Evaluation of kinetic parameter and mechanical Properties of biobased Epoxy Adhesives in Wood-based Composites for Automotive Applications

2020 ◽  
pp. 095440702096190
Author(s):  
A Aniol ◽  
T Grosse ◽  
F Fischer ◽  
S Böhm
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Epoxy Adhesive ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Kinetic Behavior ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Automotive Components ◽  
Epoxy Adhesives

The relevance of sustainable structural materials is increasing in automotive components for sustainable construction. The sustainable material wood in particular can be used due to the very good specific mechanical material properties and has a high potential to be used as a structural material in hybrid constructions for the automotive components as an veneer laminate with modified epoxy adhesives. The material properties depend strongly on the interface between the capillary structure of the wood and the epoxy adhesive and also on the curing properties at the manufacturing process. In this study an epoxy adhesive (DGEBA) was copolymerized with lignosulphonate, a biobased waste product from the pulp and paper industry, as a sustainable coupling agent and the kinetic behavior of the macromolecular curing reactions and mechanical properties were characterized for wooden automotive components. The composites were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to investigate the curing kinetics of the biomodified adhesive. Subsequent a laminated veneer lumber was manufactured with beech veneer of 1 mm thickness. The mechanical properties of the composite structure were characterized by tensile tests, bending tests and tensile shear tests. The results show a significant improvement of the manufacturing time due to the kinetic behavior and the mechanical properties for structural components in the automotive industry.

scholarly journals Effect of incorrect mix ratio on strength of two component adhesive Butt-Joints tested at elevated temperature

2018 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 01019
Author(s):  
Jakub Szabelski
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperature ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Mixed Type ◽  
Epoxy Adhesive ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Butt Joints ◽  
Adhesive Material ◽  
Epoxy Adhesives ◽  
Two Component ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the incorrect mix ratio on the strength of joints bonded with a commercial epoxy adhesive compo-sition. The performance of cold-cured as well as accelerated cured butt joints was monitored at elevated temperature conditions. The obtained data was subjected to statistical analysis to show the correlation between joint strength at high temperature and incorrect mix ratio. The degradation of adhesive material properties with increase of hardener ratio in adhesive material was observed, as well as the change in failure type from mixed type to clearly cohesive (for inadequate volume of harde-ner) or adhesive (for excessive amount of hardener). Surprisingly insufficiency of hardener doesn’t affect the strength of joint in such manner. General recommend-dation were drawn for the preparation of two-component epoxy adhesives for joints to be used in elevated temperature, particularly when uncertainty regarding the correct resin/hardener mix ratio and future research was planned.

Evaluation of adhesion properties of lignin-epoxy adhesives in structural wood applications for automotive components

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-519
Author(s):  
A Aniol ◽  
T Grosse ◽  
F Fischer ◽  
S Böhm
Keyword(s):  
Epoxy Adhesive ◽  
Diglycidyl Ether ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Adhesion Properties ◽  
Automotive Components ◽  
Epoxy Adhesives ◽  
Layer Composite ◽  
Bonding Area ◽  
Renewable Material

The use of sustainable hybrid components is an important topic in lightweight automotive applications. Wood being a renewable material, when used in combination with other materials such as technical polymers, offers a high potential for producing hybrid components and the implementation of innovative lightweight automotive materials. The feasibility of wood-based hybrid automotive components strongly depends on the properties of the interface between wood, lignin as a renewable coupling agent, and technical polymers. This paper investigates the macromolecular reactions and the bonding area in biobased epoxy adhesives for a specific influence on the performance of structural automotive wood components. Therefore, a typical bisphenol A diglycidyl ether epoxy adhesive was modified with lignosulphonate to increase the penetration depth. The composites were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to validate the crosslinking of the macromolecules and the thermal stability of the adhesive. In the next step, a layer-by-layer composite was built up with the biobased adhesive and 1 mm beech veneer. The bonding area was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and compression tests.

In Situ Determination of Glass Transition Temperatures of Epoxy Adhesives in Structural Ceramic Assemblies

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Valérie Nassiet ◽  
Bouchra Hassoune-Rhabbour ◽  
Yves Baziard
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Thermomechanical Analysis ◽  
Epoxy Adhesive ◽  
Lap Joint ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Single Lap Joint ◽  
Epoxy Adhesives

A method is described for measuring the glass transition temperature (Tg) of epoxy joints bonding ceramic (SiC) substrates. This method is based on the strain measure of a single-lap joint subjected to a temperature variation. The resulting displacement (d) is observed as a function of the temperature (T) by means of a contact strain gauge extensometer. Thus Tg value can be determined using (d-T) curves recorded. The influence of joint parameters (joint thickness and overlap length) and of other parameters such as the applied load and the surface state of substrates were studied for a structural epoxy adhesive showing different thermomechanical behaviours. The results show that it is possible, with appropriate experimental conditions, to measure Tg with this method and to find Tg values similar to those found by classical techniques such as the static thermomechanical analysis (TMA) and the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This method shows similarities with TMA, but it has the advantage to allow the thermomechanical analysis of adhesives without destructive sampling of joints.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Selected Epoxy Adhesive and Adhesive Joints of Steel Sheets

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-126
Author(s):  
Anna Rudawska
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Epoxy Adhesive ◽  
Adhesive Joints ◽  
Stoichiometric Ratio ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Steel Sheets ◽  
Epoxy Adhesives ◽  
Strength Tests

The article presents the issues of the mechanical properties of epoxy adhesives and the adhesive joints strength of steel sheets which were made using the epoxy adhesives. The aim of the paper is to study the mechanical properties of epoxy adhesive of different epoxy resin/curing agent ratios (within and above the recommended stoichiometric ratio) and their effect on mechanical properties of adhesive joints of steel sheets. In experimental tests three types of epoxy adhesives, containing a low molecular weight epoxy resin based on bisphenol A and polyamide curing agent, were used. A single-lap adhesive joint type of stainless-steel sheets was also applied. Two types of strength test were used: the compressive strength tests (DIN EN 196-1) for epoxy adhesive samples and the shear strength tests (DIN EN 1465) for adhesive joints. Both the analysis of the strength results of the samples of epoxy adhesive and adhesive joints as well as the failure analysis was carried out. On the basis of the results of strength tests it can be stated that the greatest deformation occurred for the samples of epoxy adhesive containing the modified epoxy resin (epoxy number—0.40) and the polyamide curing agent, and the smallest for the samples of epoxy adhesive containing the basic epoxy resin (epoxy number—0.49–0.52) and the polyamide curing agent. The epoxy adhesives with a smaller amount of curing agent were characterized by higher strength. This applies to all analyzed epoxy resins. The same dependences were obtained for the strength of adhesive joints of steel sheets made of the analyzed epoxy adhesive.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Salt Water Aging on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Adhesives Compounds

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Rudawska
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Epoxy Adhesive ◽  
Curing Agent ◽  
Epoxy Adhesives ◽  
Adhesive Compound ◽  
Strength Tests

The objective of this study is to compare the effect of selected operating factors on the mechanical properties of epoxy adhesive compounds aged in salt water. Five different water environments were tested: tap water, normal seawater (reference salinity value), seawater with double reference salinity value, seawater with half of the reference salinity and seawater with a quarter of the reference salinity value. Samples of two different adhesive compounds were prepared using the epoxy resin and triethylenetetramine curing agent. One of the compounds was filled with calcium carbonate. The samples were aged in five different water environments for three months, one month and one week, respectively. Mechanical properties of the cured adhesive compound samples were determined via strength tests performed on the Zwick/Roell Z150 testing machine in compliance with the EN ISO 604 standard. The objective of the experiments was to determine the effect of different seawater environments on selected mechanical properties (including strength) of the fabricated adhesive compounds.

scholarly journals Flexural resistance of the polypropylene fibres reinforced cement mixes with waste material

2019 ◽  
Vol 281 ◽  
pp. 01010
Author(s):  
Samer Abou Kheir ◽  
Jad Wakim ◽  
Elie Awwad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Waste Material ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Polypropylene Fibres ◽  
Ground Support ◽  
Reinforced Cement

The polypropylene (PP) fibers in shotcrete has been used for ground support and building strengthening, since several decades. However, the recent trend is to use the waste material in cementbased mixes to produce an eco-friendly material. Such waste material is the incineration fly ash (FA) that is classified as a hazardous product. This study is intended to establish the mechanical properties of fiber reinforced mortar in addition to cement or sand partial replacement by fly ash, in terms of flexural strength testing. The mechanical properties reflect the influence of the dosage of fiber content and the proportion of the fly ash on the flexural strength. The percentage of cement or sand was replaced by 0, 10, 20, and 30% fly ash. The dosage of fibers was 0, 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 kg/m3. This green mix with fibers provides a partial substitute of cement as it is cheaper, by incorporating waste product, and saving energy consumption in the production. Due to growing interest in sustainable construction, engineers and architects are motivated to choose such materials which are more sustainable.

Proper use of rice straw black liquor: lignin/silica derivatives as efficient green antioxidants for SBR rubber

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khlood S. Abdel Zaher ◽  
R.H. Swellem ◽  
Galal A.M. Nawwar ◽  
Fathy M. Abdelrazek ◽  
Salwa H. El-Sabbagh
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the efficiency of lignin/silica and calcium lignate/calcium silicate as natural antioxidants in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates. Design/methodology/approach – It has been found that thermal aging data of the aged sample revealed that SBR vulcanizate undergoes crosslink reactions that lead to embrittlement and ultimately failure. Incorporation of lignin/silica or calcium lignate/calcium silicate, however, resulted in significant improvement of the degradation profile of the vulcanizates at 90±1°C. Loss of tensile strength and flexibility during aging of the SBR compounds with 8 phr lignin/silica or calcium lignate/calcium silicate was mild relative to unfilled polymer, indicating a restricted degradation due to the presence of the investigated compounds. The results obtained revealed that the investigated compounds are good antioxidant, and the evaluation was confirmed by physico-mechanical properties of the vulcanizates, FT-IR spectroscopy, transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscope. Findings – It was noticed that SBR vulcanizates having 8 phr of lignin/silica or calcium lignate/calcium silicate exhibited the best mechanical properties in comparison with other concentrations (1, 2, 4, 6 and 10 phr). Also, results revealed that the lignin/silica derivatives are efficient antioxidants in SBR vulcanizates compared to vulcanizates containing conventional antioxidants used in rubber industry, namely polymerized 2,2,4-trimethyl-1, 2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ), and N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-P-phenylenediamine (IPPD). Research limitations/implications – All these results indicated that lignin/silica and calcium lignate/calcium silicate in SBR had good heat resistance and aging resistance, calcium lignate/calcium silicate has an application limitation as not all vulcanizates need to use CaCO3/calcium salts. Practical implications – Lignin is usually seen as a waste product of pulp and paper industry and is often used as fuel for the energy balance of the pulping process. It is simple isolation along with silica from rice straw and using it as an antioxidant added further practical utility for this waste. Originality/value – The importance of lignin/silica derivatives is arisen from their biodegradability and their ease availability from rice straw black liquor.

scholarly journals Dry-Jet Wet Spinning of Thermally Stable Lignin-Textile Grade Polyacrylonitrile Fibers Regenerated from Chloride-Based Ionic Liquids Compounds

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3687
Author(s):  
Muhannad Al Aiti ◽  
Amit Das ◽  
Mikko Kanerva ◽  
Maija Järventausta ◽  
Petri Johansson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Coagulation Bath ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinetics Of

In this paper, we report on the use of amorphous lignin, a waste by-product of the paper industry, for the production of high performance carbon fibers (CF) as precursor with improved thermal stability and thermo-mechanical properties. The precursor was prepared by blending of lignin with polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which was previously dissolved in an ionic liquid. The fibers thus produced offered very high thermal stability as compared with the fiber consisting of pure PAN. The molecular compatibility, miscibility, and thermal stability of the system were studied by means of shear rheological measurements. The achieved mechanical properties were found to be related to the temperature-dependent relaxation time (consistence parameter) of the spinning dope and the diffusion kinetics of the ionic liquids from the fibers into the coagulation bath. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical tests (DMA) were utilized to understand in-depth the thermal and the stabilization kinetics of the developed fibers and the impact of lignin on the stabilization process of the fibers. Low molecular weight lignin increased the thermally induced physical shrinkage, suggesting disturbing effects on the semi-crystalline domains of the PAN matrix, and suppressed the chemically induced shrinkage of the fibers. The knowledge gained throughout the present paper allows summarizing a novel avenue to develop lignin-based CF designed with adjusted thermal stability.

Cytocompatibility and Material Properties of Poly-carbonate Urethane/Carbon Nanofiber Composites for Neural Applications

2003 ◽  
Vol 774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice L. McKenzie ◽  
Michael C. Waid ◽  
Riyi Shi ◽  
Thomas J. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanofibers ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Carbon Nanofiber ◽  
Scar Tissue ◽  
Tissue Response ◽  
Positive Interactions ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Poly Carbonate

AbstractCarbon nanofibers possess excellent conductivity properties, which may be beneficial in the design of more effective neural prostheses, however, limited evidence on their cytocompatibility properties exists. The objective of the present in vitro study was to determine cytocompatibility and material properties of formulations containing carbon nanofibers to predict the gliotic scar tissue response. Poly-carbonate urethane was combined with carbon nanofibers in varying weight percentages to provide a supportive matrix with beneficial bulk electrical and mechanical properties. The substrates were tested for mechanical properties and conductivity. Astrocytes (glial scar tissue-forming cells) were seeded onto the substrates for adhesion. Results provided the first evidence that astrocytes preferentially adhered to the composite material that contained the lowest weight percentage of carbon nanofibers. Positive interactions with neurons, and, at the same time, limited astrocyte functions leading to decreased gliotic scar tissue formation are essential for increased neuronal implant efficacy.

scholarly journals Application of the Calorimetric Methods to the Characteristics of Seeds from Olives

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Andrzej Bryś ◽  
Joanna Bryś ◽  
Marko Obranović ◽  
Dubravka Škevin ◽  
Szymon Głowacki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olive Oil ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Initial Water Content ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Initial Water

The olive oil industry represents an important productive sector in the Mediterranean basin countries. Olive stone is an essential by-product generated in the olive oil extraction industries and it represents roughly 10% by weight of the olive fruit. The seeds of pickled olives are also a significant waste product. In the present study, we have investigated the possibility of the use of differential scanning calorimetry for the thermal characterization of seeds from green and black pickled olives from Croatia. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) with a normal pressure cell equipped with a cooling system was used to determine the thermal properties of seeds from olives. The following analyses were also performed: the determination of calorific values in a pressure bomb calorimeter, the determination of initial water content, the determination of changes of water content during drying at the temperatures of 30 °C, 50 °C and 80 °C, the determination of a percentage content of seeds mass to the mass of the whole olives, and the determination of ash content. Seeds from olives are characterized by very good parameters as a biomass. The analyzed olive seeds were characterized by low water content, low ash content, and a relatively high caloric value.

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