A Model of Monitoring as Sensemaking: Application to Flight Path Management and Pilot Training

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 244-248
Author(s):  
Dorrit Billman ◽  
Randall Mumaw ◽  
Michael Feary
Keyword(s):  
Supervisory Control ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Situation Model ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
Critical Part ◽  
Current State ◽  
Strategic Regulation ◽  
Scan Pattern ◽  
Flight Deck

Monitoring is a critical part of supervisory control and plays a critical role on the flight deck. Monitoring the flight path is critical to aviation safety. Recently, there has been interest in improving training of monitoring. We propose a model of expert monitoring that can serve as the basis for training. We claim that effective monitoring is much more than a scan pattern or where eyes point. In aviation, monitoring is centered around the pilot’s Situation Model, which integrates and represents the pilot’s knowledge from mental models in memory with observations about the current state. Effective monitoring is a cycle of posing a monitoring question, identifying how to gather the evidence needed to answer the question, and assessing implications for action. These processes may be fluent or effortful but depend on strategic regulation. We step through implications of our model for training.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 and Acute Cerebrovascular Events: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 3349
Author(s):  
Mehdi Ghasemi ◽  
Raffaella Pizzolato Umeton ◽  
Kiandokht Keyhanian ◽  
Babak Mohit ◽  
Nasrin Rahimian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Cerebrovascular Complications ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cerebrovascular Events ◽  
Brain Homeostasis

Since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, accumulating evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection may be associated with various neurological manifestations, including acute cerebrovascular events (i.e., stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis). These events can occur prior to, during and even after the onset of COVID-19’s general symptoms. Although the mechanisms underlying the cerebrovascular complications in patients with COVID-19 are yet to be fully elucidated, the hypercoagulability state, inflammation and altered angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) signaling in association with SARS-CoV-2 may play key roles. ACE-2 plays a critical role in preserving heart and brain homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of the possible mechanisms underlying the acute cerebrovascular events in patients with COVID-19, and we review the current epidemiological studies and case reports of neurovascular complications in association with SARS-CoV-2, as well as the relevant therapeutic approaches that have been considered worldwide. As the number of published COVID-19 cases with cerebrovascular events is growing, prospective studies would help gather more valuable insights into the pathophysiology of cerebrovascular events, effective therapies, and the factors predicting poor functional outcomes related to such events in COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Thiamine status, metabolism and application in dairy cows: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohua Pan ◽  
Xuemei Nan ◽  
Liang Yang ◽  
Linshu Jiang ◽  
Benhai Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Thiamine Deficiency ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Thiamine Pyrophosphate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nutrient Metabolism ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ruminal Epithelium ◽  
And Function

AbstractAs the co-enzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase andα-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, thiamine plays a critical role in carbohydrate metabolism in dairy cows. Apart from feedstuff, microbial thiamine synthesis in the rumen is the main source for dairy cows. However, the amount of ruminal thiamine synthesis, which is influenced by dietary N levels and forage to concentrate ratio, varies greatly. Notably, when dairy cows are overfed high-grain diets, subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) occurs and results in thiamine deficiency. Thiamine deficiency is characterised by decreased ruminal and blood thiamine concentrations and an increased blood thiamine pyrophosphate effect to >45 %. Thiamine deficiency caused by SARA is mainly related to the increased thiamine requirement during high grain feeding, decreased bacterial thiamine synthesis in the rumen, increased thiamine degradation by thiaminase, and decreased thiamine absorption by transporters. Interestingly, thiamine deficiency can be reversed by exogenous thiamine supplementation in the diet. Besides, thiamine supplementation has beneficial effects in dairy cows, such as increased milk and component production and attenuated SARA by improving rumen fermentation, balancing bacterial community and alleviating inflammatory response in the ruminal epithelium. However, there is no conclusive dietary thiamine recommendation for dairy cows, and the impacts of thiamine supplementation on protozoa, solid-attached bacteria, rumen wall-adherent bacteria and nutrient metabolism in dairy cows are still unclear. This knowledge is critical to understand thiamine status and function in dairy cows. Overall, the present review described the current state of knowledge on thiamine nutrition in dairy cows and the major problems that must be addressed in future research.

Operators' Monitoring Patterns and Fault Recovery in the Supervisory Control of a Semi-Automatic Process

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (15) ◽  
pp. 1143-1147
Author(s):  
John D. Lee ◽  
Neville Moray
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Supervisory Control ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Automatic Process ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Control Actions ◽  
Integrate Control ◽  
And Control

Although technological innovations have changed the role of operators from active participants to supervisors of semiautomatic processes, an understanding of the cognitive demands of supervisory control has not kept pace. In particular, little is known about when, and how well, operators might intervene and switch control from automatic to manual. This research addresses this issue by monitoring the information use and control actions of operators of a simulated semiautomatic pasteurization plant. The results of this experiment shows that individual differences in operators” monitoring patterns during the normal operation of the plant correspond to differences in their ability to mitigate the effects of faults. Specifically, an operator who controls the plant well during both normal and fault conditions tends to observe the plant frequently, integrating control actions with other control actions, and does not fixate on narrow sub-systems of the plant. On the other hand, an operator who performs poorly when exposed to faults tends to observe the plant less often, fails to integrate control actions, and fixates attention on a narrow subset of plant variables. Although all operators interacted with the plant using the same interface and automation, large individual differences in the operators” monitoring patterns, and the associated differences in performance suggest that individuals” attitudes, motivation, and training may play a critical role in the successful implementation of automation.

scholarly journals Intermittent water supply systems and their resilience to COVID-19: IWA IWS SG survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Farmani ◽  
Joe Dalton ◽  
Bambos Charalambous ◽  
Elizabeth Lawson ◽  
Sarah Bunney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
General Information ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
Current State

Abstract There is limited information about the current state of intermittent water supply (IWS) systems at the global level. A survey was carried out by the Intermittent Water Supply Specialist Group of the International Water Association (IWA IWS SG) to better understand the current state of these systems and challenges that water companies may have faced under COVID-19 pandemic and to capture successful management strategies applied by water utilities. The survey consisted of three parts: (1) general information about IWS systems, (2) current state of IWS and (3) resilience of IWS under COVID-19 conditions, as well as some questions about potential interventions in order to improve system performance in general and under future uncertain conditions. The survey responses were evaluated based on the Safe & SuRe resilience framework, assessing measures of mitigation, adaptation, coping and learning, and exploring organisational and operational responses of IWS utilities. Infrastructure capacity and water resources availability were identified as the main causes of intermittency in most water distribution systems, while intermittent electricity was considered as the main external cause. Participants indicated that some risk assessment process was in place; however, COVID-19 has surpassed any provisions made to address the risks. Lessons learnt highlighted the importance of financial resources, e-infrastructure for efficient system operation and communication with consumers, and the critical role of international knowledge transfer and the sharing of best practice guidelines for improving resilience and transitioning towards continuous water supply.

Community Hospital Disaster Preparedness in the United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Dan J. Vick ◽  
Asa B. Wilson ◽  
Michael Fisher ◽  
Carrie Roseamelia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disaster Preparedness ◽  
Community Hospital ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Community Hospitals ◽  
Current State ◽  
Hospital Disaster Preparedness

Disasters are common events in the United States. They generally result in casualties and community hospitals play a critical role in caring for these victims. Therefore, it is critical that hospitals are prepared for disasters. There has been increased focus on hospital disaster preparedness in the United States because of events that have occurred in the 21st century. To determine the current state of disaster preparedness among community hospitals, a comprehensive review of the literature was conducted that focused on studies and other articles pertaining to disaster preparedness in U.S. community hospitals. The review showed mixed results as to whether hospitals are better prepared to handle disasters. Barriers to preparedness were identified. Opportunities for improvement may require additional study and involvement by federal and state governments, other agencies, and hospitals themselves to overcome barriers and assist hospitals in achieving a higher level of preparedness.

In Between: British and American Melodrama and Modernity

2021 ◽  
pp. 174837272110394
Author(s):  
Matthew Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Current State ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
History Of ◽  
Critical Understanding ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Different Cultures

This essay assesses the current state of scholarship on British and American melodrama and introduces the cluster of articles on that topic that follow. It suggests that recent advances in the field have made evident the trans-cultural, trans-medial and reproductive nature of melodrama as an art, re-focusing critical attention on melodrama's performance, production and formal evolution not within but among, and by movement between, the different cultures, media, creators, audiences, forms and works it involved. Drawing attention to British and American melodrama's critical role in this vast, largely unrecovered history of relational, migrational and reiterative creation, and noting the immediate challenges such a history presents to critical understanding and study, the essay describes the manner in which each of the cluster's articles responds to those new challenges and the ways in which, both individually and as a group, they have begun to lend that history more clarity.

scholarly journals Improving WLCG Networks Through Monitoring and Analytics

2019 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 08006
Author(s):  
Marian Babik ◽  
Shawn McKee ◽  
Brian Paul Bockelman ◽  
Edgar Mauricio Fajardo Hernandez ◽  
Edoardo Martelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Network Measurement ◽  
Network Throughput ◽  
Critical Part ◽  
Support Unit ◽  
Traffic Routing ◽  
Current State ◽  
Network Usage ◽  
Effective Network

WLCG relies on the network as a critical part of its infrastructure and therefore needs to guarantee effective network usage and prompt detection and resolution of any network issues, including connection failures, congestion and traffic routing. OSG Networking Area in partnership with WLCG has focused on collecting, storing and making available all the network related metrics for further analysis and discovery of issues that might impact network performance and operations. In order to help sites and experiments better understand and fix the networking issues, WLCG Network Throughput working group was formed, which works on the analysis and integration of the network-related monitoring data collected by the OSG/WLCG infrastructure and operates a support unit to help find and fix the network performance issues. This paper describes the current state of the OSG network measurement platform and summarises the activities taken by the working group, including updates on the higher level services that were recently developed, network performance incidents investigated as well as past and present analytical activities related to networking and their results.

scholarly journals CD44 in Ovarian Cancer Progression and Therapy Resistance—A Critical Role for STAT3

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antons Martincuks ◽  
Pei-Chuan Li ◽  
Qianqian Zhao ◽  
Chunyan Zhang ◽  
Yi-Jia Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Therapy Resistance ◽  
Disease Recurrence ◽  
Metabolic Reprogramming ◽  
Metastatic Progression ◽  
Stem Cell Maintenance ◽  
Current State ◽  
Promising Therapeutic Target

Despite significant progress in cancer therapy over the last decades, ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecologic malignancy worldwide with the five-year overall survival rate less than 30% due to frequent disease recurrence and chemoresistance. CD44 is a non-kinase transmembrane receptor that has been linked to cancer metastatic progression, cancer stem cell maintenance, and chemoresistance development via multiple mechanisms across many cancers, including ovarian, and represents a promising therapeutic target for ovarian cancer treatment. Moreover, CD44-mediated signaling interacts with other well-known pro-tumorigenic pathways and oncogenes during cancer development, such as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Given that both CD44 and STAT3 are strongly implicated in the metastatic progression and chemoresistance of ovarian tumors, this review summarizes currently available evidence about functional crosstalk between CD44 and STAT3 in human malignancies with an emphasis on ovarian cancer. In addition to the role of tumor cell-intrinsic CD44 and STAT3 interaction in driving cancer progression and metastasis, we discuss how CD44 and STAT3 support the pro-tumorigenic tumor microenvironment and promote tumor angiogenesis, immunosuppression, and cancer metabolic reprogramming in favor of cancer progression. Finally, we review the current state of therapeutic CD44 targeting and propose superior treatment possibilities for ovarian cancer.

scholarly journals Engaging Active Bystanders in Mass Casualty Events and Other Life-Threatening Emergencies: A Pilot Training Course Demonstration

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracey O. Smith ◽  
Susan D. Baker ◽  
Kathryn Roberts ◽  
Skip A. Payne
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
The Public ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Mass Casualty Events ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Serious Injuries

AbstractEmerging research indicates the critical role members of the public can play in saving lives and reducing morbidity at the scene in the immediate aftermath of a disaster. It is anticipated that with training, more members of the public will be ready and able to assist should they be present at mass casualty events or other circumstances in which there are serious injuries or potential loss of life. This article describes a training course developed by multiple federal and nonfederal partners aimed at preparing the public to become “active bystanders” followed by a pilot demonstration project conducted by Medical Reserve Corps Units. The outcomes of the project indicated that the training was comprehensive and appropriate for members of the public with little or no first aid knowledge. National availability of the “Becoming an Active Bystander” training course is currently being planned. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:286–292).

Life Quality Index–based cost–benefit analysis of equipping life preservers aboard airplanes

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441002199329
Author(s):  
Rui-liang Yang ◽  
Li-bin Yang ◽  
Li-jing Wang ◽  
Sha Li ◽  
Dong-han Geng
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Life Quality ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Flight Path ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Occupant Safety ◽  
Life Quality Index

The life preservers aboard airplanes play a critical role in ensuring occupant safety in water-related accidents. However, several airlines off-load life preservers to save fuel and costs. In this study, a cost–benefit analysis was performed considering the Life Quality Index to examine the necessity of life preservers aboard aircraft. It was noted that the placement of life preservers aboard airplanes was reasonable and beneficial in the recent 15 years. Although life preservers are primarily required for extended overwater (EOW) operations, the distance from the shoreline for most of the water-related accidents was considerably smaller than that of an EOW operation, and most water-related accidents occurred close to an airport. In other words, air passengers were at risk of water-related accidents, regardless of whether the flight was classified as an EOW flight. Thus, life preservers must be made available for all the occupants on all passenger flights, regardless of the flight path.

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