Carotenoid supplementation and retinoic acid in immunoglobulin A regulation of the gut microbiota dysbiosis

Dysbiosis, a broad spectrum of imbalance of the gut microbiota, may progress to microbiota dysfunction. Dysbiosis is linked to some human diseases, such as inflammation-related disorders and metabolic syndromes. However, the underlying mechanisms of the pathogenesis of dysbiosis remain elusive. Recent findings suggest that the microbiome and gut immune responses, like immunoglobulin A production, play critical roles in the gut homeostasis and function, and the progression of dysbiosis. In the past two decades, much progress has been made in better understanding of production of immunoglobulin A and its association with commensal microbiota. The present minireview summarizes the recent findings in the gut microbiota dysbiosis and dysfunction of immunoglobulin A induced by the imbalance of pathogenic bacteria and commensal microbiota. We also propose the potentials of dietary carotenoids, such as β-carotene and astaxanthin, in the improvement of the gut immune system maturation and immunoglobulin A production, and the consequent promotion of the gut health. Impact statement The concept of carotenoid metabolism in the gut health has not been well established in the literature. Here, we review and discuss the roles of retinoic acid and carotenoids, including pro-vitamin A carotenoids and xanthophylls in the maturation of the gut immune system and IgA production. This is the first review article about the carotenoid supplements and the metabolites in the regulation of the gut microbiome. We hope this review would provide a new direction for the management of the gut microbiota dysbiosis by application of bioactive carotenoids and the metabolites.

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Fetal programming of overweight through the microbiome: boys are disproportionately affected

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s2040174415001269 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 25-34 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

A. L. Kozyrskyj ◽

R. Kalu ◽

P. T. Koleva ◽

S. L. Bridgman

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Disruptive Effect ◽

Health Issues ◽

New Gene ◽

Gut Immune System ◽

Obesity In Pregnancy ◽

Maternal Overweight ◽

The Impact ◽

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Maternal and childhood obesity in pregnancy are worrisome public health issues facing our world today. New gene sequencing methods have advanced our knowledge of the disruptive effect of birth interventions and postnatal exposures on the maturation of gut microbiota and immunity during infancy. Yet, little is known about the impact of maternal pregnancy overweight on gut microbes and related processes, and how this may affect overweight risk in offspring. To address this gap in knowledge, we surveyed human studies for evidence in children, infants and pregnant women to piece together the limited literature and generate hypotheses for future investigation. From this literature, we learned that higher Lactobacillus yet lower Bacteroides spp. colonization of gut microbiota within 3 months of birth predicted risk for infant and child overweight. The abundance of bifidobacteria and staphylococci also appeared to play a role in the association with overweight, as did infant fecal immunoglobulin A levels, glycoproteins of the gut immune system that are acquired from breast milk and produced by the infant. We proposed that pregnancy overweight influences the compositional structure of gut microbiota in infants through vertical transfer of microbiota and/or their metabolites during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding. Finally, we brought forward emerging evidence on sex dimorphism, as well as ethnic and geographic variation, in reported associations between maternal overweight-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and overweight risk.

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Butyric and Citric Acids and Their Salts in Poultry Nutrition: Effects on Gut Health and Intestinal Microbiota

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms221910392 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (19) ◽

pp. 10392

Author(s):

Mebratu Melaku ◽

Ruqing Zhong ◽

Hui Han ◽

Fan Wan ◽

Bao Yi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Organic Acids ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Gut Health ◽

Intestinal Health ◽

Poultry Products ◽

Poultry Nutrition

Intestinal dysfunction of farm animals, such as intestinal inflammation and altered gut microbiota, is the critical problem affecting animal welfare, performance and farm profitability. China has prohibited the use of antibiotics to improve feed efficiency and growth performance for farm animals, including poultry, in 2020. With the advantages of maintaining gut homeostasis, enhancing digestion, and absorption and modulating gut microbiota, organic acids are regarded as promising antibiotic alternatives. Butyric and citric acids as presentative organic acids positively impact growth performance, welfare, and intestinal health of livestock mainly by reducing pathogenic bacteria and maintaining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pH. This review summarizes the discovery of butyric acid (BA), citric acid (CA) and their salt forms, molecular structure and properties, metabolism, biological functions and their applications in poultry nutrition. The research findings about BA, CA and their salts on rats, pigs and humans are also briefly reviewed. Therefore, this review will fill the knowledge gaps of the scientific community and may be of great interest for poultry nutritionists, researchers and feed manufacturers about these two weak organic acids and their effects on intestinal health and gut microbiota community, with the hope of providing safe, healthy and nutrient-rich poultry products to consumers.

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Cooperative and Escaping Mechanisms between Circulating Tumor Cells and Blood Constituents

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8111382 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 1382 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Garrido-Navas ◽

de Miguel-Perez ◽

Exposito-Hernandez ◽

Bayarri ◽

Amezcua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Circulating Tumor Cells ◽

Immune Escape ◽

Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽

Metastatic Progression ◽

Mesenchymal Transition ◽

Blood Constituents ◽

Commensal Microbiota ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and despite measurable progress in the field, underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) disseminate within the bloodstream, where most of them die due to the attack of the immune system. On the other hand, recent evidence shows active interactions between CTCs and platelets, myeloid cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and other hematopoietic cells that secrete immunosuppressive cytokines, which aid CTCs to evade the immune system and enable metastasis. Platelets, for instance, regulate inflammation, recruit neutrophils, and cause fibrin clots, which may protect CTCs from the attack of Natural Killer cells or macrophages and facilitate extravasation. Recently, a correlation between the commensal microbiota and the inflammatory/immune tone of the organism has been stablished. Thus, the microbiota may affect the development of cancer-promoting conditions. Furthermore, CTCs may suffer phenotypic changes, as those caused by the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, that also contribute to the immune escape and resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the findings regarding the collaborative biological events among CTCs, immune cells, and microbiome associated to immune escape and metastatic progression.

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A Novel View of Human Helicobacter pylori Infections: Interplay between Microbiota and Beta-Defensins

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom9060237 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 237 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Pero ◽

Brancaccio ◽

Laneri ◽

Biasi ◽

Lombardo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Helicobacter Pylori ◽

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Host Response ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Precancerous Lesions ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Microbial Infections ◽

Beta Defensins ◽

The Impact

The gut microbiota is significantly involved in the preservation of the immune system of the host, protecting it against the pathogenic bacteria of the stomach. The correlation between gut microbiota and the host response supports human gastric homeostasis. Gut microbes may be shifted in Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-infected individuals to advance gastric inflammation and distinguished diseases. Particularly interesting is the establishment of cooperation between gut microbiota and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) of the host in the gastrointestinal tract. AMPs have great importance in the innate immune reactions to Hp and participate in conservative co-evolution with an intricate microbiome. β-Defensins, a class of short, cationic, arginine-rich proteins belonging to the AMP group, are produced by epithelial and immunological cells. Their expression is enhanced during Hp infection. In this review, we discuss the impact of the gut microbiome on the host response, with particular regard to β-defensins in Hp-associated infections. In microbial infections, mostly in precancerous lesions induced by Hp infection, these modifications could lead to different outcomes.

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The Effect of Natural Soluble Polysaccharides On the Type 2 Diabetes through Modulating Gut Microbiota:A review

Current Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/0929867328666210309110352 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

Author(s):

Lina Yang ◽

Li Li ◽

Xinghui Wu ◽

Wenqi Cai ◽

Qian Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Diabetes Management ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Gut Health ◽

Pathogen Invasion ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

: Diabetes strongly influences patient quality of life. The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) accounts for approximately 90% of diabetic patients. Natural polysaccharides have been widely used for diabetes management. Changes in gut microbiota can also be used for the prevention and treatment of diabetes. In this review, the effects of different natural polysaccharides on gut microbiota, as well as the relationship between diabetes and the gut microbiome are summarized. The intestine is the primary location in which natural polysaccharides exert their biological activities, and plays an important role in maintaining healthy bodily functions. Polysaccharides change the composition of the gut microbiota, which inhibits pathogen invasion and promotes beneficial bacterial growth. In addition, the gut microbiota degrade polysaccharides and produce metabolites to further modify the intestinal environment. Interestingly, the metabolites (short chain fatty acids and other bioactive components) have been shown to improve gut health, control glycemia, lower lipids, reduce insulin resistance, and alleviate inflammation. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms by which soluble polysaccharides improve T2D through regulating the gut microbiota to provide a future reference for the management of T2D and its associated complications.

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Microbial Changes Associated with IBD Mouse Model and Microbiota Transplantation Confers Colitis Symptom in Microbiota Deletion Mice

10.21203/rs.2.15951/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Lijun Shang ◽

Hongbin Liu ◽

Ziqi Dai ◽

Jie Li ◽

Meixia Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mouse Model ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Bowel Disease ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Recovery Phase ◽

Strong Negative Correlation ◽

Commensal Microbiota ◽

Sequencing Technologies ◽

Model Community ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic and relapsing inflammation occurring among the gastrointestinal tract. Available evidence suggests that host microbiome, as well as various components of the mucosal immune system, are implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD though the exact mechanism remains unknown. Advances in DNA sequencing technologies have provided new insights on the function identification of gut microbiota. In this study, we investigated the gut microbiota response to colitis and discussed the underlying mechanisms of this alteration in combination with latest research. The function of altered microbiota was investigated through microbiota transplantation technology.Results Twenty-seven female C57BL/6J mice were fed DSS solution for 5 days and followed by 5 days normal drinking water. D 0 was considered as normal control while d 5 and d 10 were seen as disease progressive phase and recovery phase, respectively. Alpha diversity results showed that the detected microbiota composition differences among 3 phases were not due to the presence and/or absence of rare phylotypes. In IBD mouse model, community richness decreased but diversity did not change significantly. Besides, the strong negative correlation between phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes decreased in IBD mouse model of which maybe one of the dysbiosis signatures. Furthermore, transplanting microbiota of IBD mouse model to antibiotic-induced microbiota depletion mice (Abx-mice) could induce inflammation similar to colitis. The proportion of the Lactobacillus, as well as other less abundant probiotic taxa, significantly increased in recovery phase, revealing the potential of these probiotic in IBD therapy.Conclusions IBD could induce proportional changes of gut microbiota, and these changes are capable of conferring pathogenicity in Abx-mice. This study provides updated comprehensions of the commensal microbiota alteration.Keywords Gut microbiota, dysbiosis, inflammation bowel disease, DSS, microbiota transplantation

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The Central Role of the Gut Microbiota in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2014/689492 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Caroline Marcantonio Ferreira ◽

Angélica Thomaz Vieira ◽

Marco Aurelio Ramirez Vinolo ◽

Fernando A. Oliveira ◽

Rui Curi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Sequencing Analysis ◽

Metagenomic Sequencing ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Commensal Microbiota

The commensal microbiota is in constant interaction with the immune system, teaching immune cells to respond to antigens. Studies in mice have demonstrated that manipulation of the intestinal microbiota alters host immune cell homeostasis. Additionally, metagenomic-sequencing analysis has revealed alterations in intestinal microbiota in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and obesity. Perturbations in the microbiota composition result in a deficient immune response and impaired tolerance to commensal microorganisms. Due to altered microbiota composition which is associated to some inflammatory diseases, several strategies, such as the administration of probiotics, diet, and antibiotic usage, have been utilized to prevent or ameliorate chronic inflammatory diseases. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss recent evidence showing that the gut microbiota controls immune system function and onset, development, and resolution of some common inflammatory diseases.

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Gut microbiota influence tumor development and Alter interactions with the human immune system

Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research ◽

10.1186/s13046-021-01845-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yanshan Ge ◽

Xinhui Wang ◽

Yali Guo ◽

Junting Yan ◽

Aliya Abuduwaili ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Malignant Tumors ◽

Tumor Development ◽

Circulatory System ◽

The Body ◽

Physiological Status ◽

Human Immune System

AbstractRecent scientific advances have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex link between the gut microbiome and cancer. Gut dysbiosis is an imbalance between commensal and pathogenic bacteria and the production of microbial antigens and metabolites. The immune system and the gut microbiome interact to maintain homeostasis of the gut, and alterations in the microbiome composition lead to immune dysregulation, promoting chronic inflammation and development of tumors. Gut microorganisms and their toxic metabolites may migrate to other parts of the body via the circulatory system, causing an imbalance in the physiological status of the host and secretion of various neuroactive molecules through the gut-brain axis, gut-hepatic axis, and gut-lung axis to affect inflammation and tumorigenesis in specific organs. Thus, gut microbiota can be used as a tumor marker and may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of malignant tumors.

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Managing Gut Microbiota through In Ovo Nutrition Influences Early-Life Programming in Broiler Chickens

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11123491 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 3491

Author(s):

Abdelrazeq M. Shehata ◽

Vinod K. Paswan ◽

Youssef A. Attia ◽

Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim ◽

Mohammed Sh. Abougabal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Early Life ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Pathogen Resistance ◽

Gut Health ◽

In Ovo ◽

Host Interaction ◽

Early Life Programming ◽

Pathogen Colonization

The chicken gut is the habitat to trillions of microorganisms that affect physiological functions and immune status through metabolic activities and host interaction. Gut microbiota research previously focused on inflammation; however, it is now clear that these microbial communities play an essential role in maintaining normal homeostatic conditions by regulating the immune system. In addition, the microbiota helps reduce and prevent pathogen colonization of the gut via the mechanism of competitive exclusion and the synthesis of bactericidal molecules. Under commercial conditions, newly hatched chicks have access to feed after 36–72 h of hatching due to the hatch window and routine hatchery practices. This delay adversely affects the potential inoculation of the healthy microbiota and impairs the development and maturation of muscle, the immune system, and the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Modulating the gut microbiota has been proposed as a potential strategy for improving host health and productivity and avoiding undesirable effects on gut health and the immune system. Using early-life programming via in ovo stimulation with probiotics and prebiotics, it may be possible to avoid selected metabolic disorders, poor immunity, and pathogen resistance, which the broiler industry now faces due to commercial hatching and selection pressures imposed by an increasingly demanding market.

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Phenazines Modulate Gastrointestinal Metabolism and Microbiota

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1065985/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wenjing Peng ◽

Hui Li ◽

Xiaole Zhao ◽

Bing Shao ◽

Kui Zhu

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Digestive Tract ◽

Metabolic Disorder ◽

Rational Design ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Intestinal Barrier ◽

Swine Model ◽

Structural Skeleton ◽

Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Abstract Background: Natural and synthetic phenazines are ubiquitously occurred in environment and have been used for various therapeutic purposes in human, animals and agriculture, and the widespread use makes residue problem in environment and foods increasingly serious. However, the metabolic and comprehensive impacts of phenazines on the digestive tract are poorly understood, particularly the microbial pyocyanin (PYO), the most representative phenazines produced by Pseudomonas . Here, we utilized PYO as the representative of phenazines to study the effects on digestive tract. Results: Metabolic kinetic analysis showed that PYO exhibited low oral bioavailability in both rats and swine model, revealing a restriction of PYO in gut and might cause impacts on digestive tract. PYO was subsequently found to induce intestinal barrier destruction including inflammation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in duodenum. Microbiome analysis showed that PYO caused gut microbiota dysbiosis by decreasing the symbiotic bacteria and increasing the opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, the integral and dysfunctional assessment of liver demonstrated that PYO induced liver inflammation and metabolic disorder. Metabolism analysis further confirmed that PYO could be metabolized by both gut microbiota and liver, and all metabolites retained the nitrogen-containing tricyclic structural skeleton of phenazines, which was the core bioactivity of phenazine compounds, indicating all the outcomes were due to the intrinsic characteristic of phenazine structure. Conclusions: PYO were low oral bioavailable and all the metabolites retained the nitrogen-containing tricyclic structural skeleton, final resulting in the damages to digestive tract including intestinal barrier destruction, gut microbiota dysbiosis, liver damages and metabolic disorder. These findings elucidated the effect of phenazines on digestive tract in vivo and shed light on the rational design of phenazines for the development and application of such compounds in future.

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