Influence of Textile Structure on Single Fiber Transfer from Woven Fabrics

1992 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 293-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia A. Annis ◽  
Randall R. Bresee ◽  
Terry R. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Single Fiber ◽  
Textile Structure

A machine designed to abrade fabrics using small abrasive forces and slow rates is used to induce fiber transfer from twelve woven fabrics. Single fiber transfer, the release and relocation of individual fibers, is evaluated in terms of the number and length of fibers transferred, along with the influence of several fiber, yarn, and fabric structural features on fiber transfer. Modeling procedures indicate that structural features that predict fiber transfer best are fiber denier, fiber length, and weave type. The influence of these features is complex, and analysis of variance indicates that fiber transfer is significantly affected by their interaction.

scholarly journals Improving Mechanical Textile Recycling by Lubricant Pre-Treatment to Mitigate Length Loss of Fibers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8706
Author(s):  
Katarina Lindström ◽  
Therese Sjöblom ◽  
Anders Persson ◽  
Nawar Kadi
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Length ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Rotor Spinning ◽  
Tensile Tester ◽  
Peg 4000 ◽  
Textile Recycling ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Recycled Fibers ◽  
Length Reduction

Although there has been some research on how to use short fibers from mechanically recycled textiles, little is known about how to preserve the length of recycled fibers, and thus maintain their properties. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a pre-treatment with lubricant could mitigate fiber length reduction from tearing. This could facilitate the spinning of a 100% recycled yarn. Additionally, this study set out to develop a new test method to assess the effect of lubricant loading. Inter-fiber cohesion was measured in a tensile tester on carded fiber webs. We used polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 aqueous solution as a lubricant to treat fibers and woven fabrics of cotton, polyester (PES), and cotton/polyester. Measurements of fiber length and percentage of unopened material showed the harshness and efficiency of the tearing process. Treatment with PEG 4000 decreased inter-fiber cohesion, reduced fiber length loss, and facilitated a more efficient tearing process, especially for PES. The study showed that treating fabric with PEG enabled rotor spinning of 100% recycled fibers. The inter-fiber cohesion test method suggested appropriate lubricant loadings, which were shown to mitigate tearing harshness and facilitate fabric disintegration in recycling.

Optimization of stretch and recovery properties of woven stretch fabrics

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 582-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hatice Kübra Kaynak
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Draw Ratio ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Best Response ◽  
Shape Retention ◽  
Response Variables

Stretch woven fabrics are widely used owing to their comfortable properties such as formability, fitting to the human body and shape retention after wearing. These distinguishing properties are determined by stretch and recovery tests. The aim of this study is to determine the optimum elastane draw ratio, load and relaxation type for best stretch and recovery properties of woven stretch fabrics. An optimization model is developed to determine the optimum draw ratio of the elastane core in the yarn, load applied to the fabric and relaxation type for the best response variables of stretch and permanent stretch. The effects of the elastane draw ratio, load applied to the fabric and relaxation type on stretch and permanent stretch properties are found to be statistically significant according to analysis of variance results. Regression models are obtained to estimate the stretch and recovery properties for different elastane draw ratios and load levels. Additionally, the effect of the elastane draw ratio of the yarn on the fatigue properties of woven bi-stretch fabrics is investigated for dry relaxed and laundered states.

scholarly journals Numerical Modelling of the Weaving Process for Textile Composite

2013 ◽  
Vol 554-557 ◽  
pp. 472-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerome Vilfayeau ◽  
David Crépin ◽  
François Boussu ◽  
Damien Soulat ◽  
Philippe Boisse
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Numerical Model ◽  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Composite Structures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Textile Structure ◽  
Research Journal

Due to advancements made in 3D weaving process [1] and, in order to develop 3D textile structure as reinforcement of composite material for aeronautic application, a good prediction of the geometry and the mechanical properties of the 3D woven unit cell is required. Due to the complexity of these textile architectures, realistic geometric representations [2] of fabrics are often difficult to obtain especially for 3D woven fabrics, but these descriptions are necessary to define meshes for finite element computation [3]. At present, existing tools which model and define, early at a mesoscopic scale [4], the architecture of 3D fabrics don’t take into account the influence of the manufacturing process on the shape modification of the textile structure. Some numerical model exists for the braiding process [5] and the knitting process [6], but not yet for the weaving process. During the manufacturing process, fibres are subjected to significant deformations due to loads from the component of the loom or from the friction with the others fibres. These significant deformations lead to mechanical strength losses of the fabric. A numerical model of the different steps of the weaving process could predict these significant deformations and their influence on the geometry of the textile architecture. Thus, the objective of the NUMTISS project is to develop a numerical model of the deformation of the yarn during the weaving process. For the numerical modelling of the weaving process developed in finite element method, we considered all loom elements like rigid solid, and we will make the assumption that yarns are transverse isotropic elastic materials. Simulations of the process for a plain weave, a twill 2-2 and a satin 8 fabric have already been performed, as well as the simulation of orthogonal warp interlock structures. Then, to understand the kinematic motions of weaving process, the tracking of some strategic elements on the industrial weaving loom (reed, heddles, rapier,..) have been carried out. The tracking obtained from the video of the high speed camera will help us to define the numerical model of the weaving kinematic closer to reality. Correlations between numerical results and specific structures in glass fibres produced on the loom will be presented. The influence of each step of the manufacturing process on the characteristics of the textile structure could be analyzed [1]X. Chen, L. W. Taylor, L. J.Tsai. ”An overview on fabrication of three-dimensional woven textile preforms for composites”. Textile Research Journal, 2011, 81(9) 932–944 [2] SV Lomov, G Perie, DS Ivanov, I Verpoest and D Marsal. “Modeling three-dimensional fabrics and three-dimensional reinforced composites: challenges and solutions”. Textile Research Journal, 2011, 81(1) 28–41 [3] E. De Luycker, F. Morestin, P. Boisse, D. Marsal. « Simulation of 3D interlock composite performing”. Composite Structures, Volume 88, Issue 4, May 2009, Pages 615-623. [4] M. Ansar, W. Xinwei, Z. Chouwei. “Modeling strategies of 3D woven composites: A review”. Composite Structures 93 (2011) 1947–1963. [5] A. K. Pickett, J. Sirtautas, et A. Erber. « Braiding simulation and prediction of mechanical properties”. Applied Composite Materials, 2009. [6] M. Duhovic, D. Bhattacharyya. “Simulating the deformation mechanisms of knitted fabric composites”. Composites Part A : Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2006.

scholarly journals Study on the Friction Sound Properties of Natural-Fiber Woven Fabrics

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pin-Ning Wang ◽  
Ming-Hsiung Ho ◽  
Kou-Bing Cheng ◽  
Richard Murray ◽  
Chun-Hao Lin
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Natural Fibre ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
T Test ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Transform Method ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Frictional Sound ◽  
Data Reproducibility

An innovative frictional sound automatic measuring system (FSAMS) was designed and used in this study to investigate the frictional sound generated when natural-fibre woven fabrics are rubbed together. Frictional sound measurements made using the automatic FSAMS were compared with those from a manual frictional sound measuring system (Manual FSAMS). The frictional sounds of four natural-fiber woven fabrics (i.e., cotton, linen, silk, and wool) were recorded; the Fast Fourier Transform method was used to convert time domain signals into frequency domain signals, and the maximum sound amplitude (MSA) and level pressure of the total sound (LPTS) of cotton, linen, silk, and wool were calculated. The results of a t test, analysis of variance, data reproducibility, and cluster spectrums measured from the four natural-fiber woven fabrics were compared for the two test equipment systems. The results from the t test and analysis of variance showed significant differences in the MSA and LPTS measured. Data reproducibility was superior to the automatic FSAMS compared with the manual FSAMS, and the cluster spectrums were more readily distinguishable.

How Structural Features of a Spring-Based Model of Fibrous Collagen Tissue Govern the Overall Young's Modulus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Neubert ◽  
Emily Evans ◽  
John Dallon
Keyword(s):  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Strain Response ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Nodal Density ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Fibrous Tissues ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract While much study has been dedicated to investigating biopolymers' stress-strain response at low strain levels, little research has been done to investigate the linear region of biopolymers' stress-strain response and how the microstructure affects it. We propose a mathematical model of fibrous networks which reproduces qualitative features of collagen gel's stress-strain response and provides insight into the key features which impact the Young's Modulus of similar fibrous tissues. This model analyzes the relationship of the Young's Modulus of the lattice to internodal fiber length, number of connection points or nodes per unit area, and average number of connections to each node. Our results show that fiber length, nodal density, and level of connectivity each uniquely impact the Young's Modulus of the lattice. Furthermore, our model indicates that the Young's Modulus of a lattice can be estimated using the effective resistance of the network, a graph theory technique that measures distances across a network. Our model thus provides insight into how the organization of fibers in a biopolymer impact its linear Young's Modulus.

Electron microscopy and diffraction studies of polyimides

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
O.C. de Hodgins ◽  
K. R. Lawless ◽  
R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Polyimide Films ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscope ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Polymeric Samples

Commercial polyimide films have shown to be homogeneous on a scale of 5 to 200 nm. The observation of Skybond (SKB) 705 and PI5878 was carried out by using a Philips 400, 120 KeV STEM. The objective was to elucidate the structural features of the polymeric samples. The specimens were spun and cured at stepped temperatures in an inert atmosphere and cooled slowly for eight hours. TEM micrographs showed heterogeneities (or nodular structures) generally on a scale of 100 nm for PI5878 and approximately 40 nm for SKB 705, present in large volume fractions of both specimens. See Figures 1 and 2. It is possible that the nodulus observed may be associated with surface effects and the structure of the polymers be regarded as random amorphous arrays. Diffraction patterns of the matrix and the nodular areas showed different amorphous ring patterns in both materials. The specimens were viewed in both bright and dark fields using a high resolution electron microscope which provided magnifications of 100,000X or more on the photographic plates if desired.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

Measurement and Reduction of Radiation Damage in Frozen Hydrated Crystalline Specimens

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Glaeser ◽  
S.B. Hayward
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Structural Disorder ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Diffraction Intensity ◽  
Object Structure ◽  
Specimen Material ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Identical Unit

Highly ordered or crystalline biological macromolecules become severely damaged and structurally disordered after a brief electron exposure. Evidence that damage and structural disorder are occurring is clearly given by the fading and eventual disappearance of the specimen's electron diffraction pattern. The fading and disappearance of sharp diffraction spots implies a corresponding disappearance of periodic structural features in the specimen. By the same token, there is a oneto- one correspondence between the disappearance of the crystalline diffraction pattern and the disappearance of reproducible structural information that can be observed in the images of identical unit cells of the object structure. The electron exposures that result in a significant decrease in the diffraction intensity will depend somewhat upon the resolution (Bragg spacing) involved, and can vary considerably with the chemical makeup and composition of the specimen material.

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