scholarly journals In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Artocarpus heterophyllus Seeds against Selected Diarrhoea-Causing Superbug Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Asio Eve ◽  
Adamu Almustapha Aliero ◽  
Doreen Nalubiri ◽  
Rasheed Omotayo Adeyemo ◽  
Saheed Adekunle Akinola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Artocarpus Heterophyllus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Crude Extracts

The current upsurge in resistance to conventional antibiotics, as well as high cost of orthodox medical treatment, called for the use of medicinal plants as an alternative therapy. This research was aimed at determining the antibacterial activity of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed extracts (Jackfruit as it is locally called) in the treatment of diarrhoea. Ethanolic and hexanolic seed crude extracts of the plant were screened for antidiarrhoeal activity against bacteria isolated from clinical samples (methicillin-resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium, and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli). Plant phytochemical screening was conducted using standard methods. The antibacterial activity was carried out using the agar well diffusion method and compared to the standard antibiotics ceftriaxone and vancomycin. The minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by the microbroth dilution method, whereas the minimum bactericidal concentration was determined by plating out from microtitre plates with no visible growth. The results of phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and steroids from the prepared crude extracts. The ethanolic and hexanolic extracts had activity on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus with the mean and standard error zone of inhibition that ranged from 8.5 ± 0.5 to 16.5 ± 0.25 mm; however, the extracts were found not to have activity on resistant E. coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The ethanolic crude extract had the lowest MIC and MBC values of 31.25 and 125 mg/ml, respectively, compared to the hexane extract which had the MIC and MBC values of 62.50 and 250 mg/ml, respectively. This provides the evidence for its usage as an alternative herbal remedy for the treatment of diarrhoea caused by susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

scholarly journals Potential Antibacterial Activity of Two Important Local Chewing Sticks “Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus” along with Antioxidant Capacities

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-232
Author(s):  
AO Shittu ◽  
A Aliyu ◽  
MS David ◽  
NS Njinga ◽  
HI Ishaq
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Chewing Sticks

In order to authenticate and ascertain the various claim by the rural dwellers that depend on chewing sticks for their oral hygiene and protection against innumerable diseases, the antibacterial activity of the roots of Fagara zanthoxyloides and Distemonanthus benthamianus were evaluated. Preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods. In-vitro antibacterial activity of the methanol extracts of both plants was also carried out using the agar well diffusion method against standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhii ATCC 14028, Citrobacter freundii ATCC 8090 and also some clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis at different concentrations and ratios. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed that the extracts contained alkaloids, saponin, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides and phenol. All the test microorganisms were susceptible to the inhibitory effect of the extracts at concentrations of 200 mg/ml and 500 mg/ml. F. zanthoxyloides had better antimicrobial activity with zones of inhibition ranging from 21.0 to 26.0 mm at 200 mg/ml and 24.3 to 29.3 mm at 500 mg/ml while D. benthamianus had zones of inhibition ranging from 17.7 to 26.7 mm at 200 mg/mL and 19.0 to 26.7 mm at 500 mg/mL. Some of the test microorganisms were resistant to the standard antibiotics (cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and gentamicin). Combinations of the extracts in ratios 50:50 and 75:25 yielded no increase in activity. The MIC and MBC for D. benthamianus ranged from 6.25 mg/ml to 100 mg/mL and 25 to 200 mg/ml, respectively while that of F. zanthoxyloides ranged from 1.56 mg/ml to 12.5 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/ml, respectively. The antimicrobial activity demonstrated by F. zanthoxyloides and D. benthamianus indicates that they would be valuable in the management of urinary, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts infections while at the same time helping to mitigate the problem of antimicrobial resistance. Phenolic compounds of plants, among them flavonoids are the chief constituents, which have potent antioxidant activities Dhaka Univ. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(2): 223-232, 2019 (December)

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF MANGIFERA INDICA ETHANOL AND AQUEOUS LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 262-269
Author(s):  
M. A. Garga ◽  
U. M. Garasin ◽  
M. Abdullahi ◽  
B. A. Muhammed ◽  
A. Yakubu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

The aim of this research is to investigate the antibacterial activity and identify the phytochemical constituents of Mangifera indica leafs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus using disc diffusion method. The sample was collected fresh from the premises of Bioresources Development Center (BIODEC), Katsina, Katsina State and was dried and pounded into powder. The powdered leaves were extracted using ethanol and aqueous solvents. Various concentrations ranging from 500mg to 62.5mg were prepared. Test isolates were obtained from the Microbiology laboratory, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina (UMYUK) and were further authenticated using Gram staining and biochemical test. The bacterial inoculums were standardized to McFarland scale 0.5. Zones of inhibition were read after 24 hours at 370C. The results of the antibacterial study revealed that the ethanolic leaves extracts at 500mg/ml had effect on P. aeruginosa and S. aureus with zones of inhibition of 12mm and 6mm respectively. The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and phenols where only alkaloids was found to be absent in the aqueous extract. There is no significant difference between the solvents and various concentrations used base on t-test data analysis.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Aloe vera Gel against Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2020 ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Usman A. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Wound Infection ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Aloe Vera Gel

Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been implicated as important nosocomial pathogens causing severe infections especially in hospitalized patients. The aim of the study was to assess the antibacterial activity of Aloe vera gel against multidrug resistant S. aureus and P. aeruginosa isolated from wound. Clinical isolates of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa from wound infection were collected from Microbiology laboratory of Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital (BDTH), Kaduna and re-confirmed using standard microbiological procedure. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Aloe vera gel was obtained fresh matured leaves of Aloe vera plant and was screened for the presence of phytochemical constituents. Antibacterial activity of the Aloe vera gel against Multidrug Resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was determined by agar well diffusion technique. The result revealed that all the two isolates were resistant to more than three classes of antibiotics. The Staphylococcus aureus isolate was resistant to fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin), aminoglycoside (gentamicin), cephalosporin (cefaroline), folate pathway antagonist (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), penicillin(cefoxitin) and macrolide (erythromycin) while the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate was resistant to βlactam (ticarcillin-clavulanate), fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin), aminoglycoside (gentamicin) and cephalosporin (ceftazidime)hence regarded as MDR isolates. Phytochemical screening of the gel revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids. The Aloe vera gel was found to have antibacterial activity against the test isolates with MIC and MBC values of 25µg/mL and 50µg/mL against MDR S. aureus 50µg/mL and 100µg/mL against MDR P. aeruginosa respectively. The study identified that Aloe vera gel possesses antibacterial activity against MDR S. aureus and P. aeruginosa isolated from wound infection. Keywords: Aloe vera gel, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, antibacterial, MDR

scholarly journals UJI DAYA ANTIBAKTERI BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium DAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEAMANAN PANGAN

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sri Suryatmiati Prihandani
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Garlic Powder

Garlic is widely used as a herbal medicine. In order to support the empirical use and improve its application in food safety, this study was conducted to test the antibacterial activity of garlic against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Garlic was used in the form of fine powder. Garlic powder then dissolved in sterile distilled water and squeezed to obtain garlic solution with a concentration of 50%, 25% and 12.5%. Antibacterial activity of garlic juice was tested by diffusion method using paper disc to determine diameter of bacterial growth inhibition zones. Screening results demonstrated that the chemical constituents of garlic powder were saponins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. Garlic powder has antibacterial activity to Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa. Garlic has antimicrobial potential and can be used as decontaminant against Escherichia coli to maintain quality of food safety such as meat.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of Rhipsalis baccifera and Drymoglossum piloselloides against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus and Drug Resistant Acinetobacter baumanii.

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
S. D. Kugaperumal ◽  
R. D. De Silva ◽  
T. D. Karunarathne ◽  
C. P. Gunasekara ◽  
D. N. A. W. Samarakoon
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Chronic Wounds ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Antibiotic Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumanii ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanii are known to cause delayed healing of infections in both acute and chronic wounds. Plants are a natural source of novel antimicrobials and many new drugs are derived from plants, as plants contain phytochemicals that have antimicrobial activity. Sri Lanka is a tropical country with a wide variety of plant species, many of which were identified as possessing medicinal qualities and have been used by traditional medicinal practitioners in the treatment of various diseases and ailments. Dressings made of Rhipsalis baccifera and Drymoglossum piloselloides have been used to treat wounds by Sri Lankan traditional medicine practitioners. This study determined the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of R. baccifera and D. piloselloides against MRSA and Multidrug-resistant A. baumanii. Aqueous and methanolic extractions of both plants were done by maceration. Their antibacterial properties were checked against MRSA and A. baumanii by the well diffusion method. The effectiveness of the extract was further tested against factors like temperature and storage time. R. baccifera (aqueous extract) exhibited antimicrobial properties against MRSA but no activity against A. baumanii. The antibiotic activity against MRSA was increased after two months of storage at 4°C. D. piloselloides exhibited no antibiotic activity against both MRSA and A. baumanii. The methanolic extracts did not demonstrate any antibacterial activity.

scholarly journals Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of crude extracts of Lawsonia inermis against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Triveni A G ◽  
Suresh Kumar Mendem ◽  
Channapa T Shivannavar ◽  
Subhaschandra M Gaddad
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Lawsonia Inermis ◽  
Biofilm Inhibition ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Crude Extracts

 Objective:The continuous rise in the prevalence of multi drug resistance pathogens globally is threatening the treatment and management of infectious diseases. Ethno medicine plays a key role in the exploration for novel bioactive compounds. The present study evaluates the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the crude extracts of Lawsonia inermis against clinical isolates of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Materials and methods: Shade dried and finely powdered leaves of the plant were extracted by maceration method using six solvents methanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, petroleum ether and n-hexane. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of the extracts against MDR MRSA by agar cup diffusion and tube method respectively.Results: Methanol extract showed the highest antibacterial activity of 18mm compared to other extracts. Similarly, petroleum ether extract showed highest biofilm inhibition of 84.7%. Other solvent extracts also exhibited significant biofilm inhibition [n-Hexane-83.6%, Ethyl acetate -79.5%, Chloroform-79.2%, Acetone -77% and Methanol-77%].Conclusion: The leaf extracts of L. inermis have shown promising biofilm inhibitory activity and good antibacterial activity, which can be explored for the development of new drugs for the MDR pathogens. Keywords: Antibioticacivity, Antibiofilm activity, L.inermis, MRSA

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening, Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Cinnamon verum Bark

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Hamza Mohamed Ahmed ◽  
Ashraf Mahmoud Ramadhani ◽  
Ibrahim Yaagoub Erwa ◽  
Omer Adam Omer Ishag ◽  
Mohamed Bosharh Saeed
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Acetone Extracts

cinnamon dating from 1000 AD when it was firstly recorded in English due to its important as aroma and as herbs. The aim of this study was to investigate phytochemicals constitutes, chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of commercial samples of Cinnamon verum bark. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, while the crude extracts were prepared by three different solvents methanol (70%), acetone and aqueous. Phytochemical screening of crude extracts was performed using standard methods. The essential oil was subjected to GC-MS analysis and tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Eschericchia coli and Candida albicans. The obtained results indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarin, tannins, terpenoids, saponin, glycoside, anthrocyanin and phenolic compounds in the methanolic, aqoueous and acetone extracts of C. verum bark; while the major components of the extracted essential oil of C. verum bark were cinnamaldehyde (85.50%), stigmasterol (3.69%), Cadinene (1.37%), (E)-cinnamaldehyde (1.35%), alpha-amorphene (1.33%), hydrocinnamaldehyde (1.28%), alpha-cubebene (1.25) and ergosterol (1.09%) respectively. The antimicrobial activity result indicated the high activity of the extracted essential oil against all tested microorganisms at high concentration; except in S. typhimurium and C. albicans at concentrations of 25% and 12.5% no activity was noticed. Based in our obtained results the essential oil of C. verum bark had high potential as antimicrobial agent, therefore, recommended for more advanced studies to be conducted on this abundant plant as natural source of antibiotics.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL 96% DAUN MIMBA (Azadirachta indica A. Juss. ) DENGAN METODE EKSTRAKSI PERKOLASI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 102
Author(s):  
Yanu Andhiarto ◽  
Rina Andayani ◽  
Nur Hidayatul Ilmiyah
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Moderate Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Activity Test

Skin infections most often found in developing countries, especially in the tropics, are purulent skin inflammation (pyoderma), the main cause of Staphylococcus aureus. The increasing number of cases of bacteria that are resistant to antibacterial can encourage the extraction of sources of antibacterial drugs from natural ingredients. One of the plants that is thought to have the antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus is the Neem plant. In this study an antibacterial activity test was carried out with the well diffusion method from 96% ethanol extract of Mimba leaves extracted by percolation method. Previously 96% ethanol extract from Mimba leaves had been identified by secondary metabolites by phytochemical screening and standardized extract testing. Standarization using non-specific parameters (moisture content, ash content and drying losses) found that 96% ethanol extract of Mimba leaves entered a range of standard parameters and in phytochemical screening tests obtained 96% ethanol extract of Mimba leaves containing alcaloid, saponins, tannins, steroids / terpenoids and flavonoids. The results of the study on the antibacterial activity test showed a concentration of 75% ethanol extract of 96% Mimba leaves classified as having strong activity, at a concentration of 50% and 25% classified as having moderate activity. Based on this study it can be concluded that the three concentrations of 96% ethanol extract of Mimba leaves were able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.

scholarly journals Chemical composition, antibacterial activity and related mechanism of valonia and shell from Quercus variabilis Blume (Fagaceae) against Salmonella paratyphi a and Staphylococcus aureus

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Zhou ◽  
Ze-Hua Liu ◽  
Dong-Mei Wang ◽  
Deng-Wu Li ◽  
Li-Na Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibacterial Mechanism ◽  
Natural Antimicrobials ◽  
Butanol Fraction ◽  
Quercus Variabilis ◽  
Crude Extracts

Abstract Background Plant secondary metabolites and phytochemicals that exhibit strong bioactivities have potential to be developed as safe and efficient natural antimicrobials against food contamination and addressing antimicrobial resistance caused by the overuse of chemical synthetic preservative. In this study, the chemical composition, antibacterial activities and related mechanism of the extracts of the valonia and the shell of Quercus variabilis Blume were studied to determine its potential as a safe and efficient natural antimicrobial. Methods The phenolic compositions of valonia and shell extracts were determined by folin-ciocalteau colourimetric method, sodium borohydride/chloranil-based assay and the aluminium chloride method and then further identified by the reverse-phase HPLC analysis. The antibacterial activities of valonia and shell extracts were evaluated by the agar disk diffusion method and agar dilution method. The related antibacterial mechanism was explored successively by the membrane of pathogens effect, phosphorous metabolism, whole-cell proteins and the microbial morphology under scanning electron microscopy. Results The n-butanol fraction and water fraction of valonia along with n-butanol fraction of the shell contains enrich phenolics including ellagic acid, theophylline, caffeic acid and tannin acid. The n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia exhibited strong antibacterial activities against Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with the DIZ values ranged from 10.89 ± 0.12 to 15.92 ± 0.44, which were greater than that of the Punica granatum (DIZ: 10.22 ± 0.18 and 10.30 ± 0.21). The MIC values of the n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia against S. paratyphi A and S. aureus were 1.25 mg/ml and 0.625 mg/ml. The related antibacterial mechanism of n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia may be attributed to their strong impact on membrane permeability and cellular metabolism. Those extracts exhibited strong antibacterial activity according to inhibit the synthesis of bacterial proteins and seriously change morphological structure of bacterial cells. Conclusions The n-butanol fraction and ethanol crude extracts of valonia had reasonably good antibacterial activities against S. paratyphi A and S. aureus. This study suggests possible application of valonia and shell as natural antimicrobials or preservatives for food and medical application.

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