Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory and Anti-hyperglycaemic Activities of Essential Oils from Thymbra capitata, Thymus albicans, Thymus caespititius, Thymus carnosus, Thymus lotocephalus and Thymus mastichina from Portugal

The in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities of the essential oils (EOs) isolated from six Lamiaceae species ( Thymbra capitata, Thymus albicans, Th. caespititius, Th. carnosus, Th. lotocephalus and Th. mastichina) grown in Portugal, were evaluated. Th. caespititius and T. capitata carvacrol/thymol-rich EOs showed the best capacity for preventing lipid peroxidation, and scavenging the 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and peroxyl free radicals, as well as for inhibiting lipoxygenase and α-amylase. However, Th. caespititius and Th. lotocephalus 1,8-cineole and linalool rich EOs were the best inhibitors of α-glucosidase. T. capitata, Th. lotocephalus and Th. albicans EOs were the most active for inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. Th. caespititius and Th. mastichina EOs were the main scavengers of nitric oxide (NO) radicals. The comparison between the present data with a survey of the existing literature on the in vitro biological activities of the essential oils isolated from the same species from Portuguese origin, using other methodologies, showed some differences. For instance the use of two oxidizable substrates (egg yolk and lecithin liposomes) led to distinct results mainly for those samples with relatively low activity. In addition, the EOs capacity for scavenging peroxyl radicals was also influenced by the presence of cyclodextrins, as a synergism seemed to occur between EOs and those carbohydrates.

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In vitro Antioxidant potential, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid contents in Justicia gendarussa leaf extracts

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology ◽

10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00477 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2707-2713

Author(s):

Ramya Kuber B

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Defense Mechanism ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Neutralizing Capacity

Free radicals are triggered in human body by routine metabolic pathways which are highly reactive substance entangled in various physiological functions but excess production may impart with multitude diseases such as cancer, arthritis, inflammation and various neurodegenerative disorders. As a result, previous findings supported that various photochemical constituents present in natural plants exerts prominent role in defense mechanism against rate of excess free radicals’ production. The present study was carried out to investigate phytochemical composition, quantification studies and in vitro antioxidant potential of Justicia gendarussa (JG) various solvent extracts. JG belongs to the family Acanthaceace and used as traditional healers in various ailments. JG plant material was collected, dried, powdered and subjected for soxhlation to prepare ethanolic, ethyl acetate, aqueous and n-hexane extracts. Screening of Active constituents by various qualitative tests, estimation of total phenolic (TPC) and Total flavonoid content (TFC) and in vitro antioxidant potential of plant extracts were performed by DPPH, Lipid peroxidation, Nitric oxide and Superoxide radical scavenging methods. Present investigation reveals that, presence of flavonoids, phenols, amino acids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, proteins, carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and tannins. TPC and TFC of ethanol extract were found to be 9.47 ± 0.0216 mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE/g) and 97.6 ± 0.0342 mg Rutin equivalent/g (RUE/g). Among all the analyzed extracts ethanolic extract of JG possessed high radical neutralizing capacity and for DPPH (IC50 32µg/ml), Lipid Peroxidation (28 µg/ml), Nitric oxide (30 µg/ml) and superoxide anion radicals (39 µg/ml) respectively and found to be more effective as ascorbic acid (26 µg/ml) which was used as standard. Overall results of the study concluded that JG leaf extracts possess beneficial Phytoconstituents, high phenol and flavonoid contents and potential antioxidant activity, which could be a viable source of natural antioxidants for treating various degenerative disorders.

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Composition, in Vitro Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Leaf and Twig Parts of Cupressus Cashmeriana

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1501000837 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1934578X1501000 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yu-Chang Su ◽

Kuan-Ping Hsu ◽

Kuo-Feng Hua ◽

Chen-Lung Ho

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Essential Oils ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Nitric Oxide Production ◽

Leaf Oil ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Antioxidant And Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Type Apparatus

The chemical composition and in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils isolated from the leaf and twig of Cupressus cashmeriana have been investigated. The essential oils were isolated using hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by GC–FID and GC–MS, respectively. The leaf oil mainly consisted of α-pinene (21.8%), epizonarene (8.0%), sabinene (7.9%), limonene (7.6%), γ-terpinene (7.0%), and allo-aromadendrene (7.0%); the twig oil was mostly carvacrol methyl ether (35.4%), manool (16.1%), carvacrol (14.2%), and (2 Z,6 E)-farnesol (6.9%). Twig oil, but not leaf oil, was able to reduce nitric oxide production by lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages RAW 264.7 without reducing the cell viability. In addition, twig oil showed better antioxidant and antimicrobial activities than leaf oil. The major ingredient of the twig oil that was responsible for the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities was carvacrol.

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Pergolide scavenges both hydroxyl and nitric oxide free radicals in vitro and inhibits lipid peroxidation in different regions of the rat brain

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01521-7 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 790 (1-2) ◽

pp. 202-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Marvin Gómez-Vargas ◽

Sakiko Nishibayashi-Asanuma ◽

Masato Asanuma ◽

Yoichi Kondo ◽

Emi Iwata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Rat Brain

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Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Clary Sage and Coriander Essential Oils Produced on Polluted and Amended Soils-Phytomanagement Approach

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26175321 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (17) ◽

pp. 5321

Author(s):

Robin Raveau ◽

Joël Fontaine ◽

Anthony Verdin ◽

Loris Mistrulli ◽

Frédéric Laruelle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oils ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Biological Effects ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Mycorrhizal Inoculation ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The potential of essential oils (EO), distilled from two aromatic plants—clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)—in view of applications as natural therapeutic agents was evaluated in vitro. These two were cultivated on a trace element (TE)-polluted soil, as part of a phytomanagement approach, with the addition of a mycorrhizal inoculant, evaluated for its contribution regarding plant establishment, growth, and biomass production. The evaluation of EO as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, with considerations regarding the potential influence of the TE-pollution and of the mycorrhizal inoculation on the EO chemical compositions, were the key focuses. Besides, to overcome EO bioavailability and target accession issues, the encapsulation of EO in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was also assessed. Firstly, clary sage EO was characterized by high proportions of linalyl acetate (51–63%) and linalool (10–17%), coriander seeds EO by a high proportion of linalool (75–83%) and lesser relative amounts of γ-terpinene (6–9%) and α-pinene (3–5%) and coriander aerial parts EO by 2-decenal (38–51%) and linalool (22–39%). EO chemical compositions were unaffected by both soil pollution and mycorrhizal inoculation. Of the three tested EO, the one from aerial parts of coriander displayed the most significant biological effects, especially regarding anti-inflammatory potential. Furthermore, all tested EO exerted promising antioxidant effects (IC50 values ranging from 9 to 38 g L−1). However, EO encapsulation in β-CD did not show a significant improvement of EO biological properties in these experimental conditions. These findings suggest that marginal lands polluted by TE could be used for the production of EO displaying faithful chemical compositions and valuable biological activities, with a non-food perspective.

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Cyclooxygenase Enzyme and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Terpenoids and Steroidal compounds as Major Constituents in Cleome viscosa Leaves

Planta Medica ◽

10.1055/a-1728-2347 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Amila Abishake Dissanayake ◽

Kambou Georges ◽

Muraleedharan G. Nair

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Chemical Structures ◽

Ic50 Values ◽

Cox 2 ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Cox 1 ◽

Cleome Viscosa

Bioassay guided study of Cleome viscosa Linn. (Cleomaceae) leaves led to the isolation of a new cembrenoid diterpene (1) and three known compounds (2-4) from the hexane extract. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods such as NMR (1D and 2D), HRMS and IR and identified and afforded compound 1, malabaric acid (2), stigmast-4-en-3-one (3) and stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione (4). This is the first report of compounds 1 and 2 from C. viscosa Linn. Isolates were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using in vitro cyclooxygenase enzyme (COX-1 and -2) inhibitory assays. The novel cembrenoid diterpene (1) exhibited IC50 values of 8.4 μM for COX-1 enzyme and 45.2 μM for COX-2 enzyme, respectively. Similarly, malabaric acid (2) exhibited IC50 values of 11.5 μM for COX-1 enzyme and 46.9 μM for COX-2 enzyme, respectively. Their inhibitory activities were in par with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen. Sterols 3 and 4 gave IC50 values of 62.6 and 67.9 μM, respectively for COX-1 enzyme while indicating weak COX-2 enzyme inhibition. Lipid peroxidation inhibitory (LPO) and MTT assays were used to determine antioxidant activity of these compounds. Compounds 1-4 showed LPO inhibition with IC50 values between 82 and 100 µM and moderate antioxidant activity in the MTT assay. Biological activities reported for these compounds are for the first time and it support anecdotal medicinal claims of C. viscosa Linn. leaves.

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Comparative Analysis of In-Vitro Biological Activities of Methyl Eugenol Rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., Leaf Essential Oil with Pure Methyl Eugenol Compound

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201021666200217113921 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (10) ◽

pp. 927-938 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Roktim Gogoi ◽

Rikraj Loying ◽

Neelav Sarma ◽

Twahira Begum ◽

Sudin K. Pandey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Methyl Eugenol ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Pure Compound ◽

Allium Cepa Assay ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Lemongrass Essential Oil

Background: The essential oil of methyl eugenol rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack. was evaluated and its bioactivities were compared with pure methyl eugenol. So far, methyl eugenol rich essential oil of lemongrass was not studied for any biological activities; hence, the present study was conducted. Objective: This study examined the chemical composition of essential oil of methyl eugenol rich Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., and evaluated its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and herbicidal properties and genotoxicity, which were compared with pure compound, methyl eugenol. Material and Methods: Methyl eugenol rich variety of Cymbopogon khasianus Hack., with registration no. INGR18037 (c.v. Jor Lab L-9) was collected from experimental farm CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat, Assam (26.7378°N, 94.1570°E). The essential oil wasobtained by hydro-distillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The chemical composition of the essential oil was evaluated using GC/MS analysis and its antioxidant (DPPH assay, reducing power assay), anti-inflammatory (Egg albumin denaturation assay), and antimicrobial (Disc diffusion assay, MIC) properties, seed germination effect and genotoxicity (Allium cepa assay) were studied and compared with pure Methyl Eugenol compound (ME). Results: Major components detected in the Essential Oil (EO) through Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy analysis were methyl eugenol (73.17%) and β-myrcene (8.58%). A total of 35components were detected with a total identified area percentage of 98.34%. DPPH assay revealed considerable antioxidant activity of methyl eugenol rich lemongrass essential oil (IC50= 2.263 μg/mL), which is lower than standard ascorbic acid (IC50 2.58 μg/mL), and higher than standard Methyl Eugenol (ME) (IC50 2.253 μg/mL). Methyl eugenol rich lemongrass EO showed IC50 38.00 μg/mL, ME 36.44 μg/mL, and sodium diclofenac 22.76 μg/mL, in in-vitro anti-inflammatory test. Moderate antimicrobial activity towards the 8 tested microbes was shown by methyl eugenol rich lemongrass essential oil whose effectiveness against the microbes was less as compared to pure ME standard. Seed germination assay further revealed the herbicidal properties of methyl eugenol rich essential oil. Moreover, Allium cepa assay revealed moderate genotoxicity of the essential oil. Conclusion: This paper compared the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, genotoxicity and herbicidal activities of methyl eugenol rich lemongrass with pure methyl eugenol. This methyl eugenol rich lemongrass variety can be used as an alternative of methyl eugenol pure compound. Hence, the essential oil of this variety has the potential of developing cost-effective, easily available antioxidative/ antimicrobial drugs but its use should be under the safety range of methyl eugenol and needs further clinical trials.

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In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Sulfated Polysaccharides Isolated from the Edible Brown Seaweed, Sargassum fulvellum

Marine Drugs ◽

10.3390/md19050277 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 277

Author(s):

Lei Wang ◽

Hye-Won Yang ◽

Ginnae Ahn ◽

Xiaoting Fu ◽

Jiachao Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Brown Seaweed ◽

Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽

Sargassum Fulvellum ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries ◽

Anti Inflammatory

In the present study, the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of the sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Sargassum fulvellum (SFPS) were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish. The results indicated that SFPS improved the viability of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages from 80.02 to 86.80, 90.09, and 94.62% at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. Also, SFPS remarkably and concentration-dependently decreased the production levels of inflammatory molecules including nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, prostaglandin E2, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, SFPS significantly inhibited the expression levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, the in vivo test results indicated that SFPS improved the survival rate of LPS-treated zebrafish from 53.33 to 56.67, 60.00, and 70.00% at the concentration of 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, SFPS effectively reduced cell death, reactive oxygen species, and NO levels in LPS-stimulated zebrafish. Taken together, these results suggested that SFPS possesses strong in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities, and could be used as an ingredient to develop anti-inflammatory agents in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

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A New Flavonol From Saussurea involucrata With Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x211007638 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (5) ◽

pp. 1934578X2110076

Author(s):

Sheng Pan ◽

Zi-Guan Zhu

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Aerial Part ◽

Raw 264.7 Cells ◽

Raw 264.7 ◽

Spectroscopic Methods ◽

Soluble Extract ◽

Saussurea Involucrata ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

A new flavonol named 6-(2'',3''-epoxy-3''-methylbutyl)-resokaempferol (1), together with five known compounds (2-6) were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble extract of the aerial part of Saussurea involucrata. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods. All compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects by measuring the production of nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-α in vitro. Among them, compound 1 showed potential inhibitory activity on the production of NO and TNF-α in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells with IC50 values of 48.0 ± 1.5 and 41.4 ± 1.7 µM, respectively.

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Sesquiterpene Lactones: Promising Natural Compounds to Fight Inflammation

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13070991 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 991

Author(s):

Melanie S. Matos ◽

José D. Anastácio ◽

Cláudia Nunes dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Biological Activities ◽

Sesquiterpene Lactones ◽

Physiological State ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Inflammatory Pathways ◽

Inflammatory State ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Inflammatory Molecules

Inflammation is a crucial and complex process that reestablishes the physiological state after a noxious stimulus. In pathological conditions the inflammatory state may persist, leading to chronic inflammation and causing tissue damage. Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are composed of a large and diverse group of highly bioactive plant secondary metabolites, characterized by a 15-carbon backbone structure. In recent years, the interest in SLs has risen due to their vast array of biological activities beneficial for human health. The anti-inflammatory potential of these compounds results from their ability to target and inhibit various key pro-inflammatory molecules enrolled in diverse inflammatory pathways, and prevent or reduce the inflammatory damage on tissues. Research on the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of SLs has thrived over the last years, and numerous compounds from diverse plants have been studied, using in silico, in vitro, and in vivo assays. Besides their anti-inflammatory potential, their cytotoxicity, structure–activity relationships, and pharmacokinetics have been investigated. This review aims to gather the most relevant results and insights concerning the anti-inflammatory potential of SL-rich extracts and pure SLs, focusing on their effects in different inflammatory pathways and on different molecular players.

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Phenolic constituents and inhibitory effects of the leaf of Rauvolfia vomitoria Afzel on free radicals, cholinergic and monoaminergic enzymes in rat’s brain in vitro

Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology ◽

10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0144 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Olubukola H. Oyeniran ◽

Adedayo O. Ademiluyi ◽

Ganiyu Oboh

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Array Detector ◽

Oh Radicals ◽

Inhibitory Effects ◽

Methanolic Extracts ◽

Phenolic Constituents ◽

Rauvolfia Vomitoria

AbstractObjectivesRauvolfia vomitoria is a medicinal plant used traditionally in Africa in the management of several human diseases including psychosis. However, there is inadequate scientific information on the potency of the phenolic constituents of R. vomitoria leaf in the management of neurodegeneration. Therefore, this study characterized the phenolic constituents and investigated the effects of aqueous and methanolic extracts of R. vomitoria leaf on free radicals, Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation, and critical enzymes linked to neurodegeneration in rat’s brain in vitro.MethodsThe polyphenols were evaluated by characterizing phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The antioxidant properties were assessed through the extracts ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+; inhibit ABTS, DPPH, and OH radicals and Fe2+-induced lipid peroxidation. The effects of the extracts on AChE and MAO were also evaluated.ResultsThe phenolic characterization of R. vomitoria leaf revealed that there were more flavonoids present. Both aqueous and methanolic extracts of R. vomitoria leaf had inhibitory effects with the methanolic extract having higher significant (p≤0.05) free radicals scavenging ability coupled with inhibition of monoamine oxidases. However, there was no significant (p≤0.05) difference obtained in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and cholinesterases.ConclusionThis study suggests that the rich phenolic constituents of R. vomitoria leaf might contribute to the observed antioxidative and neuroprotective effects. The methanolic extract was more potent than the aqueous extract; therefore, extraction of R. vomitoria leaf with methanol could offer better health-promoting effects in neurodegenerative condition.

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