scholarly journals The Role and Contribution of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnology to Sustainable Agriculture in Africa

Afrika Focus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-108
Author(s):  
D. Kyetere ◽  
E. Okogbenin ◽  
J. Okeno ◽  
J. Munyaradzi ◽  
F. Nangayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Time Required

Africa’s economy is driven by agriculture, a sector that constitutes 32% of the continent’s GDP. The ongoing Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) in Africa hinges on a system change (from subsistence farming to agribusiness) approach that explores high productivity to strengthen the African economy. During the “Green Revolution” period, increased global yields of cereal crops were achieved through the interactions of breeding and agronomy. However, in the face of current challenges, such as climate change and need for new market niches, there is an increasing exigency to explore modern plant breeding (including biotechnology) to develop new varieties with the capacity for high yields in reduced chemical-input systems and with the genetic diversity needed to maintain yield stability in Africa´s fluctuating climatic conditions. Biotechnology has significantly shortened the time required for the development of new cultivars, varieties and hybrids. Modern breeding tools include Double Haploid technology, marker assisted breeding, genomics, genetic engineering and genome editing. It is these tools that help accelerate the development of market responsive varieties needed for sustainable agriculture in Africa that will be highlighted.

scholarly journals The Role and Contribution of Plant Breeding and Plant Biotechnology to Sustainable Agriculture in Africa

Afrika Focus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kyetere ◽  
E. Okogbenin ◽  
J. Okeno ◽  
K. Sanni ◽  
J. Munyaradzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Modern Breeding

Africa’s economy is driven by agriculture, a sector that constitutes 32% of the continent’s GDP. The ongoing Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) in Africa hinges on a system change (from subsistence farming to agribusiness) approach that explores high productivity to strengthen the African economy. During the “Green Revolution” period, increased global yields of cereal crops were achieved through the interactions of breeding and agronomy. However, in the face of current challenges, such as climate change and need for new market niches, there is an increasing exigency to explore modern plant breeding (including biotechnology) to develop new varieties with the capacity for high yields in reduced chemical-input systems and with the genetic diversity needed to maintain yield stability in Africa ́s fluctuating climatic conditions. Biotechnology has significantly shortened the time required for the development of new cultivars, varieties and hybrids. Modern breeding tools include Double Haploid technology, marker assisted breeding, genomics, genetic engineering and genome editing. It is these tools that help accelerate the development of market responsive varieties needed for sustainable agriculture in Africa that will be highlighted. KEY WORDS: TECHNOLOGY, CROP IMPROVEMENT, GENETICS, MODERN BREEDING TOOLS.

scholarly journals NEW EARLY VARIETIES OF VEGETABLE PEA

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
A. G. Besedin ◽  
O. V. Putina
Keyword(s):  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The State ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Early Variety ◽  
Breeding Station ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Variety Testing ◽  
Plant Breeding Station

The volume and structure of sown areas of vegetable pea varieties of different terms of ripening, selection of the Krymsk Experiment Plant Breeding Station, VIR in the southern region of Russia is shown. When creating new varieties, at present, priority is given to obtaining very early and early, in order to expand the conveyer of raw materials for processing. The merits of the breeding achievements created and included in the State Register are shown: a very early variety Prima (year of inclusion 2016) and an early Kudodesnik 2 (2018), which have already begun to be used in production. However, for processing enterprises in each group of ripening it is necessary to have 2-3 varieties. Therefore, we have set a goal - to create new varieties of vegetable peas of very early and early ripening periods, adaptive to the climatic conditions of the North Caucasus region. The studies were carried out from 2016 to 2018 in breeding fields (Krymsk Experiment Plant Breeding Station, VIR, Krasnodar region). Studied 10 varieties and lines. According to the results of evaluation in competitive variety testing (in 2016-2017), a very early grade of vegetable peas Izyuminka was transferred to the state test. The variety ripens 9 days earlier than the Alpha standard and surpasses it in yield (by 2.2 t / ha.). According to the competitive test held in 2017-2018, in 2019, the early variety Mayak was transferred to the state variety testing, which ripens 4 days earlier than the standard and is almost twice as high in yield. The use of these varieties in the processing industry will significantly increase the period of receipt of grain for processing.

scholarly journals Perspective sample of root chicory

2019 ◽  
pp. 159-161
Author(s):  
O. M. Vyutnova ◽  
T. Yu. Polyanina ◽  
I. A. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Root Crop ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
High Yields ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Relevance. One of the types of agricultural raw materials for the food industry is the root chicory, the product from the roots of which is produced in pure form, as well as is an important component in the production of tea and coffee drinks, confectionery. Its value is determined by the content in the roots of inulin, fructose, intibin and chicory. Despite the great economic importance and economic profitability of chicory cultivation, in recent years, the local processing industry is not provided with this type of raw material and is forced to buy the product from dried root crops in other countries, such as Ukraine, Italy and India. Modern agricultural production is in dire need of new varieties of root chicory, combining high yields and chemical and technological qualities, having the form of a root crop suitable for mechanized harvesting, and adapted to cultivation in soil and climatic conditions of the Non-chernozem zone. Purpose of work: to assess the nature of the impact of ultraviolet radiation in the time mode on watermelon seeds using cytogenetic analysis.Material and methods. The article describes the results of the test in the control nursery of a new sample of chicory root with 0428 selection of Rostov OSC.Results. As a result of breeding work, a promising sample of root chicory. It was isolated early maturing, with high yields and economically valuable properties, root crop truncated, suitable for mechanized harvesting by commercially available machines. 

scholarly journals Perspective sample of root chicory

2019 ◽  
pp. 159-161
Author(s):  
O. M. Vyutnova ◽  
T. Yu. Polyanina ◽  
I. A. Novikova
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Root Crop ◽  
Root Crops ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
High Yields ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Selection Of

Relevance. One of the types of agricultural raw materials for the food industry is the root chicory, the product from the roots of which is produced in pure form, as well as is an important component in the production of tea and coffee drinks, confectionery. Its value is determined by the content in the roots of inulin, fructose, intibin and chicory. Despite the great economic importance and economic profitability of chicory cultivation, in recent years, the local processing industry is not provided with this type of raw material and is forced to buy the product from dried root crops in other countries, such as Ukraine, Italy and India. Modern agricultural production is in dire need of new varieties of root chicory, combining high yields and chemical and technological qualities, having the form of a root crop suitable for mechanized harvesting, and adapted to cultivation in soil and climatic conditions of the Non-chernozem zone. Purpose of work: to assess the nature of the impact of ultraviolet radiation in the time mode on watermelon seeds using cytogenetic analysis.Material and methods. The article describes the results of the test in the control nursery of a new sample of chicory root with 0428 selection of Rostov OSC.Results. As a result of breeding work, a promising sample of root chicory. It was isolated early maturing, with high yields and economically valuable properties, root crop truncated, suitable for mechanized harvesting by commercially available machines. 

scholarly journals Stability and Adaptation of New Tobacco Varieties to Three Growing Areas under Rain Fed Conditions in Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justify Gotami Shava
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Stable Variety ◽  
Study Results ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
High Yields

Background: Variety development is a continuous process that caters for the ever changing farmer crop growing conditions. Changing climatic conditions, soil fertility conditions, crop disease and pest regimes as well as farmer agronomic practices require that new varieties adapted to new practices be availed to growers so that they continue to get high yields. Initial variety development processes are carried out by the breeder, usually on station and usually involves aggregation of traits of interest into a genotype with little or no information about the response of the genotype to different farmer cropping situations. However, before the varieties can be recommended to growers, they need to be evaluated in multi-environment trials (MET) in order to identify varieties with broad adaptation for general recommendation and those with specific adaptation for targeted environment production. Methods: In order to evaluate the adaptation and stability of newly developed tobacco varieties to three growing locations in Zimbabwe, seven varieties were evaluated in a randomised complete block design with three replicates at Kutsaga Research Station near Harare, Trelawney and Tengwe over three seasons ranging from 2013 to 2015. Result: The study results showed significant differences among the varieties and locations tested for saleable yield (P less than 0.05). Of all the varieties tested, T76 was the most stable showing consistently high performance across the seasons and locations tested followed by T75. However, ETH03 was the least stable variety of them all. Unlike what is currently believed in the tobacco industry in Zimbabwe, the variety K RK26 is no longer the most broadly adapted. Based on the study results, the varieties, T76, T75 and ETH06 are stable and, therefore, recommended for growing across the whole of the tobacco farming belt in Zimbabwe.

scholarly journals Selection of pairs for intervarietal crossing of root chicory

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
O. M. Vyutnova ◽  
I. V. Smirnova ◽  
E. A. Evseeva ◽  
T. Yu. Polyanina ◽  
N. A. Ratnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Root Crop ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
The Creation ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Selection Of

Relevance. Modern agricultural production requires the creation of varieties that combine high productivity, quality, and adaptability. Taking into account the development trends of modern agriculture towards multiplicity, it is necessary to improve and expand the assortment, helping to meet the needs of both large and small producers of agricultural products. Due to the lack of material and human resources in the agricultural sector, there is a clear need for varieties and hybrids adapted to industrial cultivation and storage technologies. Existing zoned varieties of root chicory have a root crop length of 40 cm or more, and the soils of the area of cycoroseeding are mainly heavy in mechanical composition, where the use of digging devices to such a depth is impossible. Production requires varieties with a short root crop, which has the main mass concentrated in the upper part.Methods. The purpose of this work is to identify valuable genotypes in the soil and climate conditions of the non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation among the variety of varieties of chicory root of different ecological and geographical origin for use in the creation of the source material of selection by inter-port crosses.Results. When creating the source material for the selection of root chicory by the method of intervarietal crosses, one of the parents should choose local intrazonal varieties adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the zone (Yaroslavsky, Gavrilov-Yamsky), and the second – off-zonal varieties with economically valuable qualities (short root crop, high yields and chemical-technological indicators, resistance to root rot) and donors of these traits (Kharpachi, Sleszka, BilogorkaOS-2, BilogorkaOS-3, Rexor, Wixor, Luxor).

Biotechnological approaches for the control of plant morphogenesis and their applications in agriculture

Genome ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 1034-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otto J. Crocomo
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Embryo Rescue ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Hybrid Embryo ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Cell Genome ◽  
Time Required

As plant biotechnology is an application of cell engineering by which the plant cell genome is manipulated to improve agricultural productivity, leading to increases in production, many fundamental questions related to crop improvement arise, such as (i) how to propagate a great number of plants in a small space and within a shorter period of time; (ii) how to control the reversion to juvenility in forest species; (iii) how to decrease the time required to release new varieties to plant producers; (iv) how to control pests without causing environmental pollution; (v) how to regenerate intact transgenic plants after DNA insertion into protoplasts; (vi) how to transfer genetic characters between incompatible plant species; (vii) how to obtain somaclones resistant to adverse conditions; (viii) identification of the molecular mechanisms governing the processes of plant cell morphogenesis and how to control them to obtain better agricultural performance. Many of these questions are being studied in our laboratory and the results are discussed here.Key words: plant biotechnology, micropropagation, transgenic plants, somaclonal variation, hybrid embryo rescue, plant tissue culture.

SEED BREEDING OF PERENNIAL CEREALS IN TAIGA ZONE OF TOMSK REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 1342-1348
Author(s):  
L.D. Urazova ◽  
◽  
O.V. Litvinchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Tomsk Region ◽  
Siberian Research Institute ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Seed Growing

The main goal of breeding and seed-growing work with perennial grasses is the creation and reproduction of intensive varieties that are distinguished by high productivity, adaptability, and resistance to adverse factors. The tasks of varietal seed production of perennial grasses in the taiga zone include the preservation of biological and economically useful properties inherent in the variety during its reproduction; ensuring timely implementation of variety change and variety renewal; accelerated multiplication of seeds of new varieties. It is important to cultivate each crop according to modern scientifically based varietal technologies that are developed for the conditions of the region. To create highly productive seed herbage and successful harvesting, it is necessary to take into account the biological characteristics of species and varieties. The choice of seed farming methods is determined by the ability of populations to retain their valuable properties in the process of seed reproduction. When developing promising methods of seed production of new generation varieties, it is necessary to study the reaction of plants to stressful phenomena and develop agrotechnical methods that allow plants to adapt to them with a minimum decrease in seed productivity. The development of seed production of perennial cereal grasses in the extreme soil and climatic conditions of the taiga zone contributes to the growth and stabilization of the gross harvest of seeds with high sowing qualities. The article presents the main results for 2015-2019. on perennial cereal grasses in the Narym Department of Breeding and Seed Production of the Siberian Research Institute of Agriculture and Technology - a branch of the SFNCA RAS. Seed growing is carried out according to the traditional scheme. Due to adaptive varieties, the agroecological zoning of seed production is being improved. The aim of this work is to summarize the results of seed production on perennial grasses in the taiga zone of the Tomsk region.

scholarly journals Assessment of yield and quality of winter barley grain in southern Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 01013
Author(s):  
Khamid Malkanduev ◽  
Rustam Shamurzaev ◽  
Aminat Malkandueva
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effect ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
New Variety ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
High Yields

A new high yielding winter barley of Madar variety is presented. One of the main conditions to obtain high yields is the use of new varieties adapted to the climatic conditions of a particular region. Therefore, the objective of our research, when creating the variety, was to increase productivity by improving adaptive properties and elements of productivity of plants and heads. As a result of joint work with breeders of FSBSI of the National Center of Grain named after P.P. Lukyanenko a new variety of winter barley Madar for forage direction was created, with a potential yield of more than 80 dt/ha. For the years of the comparative testing at FSBSI of the National Center of Grain named after P.P. Lukyanenko by predecessors sunflower, winter wheat and white mustard, yields of the variety were 118.7 dt/ha; 87.5 and 68.4 dt/ha respectively. In the tests on seeding time, yields in the variety ranged from 65.3 to 81.7 dt/ha. The new variety is resistant to lodging, winterhardiness and drought resistance. The variety is suitable for cultivation according to all technologies; it can be cultivated in all zones of Russia. The estimated economic effect of the new variety is an increase in yields from 3 to 8dt/ha.

The basic technological components of growing and harvesting of grain of spring wheat in Kama zone of the Republic of Tatarstan

10.12737/1386 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-151
Author(s):  
Сержанов ◽  
Igor Serzhanov ◽  
Шайхутдинов ◽  
Farit Shaykhutdinov ◽  
Майоров ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
State Register ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Yields

The potential of spring wheat varieties, included in the state register list and recommended for cultivation in the Republic of Tatarstan, and the climatic conditions of the Republic allow to obtain the high yields in improving and implementing advanced technology of its cultivation. One of the main conditions for successful cultivation of spring wheat in the region is the proper selection of varieties. Nowadays the varieties with a relatively high resistance to drought, disease and pests, successfully competing with weeds, good usage of soil fertility and at the same time responsive to fertilizers are reclaimed. This approach is explained by the desire to reduce the grain production cost and for environmental management, taking into account environmental constraints. The use of natural resources and the adaptive properties of growing varieties offers in-depth assessment of soil and climatic conditions up to the micro-level, i.e. for each farm, field, land and a thorough study of the features and capabilities of varieties. Only in this way it can be reasonably implement zoning varieties, depending on the situation, even pick up for small areas of two or three suitable varieties of quite a large number of cases in the region. What is important now is another question - how feasible to get the grain of spring wheat with good baking qualities in practice in different agro-climatic zones of the Republic. A major role in this belongs to varieties, agricultural machinery, fertilizers, post-harvest grain handling and other factors. As for the Republic of Tatarstan, the study of comprehensive evaluation of several previously recommended for cultivation and some new varieties of spring wheat wasn’t conducted. Taking into account the knowledge base of questions, in this study the task was to conduct a comprehensive comparative evaluation of spring wheat varieties for specific climatic conditions of the zone, based on observations, surveys and analyzes to evaluate the studied varieties of spring wheat and make appropriate recommendations.

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