History-writing in Turkey through securitization discourses and gendered narratives

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-344
Author(s):  
Bengi Bezirgan-Tanış
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
History Writing ◽  
National Interests ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Femininity And Masculinity ◽  
Turkish State

Since the official history-writing is a defining aspect for the formation and consolidation of nation-states, it is crucial to explore the attempts to legitimize particular discourses regarding historical atrocities. The selective representations of the past, in this regard, contradict counter-memories and propagate hegemonic patterns of remembrance and/or forgetting of past crimes. This article accordingly addresses how the representations of counter-memories as threats to national security and the silencing of gender-specific experiences and remembrances by sanctioned historical narratives become manifest in the history-making of the Turkish nation-state. By focusing on the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide as two cases of crimes against humanity, it is intended to discuss the shifting positions and roles that the Turkish state adopts in the remembering and forgetting of historical offences. The article argues that through prioritizing national security and national interests, the securitization of memory reconstructs collective traumas of distinct ethnic and religious groups on the basis of a nation-state’s perceived internal and external threats. It also claims that the competing voices of women and their distinct experiences and patterns of remembrance and forgetting past atrocities are suppressed for the sake of the preservation of national security. By incorporating the issue of gender into the debate on the securitization of memory, this article elucidates the mismatch between positions of femininity and masculinity within the official national historiography of the Turkish state.

MIGRATION AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSES IN MONGOLIA IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
Irina V. Imideeva ◽  
◽  
Nandinceza Boldbaatar ◽  
Nikita S. Ryazantsev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
The State ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Demographic Policy

The aim of the study is to analyze the factors of Mongolia's national security in the context of the country's security and approaches to the implementation of demographic policy. The object of the study is the demographic processes in Mongolia during the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of ensuring the country's national security. The subject of the study is the measures taken by the state authorities of Mongolia during the COVID-19 pandemic to protect national interests from internal and external threats, the patterns and principles of implementing and ensuring the national security of the state in the context of solving the country's demographic problems. The most important element of the stability of the national security of the state is demographic security, as it is responsible for the process of reproduction of the country's population, in quantitative and qualitative terms. The approach of the Mongolian state in the context of a pandemic is aimed at protecting every citizen, society and country as a whole from internal and external threats, which allows maintaining the sovereignty, sustainable socio-economic and demographic development, territorial integrity of Mongolia. The study analyzed demographic processes during the COVID-19 pandemic, including fertility, mortality, migration, nuptiality and divorce. The features of migration processes during the COVID-19 pandemic are considered, including the return of Mongolian citizens to their homeland through channels organized by the state — export flights. The links between the socio-economic situation and changes in the demographic sphere in the country are revealed. The key risks in the development of demographic processes in Mongolia during the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting the sustainability of national security, have been identified. Based on the results obtained, measures are proposed to strengthen the demographic policy in Mongolia.

The Arms Race: A Perspective on Asia

1979 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-273
Author(s):  
G. D. Deshingkar
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Ruling Elites

In Asia, the arms race began with the emergence of modern nation-states. Their new ruling elites adopted the concepts of ‘national security’ and ‘national interests’ and proceeded to build up their armed forces to meet mythical permanent threats, to the neglect of real threats to Asian societies such as hunger, natural calamities and cultural decay. With the great powers themselves engaged in a global arms race, taking advantage of the Asian elites' preoccupation with ‘national security’, the race in Asia has become a part of the global arms race with China as the latest - but somewhat restrained - entrant. The paper, however, notes a reverse historical trend under way: the European nation-state model being increasingly found unworkable in Asia (leading to a search for structures suitable to the complex Asian societies) and Asian states trying to opt out of global rivalries. This favourable trend, which promises to wind down the arms race in Asia, must, the paper concludes, be actively pushed forward by concerned citizens of Asian countries who form the Third System in Asia.

scholarly journals National Security Strategy of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-698
Author(s):  
Andrii Zahorulko
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Integral Functional ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
National Interests ◽  
External Threats ◽  
National Security Strategy ◽  
Defence Sector ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
The Individual

Creating appropriate conditions for a stable development of the individual, society and state, and simultaneously providing a high level of protection of national interests, has been identified as a priority of the Ukrainian national security policy. The Ukrainian state ought to review all challenges and threats and adopt a new national security strategy. Current circumstances require the National Security Strategy of Ukraine of 2015 to become an integral functional element of the security and defence sector. The National Security Strategy has to become an open and mandatory document developed solely for the practical purpose of comprehensive protection of national security and territorial integrity of Ukraine. The implementation of these priorities is to be ensured through the restoration of peace and state sovereignty in the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, by implementing a complex set of international, legal, political, diplomatic, security, humanitarian, and economic measures. The key implementation goal should focus on the establishment of the principles of safe and legal country, free in its choice of domestic and foreign political options and development tendencies. External threats are rather more dangerous than internal, but the content of geopolitical security is primarily based on the organic combination of external and internal security. The imperfection of national security legislation and the low efficiency of its implementation are the reason for malfunctioning of the defence sector, which makes ensuring the full realization of national interests impossible.

scholarly journals Imagined Communities and Imaginary Plots: Nationalisms, Conspiracies, and Pandemics in the Longue Durée

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Siniša Malešević
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Imagined Communities ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Religious Other ◽  
Religiously Based ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Reliable Sign

Abstract The outbreaks of major pandemics have historically been associated with the proliferation of conspiracy theories. This article explores what role conspiratorial narratives have played in the development of different “imagined communities” in the premodern, modern, and contemporary worlds. I argue that premodern conspiratorial narratives were mostly focused on eschatological and theological images, aiming to blame and delegitimise the religious Other. In these imaginary plots, spread of disease was interpreted as an attack on one’s religious beliefs. The prevalence of religious conspiracies helped reinforce religiously based, yet temporary, “imagined communities.” With the rise of nation-states and the decline of empires and patrimonial kingdoms, the periodic outbursts of epidemics gradually attained more nationalist interpretations. Hence in the modern era, pandemics often triggered the growth of nationalist conspiracies. In these narratives the threatening Other was usually nationalised, and even traditional religious groups became reinterpreted as a threat to one’s national security. In recent times, new technologies and modes of communication have created space for the emergence of global conspiracy theories. The onset of Covid-19 has been associated with the dramatic expansion of such conspiracies. Some scholars have interpreted this as a reliable sign that nation-states and nationalisms have lost their dominance. However, this article shows that many global conspiracies in fact reinforce nationalist ideas and practices and, in this process, foster the perpetuation of national imagined communities.

scholarly journals INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHALLENGES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIAN SOCIETY IN EXPERT ASSESSMENTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-99
Author(s):  
Юлия Викторовна Уханова
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
National Interests ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Transition Strategy ◽  
Expert Assessments

In the context of global changes in the world community there are new threats and challenges to national security, which actualizes the study of the designated issues in the socio-political and scientific circles. National security ensures not only the protection of national interests, but also promotes necessary conditions for the development of individuals, society and State. The aim of the article is to identify the most pressing external and internal challenges of the Russian society. The empirical base of the research included the materials of the expert survey conducted by the Vologda scientific center of RAS in February 2018. Methodically work draws on the tools of the expert scenario prognostic monitoring of the «Russia 2020. Transition strategy», carried outby the Institute of sociology of RAS jointly with ZIRCON research group in July — October 2015. This made it possible to compare expert assessments in the whole country and the region. It has been revealed that among the most important internal  challenges of the country’s development, experts distinguish social inequality, the crisis of the health care system, social security, education, the decline in the level of human capital. The most acute external threats to the security of Russian society, according to experts, are the dependence of the Russian budget on oil and gas prices; Russia’s involvement in the long-term conflict in Ukraine; as well as in a new arms race. 

scholarly journals Radical threats of spiritual security of the society

2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 16032
Author(s):  
Jamal Kedeibaeva ◽  
Damira Akmatova ◽  
Karamat Belekova ◽  
Kylychbek Kurbanbaev ◽  
Ainura Barynbaeva
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Business Partnerships ◽  
National Interests ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
General Stability ◽  
External Threats ◽  
The People ◽  
The World

Each state and people has its own set of internal and external threats and, accordingly, its own specifics of ensuring national and spiritual security. Ensuring national security is associated primarily with the preservation and development of national identity, reflecting the traditions of the life of society, its culture and history. The degradation and then the disappearance of national (or ethnic) self-awareness means, in fact, the spiritual death of the people - the bearer of this self-awareness. Therefore, everything that threatens the destruction of national self-consciousness, fraught with the danger of its dissolution in the self-consciousness of other peoples, is a threat to the spiritual security of the people. Among the obvious internal premises that ensure the national and spiritual security of our country, we should name the unification of the people to solve national tasks of a spiritual and material order, the awareness of its representatives of their own interests and the manifestation of an organized will to protect them, optimized state institutions ready to ensure the protection of national interests, to guarantee stable and harmonious development of society, anticipating spiritual, cultural and scientific development, maintaining general stability in the state, establishing mutually beneficial business partnerships with all states of the world, but also taking into account a distant historical perspective, ensuring reliable protection of the sovereignty, integrity and security of your state.

scholarly journals Current Political and Economic Challenges to the National security of the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
V. S. Karlakov
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Challenge And Threat ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Regional Authorities

The article presents the study of leading political and economic challenges to the national security and the realisation of national interests of the Russian Federation. In the article, the author defines the term “challenge” in the framework of fulfilment of national interests of Russia. Firstly, the author demonstrated the main differences between the terms “challenge” and “threat”, because domestic researchers consider these concepts as of similar meaning. The author defines the challenges as prerequisites for threats, based on the lack of subjective intentions and objective capabilities of the subject to harm the national interests of the object. Further, the author identifies the causes and characteristics of economic and political challenges in conditions of ensuring national security. The author identified primary objective factors determining internal and external threats: Russia’s position in the international arena, geographical features, and a new model of economic development. The author considers the lack of a competent social policy, the lack of a timely reaction of regional authorities to social needs, and mineral export dependence as subjective factors determining internal and external challenges. Finally, the author determined the influence of challenges and threats on the social sphere of the state, where political and economic factors equally influence the implementation of social projects.

Protection of traditional values and national security issues

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Vinokurov
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
External Threats ◽  
The Individual

The article notes the relevance of the problem of the correlation of traditional values with national security issues, defines the concept of "traditional values", the main approaches to identifying the essence and content of this concept. the traditional values of Russians are considered from the point of view of ensuring the national security of the country. There are such unique characteristics of the Russian people as community, nepotism, the priority of the ideal over the material. The abovementioned values and ideals are common — universal and acceptable to all — and echo the ideals of the Soviet period. However, now there is not a return to the values of socialism, which, by the way, also called for justice, equality, stability, but a gradual prioritization of the basic spiritual values in the consciousness of the people, regardless of the socio-economic model, since they are the backbone of the social system of society. Through the defi nition of traditional values and an objective assessment of the modern spiritual and moral state of society, the author builds a scheme for achieving the unity of the peoples of Russia as the basis of national security. In this regard, he comes to the conclusion that only the appeal of Russians to the history and traditions of their state, taking into account primarily national interests, can contribute to neutralization of internal and external threats to the individual, society and the state within the framework of the national security system of Russia, as well as preventing the negative influence of Western values and cultural expression in general. At the same time, official documents of the Russian Federation are used as arguments, as well as the speech of President V. Putin at the Valdai Forum on October 21 this year.

scholarly journals GEOECONOMIC STRATEGIES IN THE MODERN GLOBAL ECONOMIC SPACE

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Oksana Gaiduchok
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
National Security ◽  
Military Intervention ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
Foreign Economic Policy ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Economic Space ◽  
External Threats ◽  
Military Security

In today's context, it is considered that with the reduction of the risk of military intervention, military security has come to the forefront and economic security has become a priority for the national interests of the country. As regional forces seek to expand markets, provide access to finance and the latest technologies, economic security has become a necessary component of regional forces' ability to spread their influence. The article is devoted to the study of national security and its relation to the functioning and formation of the geo-economic strategy in the conditions of globalization of the world, taking into account the national interests of countries. Each stage of the realization of the national interests of the country has its own assessment of its geopolitical, geostrategic and geoeconomic status, security threats and main carriers of these threats, mechanism of realization of national interests, resources, used for the purposes of such realization. Each of the stages provide its own assessment of the main definitions and categories of security, the main directions of geo-economic policy. The complex of current global mechanisms, aimed at ensuring the economic security of states from external threats, is investigated. The importance of forming the protective instruments of Ukraine's foreign economic policy is considered. The emphasis is placed on economic security, which is the foundation and material foundation of national security. The special place of economic security in the structure of national security is due to the fact that almost no type of security can be sufficiently implemented without economic security.

PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF APPLICATION OF THE MODEL OF INTEGRAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oksana Gaiduchok ◽  
◽  
Oleksiy Stupnytskyi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Security Threats ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Military Security ◽  
Integral Assessment ◽  
Political Economic

In modern times, it is believed that by reducing the risk of military intervention, military security has lost its relevance, and economic security has become a priority of national interests. The principle of economic security is as follows: national interests are supported through an economic system that supports free exchange and ensures the upward mobility of the nation. The analysis of economic security is based on the concept of national interests. It is well known that the problem of national security and its components cannot be considered only from the standpoint of current interests; it is closely related to the possibilities of their implementation over a significant, long-term period. Each stage of realization of national interests of the country is characterized by its assessment of its geopolitical, geostrategic and geoeconomic conditions, security threats and the main carriers of these threats, the mechanism of realization of national interests (each of the stages has its own assessment of the main definitions and categories of security, the main vectors of geoeconomic policy). Economic security is the foundation and material basis of national security. A state is in a state of security if it protects its own national interests and is able to defend them through political, economic, socio-psychological, military and other actions. There is a close connection between economic security and the system of national and state interests, and it is through this category that the problems of economic potential and economic power of the state, geopolitical and geoeconomic positions of the country in the modern world are intertwined. At a time when regional forces are trying to expand markets, provide access to finance and the latest technology, economic security has become a necessary component of the ability of regional forces to expand their influence. The article is devoted to the study of economic security of Ukraine and its components using the model of quantitative assessment of economic security of Ukraine. Using the Fishburne method, a model is built that allows to obtain an integrated assessment of the level of economic security based on the synthesis of nine partial indicators.

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