Mariel Arvizu ◽

Lidia Minguez-Alarcon ◽

Jennifer Stuart ◽

Makiko Mitsunami ◽

Janet Rich-Edwards ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Dietary Intake ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Omega 6 ◽

One Year ◽

Long Chain ◽

Risk Of Preeclampsia

Abstract Objectives To evaluate whether pre-pregnancy intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids prevent HDP. Methods We followed 11,535 women from the Nurses' Health Study-II free of chronic disease that filled out food frequency questionnaires starting in 1991 before their 16,892 singleton pregnancies. Intakes of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid[ALA] + long-chain omega-3 [LCN-3]) and omega-6 (linoleic acid [LA] + arachidonic acid[ARA]). In 2009, participants reported history of preeclampsia and GHTN. The relative risk (95%CI) of HDP across quintiles of intakes of omega-3 and omega-6 were estimated by log-binomial regression model using generalized estimating equation to account for repeated pregnancies from the same woman and adjusted for age at pregnancy, year of pregnancy, and pre-pregnancy: BMI, physical activity, smoking, infertility diagnosis, marital status, race, parity, multivitamin use, concurrent gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia at baseline. Results During 18 years of follow-up, there were 495 pregnancies with preeclampsia (2.9%) and 561 pregnancies (3.3%) with GHTN. Mean (SD) age at pregnancy was 34.6 (3.9) years. Intakes of total omega-6 and total omega-3 fatty acids before pregnancy were unrelated with the risk of either HDP. From individual omega subtypes, only ARA had a marginally significant relation to higher risk of GHTN. Women in the highest quintile of ARA had 43% increased risk of GHTN (CI: 1.00–2.04) compared to women in the lowest quintile of intake. Intakes of the remaining subtypes, LA, LCN-3, and ALA were not associated to HDP risk. When we restricted the analysis to a closer window of exposure among 5,208 women with diet assessment one year before pregnancy, only intakes of LCN-3 (RR = 0.55, CI:0.33–0.91) and LA (RR = 0.54, CI: 0.29,0.99) were associated with a lower risk of preeclampsia, comparing women in the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake. Conclusions Dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acid and linoleic acid one year before pregnancy was associated with a reduced risk of preeclampsia. The extent to which long-chain omega-3 prevents preeclampsia may be more relevant in a window of exposure closer to pregnancy. Funding Sources National Institutes of Health grants U01-HL145386–01, UM1-CA176726, P30-DK046200, and R00ES026648.

Download Full-text

Association of different types of dietary fatty acids with breast cancer, a case-control study

Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.1108/nfs-07-2021-0210 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Maryam Gholamalizadeh ◽

Hossain Shahdoosti ◽

Effat Bahadori ◽

Fatemeh BourBour ◽

Mohammad Esmail Akbari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Physical Activity ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Dietary Fatty Acids ◽

Control Group ◽

Content Type ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Different Types ◽

Omega 6

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the association between intake of different types of dietary fats with breast cancer (BC) risk in Iranian women. Design/methodology/approach A total of 540 women (180 women with BC and 360 healthy women) were recruited from Shohadaye Tajrish hospital, Tehran, Iran. Data on anthropometric measurements, physical activity, smoking and alcohol consumption were collected. The food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the intake of fatty acids including saturated fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acids, poly unsaturated fatty acids, macronutrients, total fat, cholesterol, and calorie. Findings The cases had significantly higher BMI (29.19 ± 3.2 vs 27.27 kg/m2 ± 2.8) and higher intake of calorie (2737 ± 925 vs 2315 ± 1066 kcal/d, P = 0.01), carbohydrate (402 ± 125 vs 312 ± 170 kcal/d, P = 0.01) and ω−6 fatty acids (5.45 ± 6.9 vs 3.39 ± 0.59 g/d, P = 0.001) compared to the control group . Higher consumption of ω−6 fatty acids was related with higher risk of BC (OR = 5.429, CI95%:2.5–11.79, P = 0.001) The association between BC and intake of omega-6 fatty acids remained significant after adjustments for age, BMI, for using alcohol drinks, smoking, physical activity, calorie intake, protein intake and carbohydrate intake. Originality/value There are insufficient studies to investigate the association of different types of fatty acids with BC. This study found that higher omega-6 fatty acids intake was associated with increased risk of BC in women.

Download Full-text