Ximenynic Acid Regulation of n-3 PUFA Content in Liver and Brain

Salmonids are valuable fish in the human diet due to their high content of bioactive omega-3 very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC PUFA). The aim of this study was to assess the omega-3 VLC PUFA content in selected salmonid fish present on the food market regarding whether they were farm-raised or wild. It was assumed that farm-raised fish, by eating well-balanced feed enriched with omega-3 PUFA, might contain omega-3 VLC PUFA in levels similar to that of wild fish. Fat content, fatty acid composition and omega-3 VLC PUFA content in fish fillets were measured. Farm-raised salmon from Norway, wild Baltic salmon, farm-raised rainbow trout and brown trout were bought from a food market whereas wild trout (rainbow and brown) were caught alive. The fat content in fish ranged from 3.3 to 8.0 g/100 g of fillet. It was confirmed that although wild salmonid fish contain 10–25% more omega-3 VLC PUFA in lipid fraction, the farm-raised ones, due to the 60–100% higher fat content, are an equally rich source of these desirable fatty acids in the human diet. One serving (130 g) of salmonid fish fillets might provide a significant dose of omega-3 VLC PUFA, from 1.2 to 2.5 g. Thus, due to very high content of bioactive fatty acids eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) in their meat, salmonid fish currently present on the food market, both sea and freshwater as well as wild and farm-raised, should be considered as natural functional food.

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Dietary n-3 PUFA content as a modulator of the femur properties in growing pigs

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114518003641 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 121 (5) ◽

pp. 508-518

Author(s):

Monika Sobol ◽

Grzegorz Skiba ◽

Stanisława Raj

Keyword(s):

Linolenic Acid ◽

Bone Mineral ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Control Diet ◽

Biomechanical Properties ◽

Growing Pigs ◽

Mineral Density ◽

Pufa Content ◽

Left Femur ◽

Pufa Ratio

AbstractThe relationships between both dietary and empty body fatty acid composition and the morphometry, densitometry, geometry and biomechanical properties of the femur of growing pigs were analysed. A total of thirty-two pigs aged 115 d were divided into four groups (n 8 per group). The pigs were fed either a control diet (group C) or a diet supplemented with linseed oil (rich in α-linolenic acid (C18 : 3n-3), group L), fish oil (rich in EPA (C20 : 5n-3) and DHA (C22 : 6n-3), group F) and beef tallow (rich in SFA, group T). The diets differed in n-3 PUFA contents (0·63–18·52 g/kg) and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios (0·91–14·51). At 165 d of age, the pigs were slaughtered and the fatty acids in the empty body were determined. Moreover, the left femur was dissected. The cortical wall thickness, cross-sectional area, cortical index, bone mineral content, bone mineral density, maximum elastic strength and maximum strength were lower (P<0·05) in the femurs of pigs from groups C and T than in those from groups F and L. Significant positive correlations were found between the densitometry, geometry and biomechanical properties of the femur and both dietary and empty body n-3 PUFA content, whereas significant negative correlations were observed between the same properties and both dietary and empty body n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. The results of the present study suggest that in growing pigs α-linolenic acid has a similar positive effect on bone health to that of EPA and DHA.

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The “n−3 LC-PUFA sparing effect” of modified dietary n−3 LC-PUFA content and DHA to EPA ratio in Atlantic salmon smolt

Aquaculture ◽

10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.05.024 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 356-357 ◽

pp. 135-140 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Basseer M. Codabaccus ◽

Chris G. Carter ◽

Andrew R. Bridle ◽

Peter D. Nichols

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Pufa Content ◽

Sparing Effect ◽

Salmon Smolt

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The dietary arachidonic acid improved growth and immunity of honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica)

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485321000821 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Jing Yu ◽

Weixing Zhang ◽

Xuepeng Chi ◽

Wenfeng Chen ◽

Zhenfang Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Arachidonic Acid ◽

Apis Mellifera ◽

The Body ◽

Control Group ◽

Immune Functions ◽

Pufa Content ◽

Apis Mellifera Ligustica ◽

Immune Genes ◽

Mrna Expression Levels

Abstract Honeybees cannot synthesize arachidonic acid (ARA) themselves, only obtain it from food. Most pollen is deficient or contains a small amount of ARA. The necessity of supplementary ARA in bees’ diet has not been studied. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary ARA levels on the growth and immunity of Apis mellifera ligustica. A total of 25 honeybee colonies were randomly assigned to five dietary groups which were fed basic diets supplemented with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% of ARA. The diet with 4% ARA improved the body weight of newly emerged worker bees compared with the control group. Supplement of ARA in honeybee diets changed the fatty acid composition of honeybee body. SFA and MUFA contents of bees’ body declined, and PUFA content rised in the ARA group. Compared with the control group, the supplement of ARA in honeybee diets increased the contents of ARA, C22:6n-3 (DHA) and C18:3n-6 in bees’ body significantly, but decreased the contents of C16:1 and C18:3n-3. The diet supplied with 4% ARA reduced the mortality rate of honeybee infected with Escherichia coli. The activity of immune enzymes (phenoloxidase, antitrypsin, and lysozyme) and the mRNA expression levels of immune genes (defensin-2, toll, myd88, and dorsal) were improved by ARA diets to varying degrees depending on the ARA levels, especially 4% ARA. These results suggested that dietary ARA could improve the growth, survival, and immune functions of honeybees. Supplement of ARA in bees’ diet would be valuable for the fitness of honeybees.

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Effect of dietary linseed supplementation on the performance, meat quality, and fatty acid profile of pigs

Czech Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.17221/6826-cjas ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (No. 6) ◽

pp. 279-288 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

M. Okrouhlá ◽

R. Stupka ◽

J. Čítek ◽

M. Šprysl ◽

L. Brzobohatý

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Meat Quality ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Chemical Characteristics ◽

Pufa Content ◽

Large White ◽

Physical And Chemical Characteristics ◽

Pig Meat ◽

Physical And Chemical

The effect of a dietary linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) supplement on the traits of fattening, carcass value, physical and chemical characteristics of meat quality, and the fatty acid composition of pig meat was evaluated. Seventy-two hybrids (Czech Large White <sub>(paternal)</sub> × (Czech Large White <sub>(maternal)</sub> × Czech Landrace)) were divided into four treatments according to diet (0 and 150 g/kg linseed) and sex (barrows and gilts). A significantly (P = 0.050) higher feed conversion value was ascertained in barrows fed with linseed compared with the other three groups. Most of the physical and chemical characteristics of the carcasses were not significantly influenced by dietary linseed addition or sex. The linseed supplement significantly (P < 0.001) increased the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and PUFA/SFA (saturated fatty acid) ratio, especially through increasing the n-3 PUFA content, and decreased the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content, the MUFA/PUFA, MUFA/SFA, and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratios and the thrombogenic index. Supplementation of the diet with linseed modified the fatty acid composition and improved fatty acid ratios in both sexes, without any negative effect on performance, carcass value or physical and chemical indicators of pig meat quality.

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Determination of cis,cis-Methylene Interrupted Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Fats and Oils By Capillary Gas Chromatography

Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL ◽

10.1093/jaoac/69.1.65 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 65-67

Author(s):

Albert K Athnasios ◽

Edward J Healy ◽

Anthony F Gross ◽

Gareth J Templeman

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽

Capillary Column ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Fats And Oils ◽

Pufa Content ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Relative Standard

Abstract A capillary gas chromatographic (CGC) method is described for the determination of cis,cis-methylene interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acids (cis-PUFA) in fats and oils. The sample is saponified and the liberated fatty acids are esterified to the corresponding methyl esters. The latter are analyzed by CGC using a 60M SP2340 capillary column. Area percent values for 9,12-cis,cis-C18:2 and 9,12,15-cis,cis,cis-C18:3 fatty acid methyl esters are summed to give the total cis-PUFA content. Gas chromatographic results agreed well with those obtained by an enzymatic lipoxygenase method at the 31-48% cis-PUFA levels with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The method has a precision (relative standard deviation) of 0.33% at a 44.4% cis-PUFA level in margarine oil.

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Finishing diets used in beef and lamb production in Northern Ireland: results of a questionnaire survey

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200029768 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 2009 ◽

pp. 137-137

Author(s):

A J McAfee ◽

E Duffy ◽

G Cuskelly ◽

A Fearon ◽

J Wallace ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Northern Ireland ◽

Human Health ◽

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ◽

Strong Evidence ◽

Questionnaire Survey ◽

Pufa Content ◽

Finishing Diets ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Feeding Regimes

Ruminant feeding regimes that include grass finishing are known to increase the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) content of beef and lamb. By contrast, concentrate finishing produces meat with increased n-6 PUFA concentrations. There is strong evidence that increasing the ratio of n-3: n-6 PUFA in the diet has beneficial effects for human health. In Northern Ireland, it is likely that feeding regimes are predominantly grass-based; therefore beef and lamb could contain appreciable amounts of n-3 PUFA. However, an analysis of types of finishing diets used by farms in Northern Ireland has not been done. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of grass and concentrate finishing in farms in Northern Ireland.

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Tiie effect of linoleic acid and/or vitamin e supplementation of calves on plasma vitamin status, erythrocyte membrane fatty acid composition and oxidation of membrane lipids

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s0308229600021073 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 1991 ◽

pp. 157-157

Author(s):

F A C Paton ◽

J R Scaife ◽

T Acamovic ◽

D C Macdonald ◽

A M Mackenzie

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Erythrocyte Membrane ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Membrane Lipids ◽

Sudden Change ◽

Plasma Vitamin ◽

Pufa Content ◽

Neonatal Calf

The vitamin E (Vit E) requirement of the neonatal calf is largely dependent upon its dietary intake of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) The PUFA content of neonatal calf plasma is low, the plasma triene:tetraene ratio of approximately 0.96 suggests a possible essential fatty acid deficiency, however within 3-4 days postpartum the ratio is markedly reduced to approximately 0.12 (Noble 1984). In spring-calving cows turned out to grass just prior to calving the sudden change to a diet rich in PUFA has a significant influence on the PUFA content of colostrum and milk and thus the Vit E requirement of the newborn calf. A study was conducted to examine the effects of different dietary ratios of Vit E to C18:2 on the growth performance; immunoglobulin status; fatty acid and retinol, Vit E and β-carotene profiles of blood plasma and erythrocyte membrane lipids (EML), and lipid oxidation of erythrocyte membranes. The effect of turn-out to grass on cow plasma fatty acid composition was also studied. The preliminary results of this study are presented below.

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The fatty acid composition of Estonian and Latvian retail milk; implications for human nutrition compared with a designer milk

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029918000183 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 247-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Merike Henno ◽

Tiia Ariko ◽

Tanel Kaart ◽

Sirje Kuusik ◽

Katri Ling ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Adequate Intake ◽

Pufa Content ◽

Bulk Milk ◽

Fa Composition ◽

Appreciable Increase ◽

Concomitant Reduction ◽

One Year ◽

Main Influence

The study reported in this Research Communication compared retail milks’ FA profiles from two neighbouring countries, estimated the potential contributions of these milks and a designer milk (achieved by changing the diet of the dairy cow) to the recommended human dietary intake of FA, and predicted (based on the milk FA profile) methane emission from dairy cows. Retail milks in Estonia and Latvia were purchased from supermarkets monthly for one year. To compare the FA composition of retail milk with designer milk with an increased PUFA content, the bulk milk FA profile from a separate field trial was used. Milk FA concentrations of the two neighbouring countries were affected by state, season and their interaction, while the main influence on all these factors were different feeding practices (grazing availability, forage to concentrate ratio and legume-rich silages vs. maize silages). Three cups (600 mL; fat content 2·5 g/100 g) of Estonian, or Latvian retail milk or designer milk per day contributed more to the recommended intakes of saturated FA (SFA) (42·5, 42·7, 38·7%, respectively) than other FA. Compared to the retail milks, α-linolenic acid estimated intake was almost doubled by designer milk consumption (19·7% of adequate intake) without influencing summed intakes of SFA and trans FA. There were state and seasonal differences in the predicted methane outputs of dairy cattle based on retail milk FA. Although the FA profiles of retail milks in the two neighbouring countries were affected by state and season, an appreciable increase in human dietary intakes of beneficial fatty acids from milk, and concomitant reduction in methane emissions from dairy cows, can be achieved only by targeted feeding.

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Chemical composition and fatty acid profile in meat from grazing lamb diets supplemented with ryegrass hay, fishmeal and soya bean meal as PUFA sources

Ciência Rural ◽

10.1590/0103-8478cr20160533 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Jose Romero-Bernal ◽

Ernesto Morales Almaraz ◽

Octavio Alonso Castelán Ortega ◽

Nazario Pescador Salas ◽

Manuel González-Ronquillo

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Fatty Acid Content ◽

Pufa Content ◽

Fatty Acids Profile ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Bean Meal ◽

Ryegrass Hay ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Soya Bean Meal ◽

Total Pufa

ABSTRACT: This study examined the characteristics of the fatty acids profile in the meat of lambs fed grazing and supplemented with different PUFA sources. Thirty Suffolk lambs were used (37.2±5.4kg BW), grazing on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) (12h d-1) and supplemented (30g kg-1 BW0.75) with ryegrass hay (RGH), or supplements formulated with fishmeal (FHM) or soybean meal (SBM). Lambs were used in a completely randomized design. Results showed an effect on total SFA, with SBM higher than RGH (P=0.033), and SBM and FHM showing higher MUFA content compared with RGH (P=0.001). Total PUFA content was higher for RGH, followed by FHM and with the lowest content for SBM (P=0.001). Concluding that there is a variation in fatty acid content depending on the lipid-protein source used in supplementation in grazing sheep, the content of PUFA was higher for grazing lambs supplemented with RGH compared with those supplemented with FHM or SBM.

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