The Use of Screening Algorithm to Defer Blood Donors with Subclinical Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum infection in blood donors is common in malaria endemic countries, including Ghana. To date, there are no established exclusion criteria to defer a donor carrying malaria parasites. Therefore, based on significant independent variables identified in this study, donor malaria screening algorithm was developed to be used by blood banks to screen blood donors for subclinical malaria. Each significant variable was weighted one (1) point and its alternative response was weighted negative one (−1) point. Accumulation of the points determines the risk level of the donor. These weighted points were used to categorize infected donors as having negligible (<2 points), tolerable (3-4 points), undesirable (5–8 points), or intolerable (>9 points) risk. Based on accumulated weight of ≥5 points, the algorithm was 94.7% (54/57) sensitive but 82% (298/364) specific. With this level of specificity, 18% of the blood donors without malaria would have been deferred. Therefore, it is imperative that all donors with accumulated risk ≥5 be screened for malaria using either malaria rapid test kit or microscopy.

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Hepatitis B sero-prevalence among blood donors in Haryana: a retrospective record based study

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173647 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 3827

Author(s):

P. K. Sehgal ◽

Anubha Garg

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Blood Donation ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

North India ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Hepatitis B Infection ◽

Past Infection ◽

Test Kit

Background: In India, it is mandatory to screen blood donors for HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis and malaria. Hepatitis B is a major public health problem worldwide. Approximately 30% of the world’s population or about 2 billion persons have serological evidence of either current or past infection with hepatitis B virus. The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in India ranges from 2% to 10% as shown by different studies. India therefore comes under the intermediate to high endemicity category. The objective of this study was to carry out with the aim to find out the sero-prevalence of hepatitis B infection and its trend among the blood donors a hospital based blood transfusion service set up in north India over a period of seven years.Methods: It was record based retrospective study from 2007 to 2013. Before donation "Blood Donation Form" had been filled by every donor and this form had particulars about age, gender, address, and occupation, date of previous donation, any illness and medical treatment taken. The donor blood samples were collected at the time of blood donation from the primary bag and HbsAg screening was done using rapid test kit based on the principle of a one-step immunoassay. Samples showing repeat test reactivity on both methods were considered positive and were included for calculation of seroprevalence.Results: A prevalence of 01.13% of hepatitis B infection was seen among the donors from the period 2007-2013. The trend of hepatitis B prevalence among donors has been fluctuating while ranging from 0.94% to 1.63%.Conclusions: Reduction in seroprevalence among voluntary donors requires an effective donor education and high quality selection programme especially during big blood donation camps. For a safe blood service in our country, where comprehensive laboratory tests are neither possible nor pragmatic, it is best to switch over to 100% voluntary donations, as it is now established that only voluntary non-remunerated regular donation is the safest. Thus, one of our key strategies to enhance blood safety is to focus on motivating non-remunerated blood donors and phasing out even replacement donors.

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Performance of BioFire array or QuickVue influenza A + B test versus a validation qPCR assay for detection of influenza A during a volunteer A/California/2009/H1N1 challenge study

Virology Journal ◽

10.1186/s12985-021-01516-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

David R. McIlwain ◽

Han Chen ◽

Maria Apkarian ◽

Melton Affrime ◽

Bonnie Bock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza A ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Qpcr Assay ◽

Superior Performance ◽

Qrt Pcr ◽

Challenge Study ◽

Test Kit ◽

2009 H1n1 ◽

B Test

Abstract Background Influenza places a significant burden on global health and economics. Individual case management and public health efforts to mitigate the spread of influenza are both strongly impacted by our ability to accurately and efficiently detect influenza viruses in clinical samples. Therefore, it is important to understand the performance characteristics of available assays to detect influenza in a variety of settings. We provide the first report of relative performance between two products marketed to streamline detection of influenza virus in the context of a highly controlled volunteer influenza challenge study. Methods Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected during a controlled A/California/2009/H1N1 influenza challenge study and analyzed for detection of virus shedding using a validated qRT-PCR (qPCR) assay, a sample-to-answer qRT-PCR device (BioMerieux BioFire FilmArray RP), and an immunoassay based rapid test kit (Quidel QuickVue Influenza A + B Test). Results Relative to qPCR, the sensitivity and specificity of the BioFire assay was 72.1% [63.7–79.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI)] and 93.5% (89.3–96.4%, 95% CI) respectively. For the QuickVue rapid test the sensitivity was 8.5% (4.8–13.7%, 95% CI) and specificity was 99.2% (95.6–100%, 95% CI). Conclusion Relative to qPCR, the BioFire assay had superior performance compared to rapid test in the context of a controlled influenza challenge study.

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HIV and Hepatitis B seroprevalence among the nepalese blood donors

Journal of Pathology of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jpn.v3i5.7864 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 390-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

SR Kandel ◽

P Ghimire ◽

BR Tiwari ◽

M Rajkarnikar

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis B ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Hepatitis B Surface Antigen ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Age Group ◽

Male And Female ◽

Test Kit ◽

The Difference ◽

Donated Blood ◽

Donor Recruitment

Background: HIV and Hepatitis B infections are public health problems in Nepal. This study was conducted based at NRCS/CBTS, with the objective of determining the HIV and HBsAg sero-prevalence in non-remunerated volunteer blood donors. Materials and Methods: A total of 66,904 units of blood collected, following donor recruitment criteriaduring March 2009-Sept. 2010 was included for analysis. All donated blood samples were subjected to screening for Transfusion transmitted infections including HIV and Hepatitis B surface antigen using standard ELISA test kits (Dade Behring, Germany). Initial reactive sera were re-tested for reconfi rmation with same test kits plus another test kit (Detect-HIV, Adaltis Inc, and Qualisa). Results: Out of 66,904 units of blood collected, 56,973 units were from male and 9,931 were from female donors. Among the total screened samples, 73 (0.10%) were found to be positive for HIV, {0.11% (64/56973) in male and 0.09% (9/9931) in female}; the difference between male and female donors (?2<3.841) was statistically signifi cant. The seroprevalence of HIV was highest in age group of 30- 39 both in male and female (p<0.001). Similarly, for HBsAg, overall seroprevalence was found to be 0.47% (316/66904 {0.42% (242/56973) in male and 0.74% (74/9931) in female}. The difference was statistically signifi cant (?2<3.841). The highest HBsAg sero-prevalence(0.65%) was also observed in same age group i.e. 30-39 (p<0.001) in male but highest seroprevalence (2.63%) was observed inage group of ?50 in female. Conclusion: Both HIV and HBV sero-prevalence is high in adult voluntary blood donors. Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3, No.1, Issue 5, 390-393 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i5.7864

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Avian influenza and Newcastle disease virusindead chickens in markets in Dhaka, Bangladesh in 2011-2012

Bangladesh Veterinarian ◽

10.3329/bvet.v33i1.33308 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 8-15

Author(s):

LR Barman ◽

RD Sarker ◽

BC Das ◽

EH Chowdhury ◽

PM Das ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Avian Influenza ◽

Newcastle Disease ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Type A ◽

Antigen Test ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Test Kit ◽

Live Bird

A virological survey for avian influenza (AI) and Newcastle disease (ND) was conducted in two selected live bird markets (LBMs), namely Kaptan Bazar and Karwan Bazar in Dhaka city, Bangladesh from August 2011 to July 2012. A total of 513 dead chickens were collected. An immune-chromatographic rapid antigen test for Type A influenza virus and both conventional and real time RT-PCR were used for the detection and characterization of AI and ND viruses. All carcasses were first screened by the rapid antigen test kit and 93 were positive for Type A influenza virus. RT-PCR on a representative number of rapid antigen test positive samples (n = 24) confirmed the presence of Type A influenza virus and mostly H5 influenza virus (22 out of 24 tested samples). Influenza rapid test negative samples (n = 420) were subjected to routine necropsy. Heat stress, suffocation and physical injury were the most common cause of mortality (163 cases), followed by ND, suspected to be the cause of 85 deaths. On molecular investigation of these 85 samples, the presence of ND virus was confirmed in 59 and AI virus in 6; 15 were negative for both ND and AI viruses and 5 were unsuitable for investigation. Among the 59 ND confirmed cases 18 also contained AI virus. In summary, out of 513 carcasses 117 (22.81%) contained AI virus and 59 (11.50%) contained ND virus. Eighteen (3.51%) carcasses contained both AI and ND viruses. The findings suggest that both AI and ND should be considered as major threats to the poultry industry.Bangl. vet. 2016. Vol. 33, No. 1, 8-15

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Signalment and Blood Types in Cats Being Evaluated as Blood Donors at Two Italian University Blood Banks

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2014/704836 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-3 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Eva Spada ◽

Arianna Miglio ◽

Daniela Proverbio ◽

Maria Teresa Antognoni ◽

Giada Bagnagatti De Giorgi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Donors ◽

Type A ◽

Blood Type ◽

Transfusion Reaction ◽

Type B ◽

Blood Typing ◽

Blood Types ◽

Blood Banks ◽

Type Ab ◽

Transfusion Reactions

Data from potential feline blood donors presented at two university blood banks in Italy were recorded. Blood typing was performed using an immunochromatographic method. Over the three years of the study 357 cats representing 15 breeds, 45.3% female and 54.7% male, with a mean age of 3.8 years were evaluated. Of these 90.5% were blood type A, 5.6% type B, and 3.9% type AB. The majority of the cats (54.6%) were European DSH (92.3% were type A, 5.1% type B, and 2.6% type AB), and 21% were Maine Coon (MCO) cats (100% blood type A). The estimated frequencies of transfusion reactions following an unmatched transfusion between DSH (donors and recipients), MCO (donor and recipients), DSH donors and MCO recipients, and MCO donors and DSH recipients were 4.8%, 0%, 0%, and 5.1% for major reactions and 7.2%, 0%, 7.7%, and 0% for minor transfusions reactions, respectively. In a population of blood donors that includes DSH and MCO the risk of transfusion reaction is between 5% and 8% if typing is not performed on donor and recipient blood. Blood typing should therefore be performed before transfusion to remove the risk of transfusion reactions due to blood type incompatibilities.

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Evaluation of a Rapid Immunochromatographic test kit to the Gold Standard Fluorescent Antibody test for diagnosis of rabies in animals in Bhutan

10.21203/rs.2.19414/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tenzin Tenzin ◽

Kelzang Lhamo ◽

Purna B Rai ◽

Dawa Tshering ◽

Pema Jamtsho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Predictive Value ◽

Fluorescent Antibody ◽

False Negative ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Reference Standard ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Percent Agreement ◽

Test Kit ◽

Resource Poor

Abstract Background: Rabies kills approximately 59,000 people in the world each year worldwide. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of rabies is important for instituting rapid containment measures and for advising the exposed people for postexposure treatment. The application of a rapid diagnostic tests in the field can greatly enhance disease surveillance and diagnostic activities, especially in resource poor settings. In this study, a total of 179 brain tissue samples collected from different rabies suspect animal species (113 dogs, 50 cattle, 10 cats, 3 goats, 2 horses, and 1 bear) were selected and tested using both rapid immunochromatographic kit and the reference standard fluorescent antibody test (FAT). We evaluated the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of a rapid antigen detection test kit produced by BioNote, Inc. (Hwaseong-si, Korea) relative to a FAT for its fit-for-purpose for confirmation of clinical cases of rabies for early response and enhancing rabies surveillance. Results: Among 179 samples examined in this study, there was a concordance in results by the rapid test and FAT in 115 positive samples and 54 negative samples. Test results were discordant in 10 samples which were positive by FAT, but negative (false negative) by rapid kit. The rapid test kit showed a sensitivity of 92% (95% CI: 85.9 – 95.6) and specificity of 100% (95% CI: 93.4 – 100) using FAT as the reference standard. The positive and negative predictive values were found to be 100% (95% CI:96.7 – 100) and 84.4% (95% CI: 73.6 – 91.3), respectively. Overall, there was 94.4% (95% CI: 90 – 96.9) test agreement between rapid test and FAT (Kappa value = 0.874) with a positive percent agreement and negative percent agreement of 92 and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: Our finding demonstrated that the rapid test kit (BioNote) can be used for rabies surveillance and confirming clinical case of rabies in animals for making rapid decisions particularly controlling rabies outbreaks in resource poor settings.

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Factors associated with stock out of malaria test kit in Oshana region, Namibia

Journal of Public Health in Africa ◽

10.4081/jphia.2019.1034 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Emmanuel Magesa ◽

Kabwebwe Honore Mitonga ◽

Penehafo Angula

Keyword(s):

Communicable Disease ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Quantitative Aspect ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Test Kit ◽

Descriptive Approach ◽

Method Approach ◽

Insight Into ◽

Malaria Test ◽

Made In

Malaria continues to be a serious communicable disease whose impact on public health in Namibia is massive. Some improvement in reducing the number of malaria cases has been made in the country, but the sporadic availability of malaria diagnostic test kits (mRDT) continues to slow down government efforts to eliminate malaria in the country. Given the nature of current conditions, justification exists for a study to determine the factors associated with stock out of malaria rapid test kit (mRDT) in Namibia. Mixed method approach was employed, whereby in quantitative aspect, the study adopted a descriptive approach to acquire data from a period of five years retrospectively (2012 - 2016). To gain insight into qualitative aspects of the study, key informants at all levels of the supply chain in Oshana region were interviewed. Pharmaceutical knowledge of ordering mRDT is needed to prevent stock out of mRDT. It is a recommendation of this study that training is needed for staffs who are involved in ordering of pharmaceutical items.

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Analysing repeat blood donation behavior via big data

Industrial Management & Data Systems ◽

10.1108/imds-07-2020-0393 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Xu Chen ◽

Lei Liu ◽

Xinyu Guo

Keyword(s):

Junior High School ◽

Blood Donors ◽

Blood Donation ◽

Average Frequency ◽

Average Volume ◽

Content Type ◽

Blood Banks ◽

Supply Chain Management System ◽

Donation Behavior ◽

The Impact

PurposeAlthough blood banks have recently started to recruit blood donors through social media platforms, including WeChat, to increase recruitment effectiveness, few researchers have studied their effects on blood donation behavior. The aim of this study is to examine the influence of using official WeChat accounts on repeat blood donation behavior.Design/methodology/approachThis paper used the backstage operation data of official WeChat accounts and blood supply chain management system data from the blood bank for the study to analyze the changes in repeat blood donation behavior. First, to analyze the changes in the average frequency of blood donation per year, average volume of single blood donation and blood eligible rate of repeat blood donors before and after following the official WeChat accounts by difference-in-differences model combined with propensity score matching (PSM-DID). Second, we examined the impact of official WeChat accounts on the proportion of repeat blood donors through survival analysis.FindingsThe results show that following WeChat accounts increases the average frequency of blood donation and blood eligible rate of repeat blood donors by 14.36% and 1.19%, respectively, and have no significant effect on the average volume of single blood donation. Further, WeChat accounts have a more significant impact on the average frequency of blood donations per year for workers, farmers, medical staff and groups with education levels of junior high school. In addition, official WeChat accounts can effectively increase the proportion of repeat donors.Originality/valueThe results provide a quantitative basis for the influence of official WeChat accounts on repeat blood donation behaviors. On the one hand, it is of great significance to guide the publicity and recruitment of unpaid blood banks. On the other hand, it provides an evidence for the promotion of official WeChat accounts.

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Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Antenatal Mothers in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital

Journal of SAFOG with DVD ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1296 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 159-162

Author(s):

Dhrubajyoti Sarkar ◽

Banasree Bhadra ◽

Suvobrata Sarkar ◽

Biswajit Chakraborty

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Tertiary Care Hospital ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Counseling And Testing ◽

Test Kit ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Integrated Counseling

ABSTRACT Objective To know the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among antenatal mothers. Materials and methods It is a retrospective study of antenatal mothers attending the integrated counseling and testing centre (ICTC), College of Medicine and JNM Hospital, Kalyani, from January 2009 to December 2013. Antenatal mothers were counseled and in those willing to undergo test rapid testing was done. First time positive cases were retested two more times by two different companies rapid test kit. The samples were considered as positive when found reactive by all three different methods. Results In our study, a total number of 11343 new antenatal mothers were registered. The pretest counseling could be done for 9437 antenatal mothers. After counseling, testing could be done in 9211 antenatal mothers. In our 5 years study period, a total of six cases were HIV positive. Out of these HIV positive cases, three were in 2009, no case was detected in 2010, one was in 2011, one in 2012 and one in 2013. Thus, the incidence of HIV (in tested mothers) is 0.13% in 2009, 0 in 2010, 0.06% in 2011, 0.07% in 2012 and 0.05% in 2013. Overall incidence was 0.065%. Conclusion There is a declining trend of HIV prevalence among antenatal mothers reflecting that prevention campaigns are working effectively. How to cite this article Bhadra B , S arkar D , S arkar S ,Chakraborty B. Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Antenatal Mothers in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(3):159-162.

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A Targeted Survey for Scrapie in Jos Plateau State, Nigeria

Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.1155/2013/841978 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

O. O. Nwankiti ◽

E. I. Ikeh ◽

O. A. Arowolo ◽

A. J. Nwankiti ◽

M. O. Odugbo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluorescent Antibody ◽

Fatal Outcome ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Sheep And Goats ◽

Test Kit ◽

Casualty Slaughter ◽

Plateau State

Scrapie, a disease of sheep and goats with a progressive course and fatal outcome, has not been identified in Nigeria. Anecdotal scrapie reports by livestock workers abound. Livestock diseases like scrapie form huddles in livestock economics of countries. For 8 months we surveyed for scrapie targeting emergency/casualty slaughter sheep and goats in Jos, Nigeria. We clinically examined 510 sheep and 608 goats of local breeds, aged from 12 months to 5 years. In total 31 (5.10%) goats and no sheep were clinically suspicious for scrapie. Caudal brainstem tissues of suspect animals collected postmortem were analyzed for the disease specific form of the prion protein, PrPSc, using Bio-Rad’s TeSeE ELISA rapid test kit. No sample was positive for scrapie. Fluorescent antibody test for rabies and H&E staining on samples were carried out for differential diagnosis. These showed no pathological lesions indicative for neurological disease. While our findings do not exclude the presence of scrapie in Jos, we demonstrate that targeted sampling of small ruminants for neuroinfectious disease is feasible in developing countries, pointing to the possibility of implementing such a monitoring scheme in Nigeria to prevent economic losses in small ruminant livestock as scrapie caveats from endemic countries have shown.

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