Review of Apophatic Literary Criticism. Notes of a Non-philologist

Apophatic Literary Criticism. Notes of a Non-philologist’ by Marianna Dudareva demonstrates Russian spirit and reflects the immense variety of characters and plots that influence people and manifest the creative power of literature. The author introduces a number of writers, from Sergei Yesenin to Vladimir Korolenko, with unique literary styles and a common apophatic approach to reality. The term apophatic comes from the Greek word to deny and initially referred to religious studies where it served both as a concept and a method. Apophatic theology attempted to approach God by negations rather than affirmations of what God is. M. Dudareva’s work showcases how literature studies instrumentalize the apophatic method of philosophy. This review complements the study with a reflection on the topic of death and its inextricable connection with life. Literature speaks of life and dwells on the struggle for life, that is also key to philosophical thinking. Enough to mention Arthur Schopenhauer and his idea of the will to live. In contrast to philosophy, literature uses a vivid, colorful, and copious language, while philosophy is concerned with universal principles. Some distinguished authors managed to bridge this gap. For instance, Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, and Sartre created works of both literary and philosophical nature. The same can be traced in the short stories by B. Zaytsev and A. Grin, analyzed in the book. B. Zaytsev writes about death approaching us first through others, this idea is also found in V. Jankélévitch’s work Death. Death is never ours for it is always we or our death, but when we see it around it causes anxiety and fear. In Avdot’ya-smert’ (Avdot’ya-Death) the main character says a prayer to be relieved of her mother and son, whom she considers a burden. Once death enters their home it never stops, it gets closer, and at the end of the story it takes Avdot’ya too. In Grin’s Fighting Death, death struck Lorkh falls asleep and herein dreaming is not a harbinger of the darkness of eternal sleep. On the contrary, Lorkh wakes up willful and hopeful, he fights for his life and succeeds. These stories vibrantly illustrate the victory of life over death and death over life as the result of exercising one’s free will. Color in literature is another topic touched upon by the author. M. Dudareva refers to Goethe’s Zur Farbenlehre to speak about contrasts, and R. Steiner to underline the importance of black in creating an image where color range matches the emotional range.

Daily reality as a relevant form of life

The article focuses on the phenomenon of daily reality as an element of public life. The author analyses the principles this notion is based on. Daily reality is a mode that states the authenticity of a man’s being. The premises which have led to the necessity of the notion’s study are defined, the latter being a fundamental rethinking of rationality’s role as a method to figure out where a man’s place in the world is. The author analyses methodology of the problem within the philosophical discourse, and gives a socio-cultural justification of daily reality structures and levels. To formulate the social and philosophical nature of daily reality clearly actual historical and public life context is considered. Potentially this approach helps investigate the practical side of being, which earlier has been considered by philosophers unessential from the standpoint of motives of a man’s life. The author argues that the rationalization of all the spheres of life is not the only way to regulate social being. Processes which go beyond rationality play a very significant role in human activity organization. Daily reality is not a form of passive, irresponsible living, it is viewed as the human mode of authentic being and one of the phases of active, creative, responsible existence constructing.

A CONCEPÇÃO E A PERSPECTIVA FILOSÓFICA SOBRE O MODELO DE FAMÍLIA EUDEMONISTA FRENTE AO ENTENDIMENTO MAJORITÁRIO DE VÍNCULO BIOLÓGICO COMO ELEMENTO CARACTERIZADOR DA ENTIDADE FAMILIAR

The main topic of this article is to analyze the philosophical contributions on the subject and to criticize the State's actions as an entity that supports this family model. In a second moment, emphasis is given to the philosophical contributions of Immanuel Kant and Aristotle on morals and ethics, extending them to the family and social sphere. The concept of the Eudemonist Family with great Aristotelian influence, as well as some of the main contemporary family entities in brief contextualization, is also presented, to finally address the main problem of this article: the legal challenges of the Eudemonist family in the face of the majority understanding of biological bond as a characterizing element of the family entity. In conclusion, the philosophical nature is of great importance for the understanding of these new conceptions of the family, since the Brazilian legal system did not, in fact, contemplate the experience of society, not giving up texts that were expressly discriminatory and that excluded fundamental rights of individuals.

Matematyczne ciało. Wprowadzenie do teorii matematyki ucieleśnionej

Mathematics as a field of knowledge and culture presents researchers with many problems, also of a philosophical nature. One of the issues worth considering when considering the nature of mathematics is the theory of embodied mathematics, which links abstract mathematical thinking with the functioning of the human body in its purely physical dimension. This theory, on the one hand, uncovers new information about the yet unknown neural correlates of mathematics, and on the other hand, it poses important philosophical and cultural questions about the place of mathematics and its role in discovering the rules of reality.

The Implications of Metaphysical "Doubt" in Shakespeare's Hamlet

In his likening of Shakespeare's Hamlet to a sponge which absorbs all the problems of our time[i], the Polish poet, critic, and Professor of Literature Jan Cott implies that Hamlet will continue to be contemporary no matter what time has passed. The timelessness of the play derives in the first place from its liability to re-interpretation and re-contextualization in different political and social circles by virtue of its humanitarian, existential and metaphysical implications. The skeptical philosophy background of "Knowledge and suspicion" seems to have had its profound impact on Shakespeare that he can be seen more like an ideological thinker and philosopher than simply a playwright. In Hamlet the Bard problematizes the philosophical nature of the human individual and puts into question the individual's relation to matters of decision-making, fate and willpower. The play puts into true moral test the nature of the human soul as a plot which moves the action forward, and simultaneously reflects on questions of relevance to knowledge and doubt. This article seeks to explore points of intersection between Hamlet and the philosophy of doubt, which lingered over the Renaissance and throughout the seventeenth century. The Central questions evoked revolve around two postulations: whether certainty about knowledge is reachable, and whether Prince Hamlet and ourselves are the ones who choose our destinies or whether our fates are pre-determined and we cannot change anything but yield in full subservience. Of all Shakeseare's plays Jan Kott wrote of Hamlet in particular: "Hamlet’ is like a sponge. Unless it is produced in a stylised or antiquarian fashion, it immediately absorbs all the problems of our time." His chapter on Hamlet focused on a Polish performance just after the end of Stalinism (Stalin hated this play, of course). Kott wrote, "here on the public stage was what Hamlet meant in 1956, there and then: ‘It was a political drama. Everybody, without exception, was being consistently watched… unequivocally and with a terrifying clarity.’

CENSORSHIP IN SOCIAL NETWORKS AS A SOCIAL PRACTICE IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBAL TRANSFORMATIONS

The article clarifies the socio-philosophical nature of censorship, the methods of its action and the restrictions it may impose on the information presented on social networks. Using specific examples from the work of social networks, the author argues that censorship creates the availability of information. The problem of user's subjectivity in the virtual space have been described. The complexity and contradiction of the phenomenon of censorship on the Internet have been disclosed. Technical, non-technical and indirect methods of implementing censorship frameworks for information in cyberspace have been analyzed. The technical methods are described in more detail in the article. They were grouped according to the following classification: methods that slow down the operation of services; methods that block the activity of services; methods that block information with human participation; methods that block information using algorithms; marking information as unreliable It is stated that censorship today complicates access to information instead of completely blocking it. The problem of new type of censorship on the Internet created by the recommendation systems have been considered. It is noted that the use of these systems enhances the subjectivity of users, and leads to the creation of echo cameras. Thus, the research hypothesis stating that “availability of information generates censorship” was confirmed with the above arguments and examples from the work of social networks.

SCIENTIA SACRA IN SUFISM AS WELTANSCHAUUNG CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SPIRITUALITY

This study examines the peripheral area of Sufistic reasoning, where modern humans lose their orientation and cause a psychological crisis—through a fundamental philosophical assessment of the weltanschauung as the axis of Sufism spirituality in Islam, focusing on the contemporary perspective of modern society and the construct of Scientia sacra as the weltanschauung of contemporary Muslim spirituality. The study results confirm that the fundamental problem that represents the relationship between spirituality and modern society is the dualism of the ontology-epistemic framework, as a result of the split understanding between Sufism and its pseudo. The Sufis have built the concept of Scientia sacra based on the integration of theosophical reasoning, ascetic praxis, and philosophical nature. This concept is expected to present conceptual-praxis activities described as exclusive mujahadah , trendy, and introvertistic that “catharsis” themselves from the worldly bustle but have communal, philosophical values closely related to the values rahmat al-khalq. The philosophical basis of this movement originated from theosophical reasoning, transformed into praxis asceticism, and developed as philosophical asceticism. These three elements come from the key statement that Sufism is an existential axis for humans, where the crisis of modern humans is the centrifugal motion of that axis. It is what causes the philosophical values in Sufistic teachings to experience turmoil, ending in a cathartic process towards Scientia sacra as the basis of knowledge, metaphysics, and esotericism.

Innovation as a Factor of Stable Development

The unique innovation “explosion”, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of technical, economic, and social activities in the advanced countries of the world, is also penetrating into the sphere of education. As a result of the development of human thinking and the expansion of educational skills, the theoretical foundations of the study of innovation in the education system are being revised. At the same time, the article summarizes the content of the education of the work done over the past decades on the empirical analysis of the logical and technological mechanisms of innovative changes in Uzbekistan. As a topic of discussion, the author considers the problems of the philosophical nature of the synthesis of new methods and technologies used in the educational process in Uzbekistan, the search for their solutions. And also, the article studies the philosophical factor, the court and the content of the essence of the concept, which, according to innovation, is not a limited material result, but a process associated with the manifestation and improvement of the ability to create a dependent cultural heritage.

REPRESENTATIVE DESIGN PRACTICES AS A DESIGNER’S RIGHT TO CREATIVE COMMUNICATION

To be a designer means to create new things and new qualities of already existing things, determined by the current concepts. Information about the functions and emotional characteristics of the future product is initially reflected in the author's concept, that is, in the text about the qualities of a specific but not yet produced thing. This concept is consumer-oriented but not intended for them. Nevertheless, it becomes the basis of communication between the designer, the product manufacturer, and the consumer. This study aims to determine how the process is organized, which ensures the transformation of the designer's creative ideas into conceptual texts and then into real objects that can become productive means of socio-cultural communication. The study relies on methodological foundations of a general philosophical nature. Thus, the axiological approach, as a socially holistic complex of views, beliefs, and ideals, allows a designer to analyze the values of a modern person and consider them in the design process. The phenomenological method reveals the features of design objects involved in communication. The structural and functional approach reveals the diversity and complexity of the connections inherent in the representation practices as original forms of communication. As the mechanisms of the representative practices are constantly developing, they are one of the most effective means for creative communication. By the results obtained, we can conclude that representations designed as a self-sufficient design product denote not only an act of such communication but also protect the designer's rights to express creativity at the interpersonal, professional, and social level of communication.

I. Kant's Copernican revolution in the context of the concept of subjectivation

This article is dedicated to correlation between the concept of subjectivation of M. Foucault and the concept of subject of I. Kant. Due to the fact that the project of studying the forms of subjectivity has not been accomplished, the artistic legacy of the French scholar has left numerous questions still to be answered. One of such questions is the transformation of the subject that took place in Modern Age, and the reasons for the elimination of spiritual practices of subjectivation. The work is of historical-philosophical nature, and employs analytical, critical and comparative methods of research applicable to the texts of Michel Foucault and Immanuel Kant, as well as to a number of foreign (G. Deleuze, A. Renaut, T. Adorno) and domestic (M. Mamardashvili, F. Girenok, S. Khoruzhiy) analytical works. The novelty of this research consists in the analysis of the philosophical concept of M. Foucault in the specific context of transcendental philosophy of I. Kant. The author distinguishes between what the French researcher called the metaphysical subject of Descartes and the transcendental subject of Kant. The following conclusions were formulated: the acknowledgement of irrevocable loss of the elements of subjectivation in the Kantian concept of subject, which were reflected in the doctrine of Cartesius; claim of the autonomy of the Kantian subject, founded on the rejection of metaphysics and exclusion of heteronomy as a characteristic of subjectivity; confirmation of the key role of practical reason as the factor of further development of the concept of subject towards enhancing the autonomy and gnoseocentrism.