scholarly journals No Evidence That Hormonal Contraceptives Affect Chemosensory Perception

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 204166952098333
Author(s):  
Martin Schaefer ◽  
Behzad Iravani ◽  
Artin Arshamian ◽  
Johan N. Lundström
Keyword(s):  
Potential Effect ◽  
Bayes Factors ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Trigeminal System ◽  
Odor Perception ◽  
Chemosensory Perception ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Taste Detection ◽  
Taste Thresholds

The use of oral contraceptives (OC) in the form of a hormonal pill has been widespread for decades. Despite its popularity and long-time use, there is still much ambiguity and anecdotal reports about a range of potential side effects. Here, we addressed the potential effect of OC use on chemosensory perception. Previous research has almost exclusively focused on olfaction, but we expanded this to the trigeminal system and the sense of taste. We used Bayesian statistics to compare the olfactory, trigeminal, and taste detection abilities between a group of 34 normal cycling women and a group of 26 women using OC. Our results indicated that odor, trigeminal, and taste thresholds were not affected by the use of OC. Moreover, neither odor perception, nor taste perception was affected; all with Bayes factors consistently favoring the null hypothesis. The only exception to these results was odor identification where Bayes factors indicated inconclusive evidence. We conclude that effects of OC use on chemosensory perception are unlikely, and if present, likely are of no to little behavioral relevance.

scholarly journals Does MRI acoustic noise affect chemosensory perception?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remco Havermans ◽  
Anouk Elisabeth Matheus Hendriks
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Noise ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Loud Noise ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Chemosensory Perception ◽  
Smell Test ◽  
Flavour Perception ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Taste Detection

Introduction. Sounds can affect food and flavour perception. For example, loud noise can affect taste perception. In the present study, we examined whether exposure to ~80 dB magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acoustic noise affects taste perception. Methods. Participants (N = 27) came to the lab twice for a taste test, a smell test, and evaluating sweet and savoury food items: once when continuously being exposed to loud MRI acoustic noise and once when being exposed to much quieter background noise. It was hypothesized that exposure to loud noise would impair taste perception,especially identifying and detecting sweet taste, and that it would decrease liking for the taste of particularly sweet foods. Results. Neither overall taste detection nor sweet taste detection was affected by exposure to (f)MRI acoustic noise. Further, we found no effect of noise on sweet food liking, but exploratory analyses do imply such an effect of MRI noise on liking for savoury foods, with these foods being significantlyless liked when exposed to MRI acoustic noise. Conclusion. We conclude that loud noises do not necessarily affect chemosensory perception. Implications. MRI acoustic noise specifically does not seem to have a relevant effect on smell and taste.

FAMILY DIABETES AND MAIN NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES: THE DESCRIBED AND POTENTIAL EFFECT OF METFORMIN (remembering Vladimir Dilman)

2020 ◽  
pp. 713-720
Author(s):  
Л. М. Берштейн
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
The Family ◽  
Whole Number ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Antidiabetic Biguanides

Работа посвящена двум медико-биологическим проблемам - семейному диабету (имея в виду наличие случаев сахарного диабета 2-го типа в семье, в том числе в разных поколениях), а также особенностям его связей с основными неинфекционными заболеваниями человека и приурочена к юбилею известнейшего отечественного специалиста (теоретика и врача) в области геронтологии и эндокринологии профессора В. М. Дильмана. Широко признанные труды Владимира Михайловича, основанные на оригинальных идеях и породившие важные практические следствия (включая применение антидиабетических бигуанидов в не использовавшихся до него областях, необходимость устранения метаболической иммунодепрессии, учета изменений с возрастом на уровне гипоталамического порога в различных гомеостатических системах и целого ряда других предложений), как представляется, в течение долгого времени будут питать интеллектуальным материалом и стимулировать к дальнейшему поиску его последователей и специалистов, которым еще предстоит окунуться в область, очерченную В. М. Дильманом и интересовавшую его в течение многих лет. The work discusses the two biomedical problems: family diabetes (bearing in mind the presence of cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the family, including its different generations) and the features of relationship of family diabetes with major non-communicable human diseases (NCDs). The paper is timed to the anniversary of the famous - in our country and abroad - expert in the field of gerontology and endocrinology, Professor V. M. Dilman. The widely recognized works of V. M. Dilman, based on original ideas and giving rise to important practical consequences (including the use of antidiabetic biguanides in areas not studied before him, the need to eliminate metabolic immunodepression, to take into account the changes with age at the level of the hypothalamic threshold in various homeostatic systems and a whole number of other essential proposals), which for a long time, as it seems, will stimulate the further scientific search of his followers and specialists, who have yet to get acquainted with the area that attracted Prof. Dilman and interested him for many years.

scholarly journals Evolutionary Insights into Taste Perception of the Invasive Pest Drosophila suzukii

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4185-4196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina M Crava ◽  
Sukanya Ramasamy ◽  
Lino Ometto ◽  
Gianfranco Anfora ◽  
Omar Rota-Stabelli
Keyword(s):  
Gene Family ◽  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Drosophila Species ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Close Relative ◽  
Drosophila Suzukii ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Chemosensory Perception

Abstract Chemosensory perception allows insects to interact with the environment by perceiving odorant or tastant molecules; genes encoding chemoreceptors are the molecular interface between the environment and the insect, and play a central role in mediating its chemosensory behavior. Here, we explore how the evolution of these genes in the emerging pest Drosophila suzukii correlates with the peculiar ecology of this species. We annotated approximately 130 genes coding for gustatory receptors (GRs) and divergent ionotropic receptors (dIRs) in D. suzukii and in its close relative D. biarmipes. We then analyzed the evolution, in terms of size, of each gene family as well of the molecular evolution of the genes in a 14 Drosophila species phylogenetic framework. We show that the overall evolution of GRs parallels that of dIRs not only in D. suzukii, but also in all other analyzed Drosophila. Our results reveal an unprecedented burst of gene family size in the lineage leading to the suzukii subgroup, as well as genomic changes that characterize D. suzukii, particularly duplications and strong signs of positive selection in the putative bitter-taste receptor GR59d. Expression studies of duplicate genes in D. suzukii support a spatio-temporal subfunctionalization of the duplicate isoforms. Our results suggest that D. suzukii is not characterized by gene loss, as observed in other specialist Drosophila species, but rather by a dramatic acceleration of gene gains, compatible with a highly generalist feeding behavior. Overall, our analyses provide candidate taste receptors specific for D. suzukii that may correlate with its specific behavior, and which may be tested in functional studies to ultimately enhance its control in the field.

scholarly journals Taste disorders in children with hemoblastosis and malignant CNS tumors after treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Vashura ◽  
T. A. Kovtun ◽  
S. S. Lukina
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Cns Tumors ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Nutritional Screening ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
End Of Treatment ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Anticancer Treatment ◽  
Taste Disorders

Despite significant achievements in oncopediatrics there is an increasing amount of children with remote consequences of anticancer treatment. Nutritional disorders are one of the key consequences, the main factors of which are taste disorders. Despite the interest in this issue, an increase in the number of studies, the exact genesis and causal relationships of these violations have not yet been established.Objective. To study the characteristics of taste perception in children with hemoblastosis and CNS tumors after treatment. Material and methods. The authors carried out a cross-sectional study, which included 110 children with hematological malignancies (42 patients) and CNS tumors (68 patients) aged from 10 to 17 years. The after – treatment period was 2–5 years. They analyzed the nutritional screening data (body mass index and survey data). A test for the identification of four tastes (sour, bitter, salty, sweet) was carried out with the solutions in a regulated concentration according to the standard GOST ISO 3972-2014.Results. The majority of children had violations of taste: to bitter taste – 64,6%, sweet – 40%, sour – 43,7%, salty – 33,6%. Children with hemoblastosis had more disorders.Parageusia was more common in children with CNS tumors. Obese children have a greater proportion of these disorders compared to children with malnutrition and normal nutritional status. There is no relationship with the frequency of food intake, its regularity andappetite.Conclusion. The authors have confirmed the presence of nutritional disorders and problems with taste perception that persist for a long time after the end of treatment. Apparently, a significant part of them has a peripheral genesis.

scholarly journals Gastroprotective effect of ethanol extract of carica papaya seed on rats induced rifampicin and isoniazid

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1506-1512
Author(s):  
Elviyanti ◽  
Nyoman Ehrich Lister I ◽  
Edy Fachrial
Keyword(s):  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
First Line Therapy ◽  
Gastroprotective Effect ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Papaya Seeds ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Carica Papaya Seed ◽  
Ph Level

The first-line therapy for tuberculosis is Rifampicin, in combination with Isoniazid (INH), Ethambutol (ETB), and Pyrazinamide (PZA). The side effects of TB drugs that may arise if the drug use for a long time include hepatotoxicity and gastrointestinal disturbances. Carica papaya seeds has a potential effect to prevent the gastrointestinal distrubances caused by rifampicin and isoniazid. This study aimed to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of carica papaya seeds on rats induced rifampicin and isoniazid. Experimental design group was divided into 8 group, including normal, negative 1 (rif 50 mg/kgbb), negative 2 (IN 50 mg/kgbw), negative 3 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw), positive 1 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + cimetidtine 18 mg/kgbw), group 1(rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + EECP 100 mg/kgbb) +, group 2 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + EECP 300 mg/kgbb), group 3 (rif and inh 50 mg/kgbw + EECP 500 mg/kgbb). Rifampicin, isoniazid, and EECP was given 20 days. The result showed that rifampicin and isoniazid induced alteration gastric organ, histopathology of the negative group also showed alteration and also decreased pH level.

scholarly journals Effects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion on Human Taste Perception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon A Smith ◽  
Paula D Trotter ◽  
Francis P McGlone ◽  
Susannah C Walker
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Acute Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Tryptophan Depletion ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Detection Thresholds ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Taste Detection

Abstract Taste perception has been reported to vary with changes in affective state. Distortions of taste perception, including blunted recognition thresholds, intensity and hedonic ratings have been identified in those suffering from depressive disorders. Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter implicated in the aetiology of anxiety and depression; systemic and peripheral manipulations of serotonin signalling have previously been shown to modulate taste detection. However, the specific effects of central serotonin function on taste processing have not been widely investigated. Here, in a double-blind placebo-controlled study, acute tryptophan depletion was used to investigate the effect of reduced central serotonin function on taste perception. 25 female participants aged 18-28 attended the laboratory on 2 occasions at least 1 week apart. On one visit they received a tryptophan depleting drink and on the other a control drink was administered. Approximately 6 hours after drink consumption they completed a taste perception task which measured detection thresholds and supra-threshold perceptions of the intensity and pleasantness of four basic tastes (sweet, sour, bitter and salt). While acutely reducing central levels of serotonin had no effect on the detection thresholds of sweet, bitter or sour tastes it significantly enhanced detection of salt. For supra-threshold stimuli, acutely reduced serotonin levels significantly enhanced the perceived intensity of both bitter and sour tastes and blunted pleasantness ratings of bitter quinine. These findings show manipulation of central serotonin levels can modulate taste perception and are consistent with previous reports that depletion of central serotonin levels enhances neural and behavioural responsiveness to aversive signals.

scholarly journals How I treat heavy menstrual bleeding associated with anticoagulants

Blood ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 130 (24) ◽  
pp. 2603-2609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kochawan Boonyawat ◽  
Sarah H. O’Brien ◽  
Shannon M. Bates
Keyword(s):  
Anticoagulant Therapy ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Menstrual Bleeding ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Thrombotic Risk ◽  
Acute Setting

Abstract Anticoagulant-associated heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) is an underrecognized but not uncommon problem in clinical practice. Premenopausal women should be advised of the potential effect of anticoagulant therapy on menstrual bleeding at the time of treatment initiation. Consequences of HMB should be assessed and treated on an ongoing basis. In the acute setting, the decision to withhold anticoagulants is based on an individual patient’s risk of thrombosis and the severity of the bleeding. For women who require long-term anticoagulation, a levonorgestrel intrauterine system, tranexamic acid (during menstrual flow), high-dose progestin-only therapy, or combined hormonal contraceptives are effective for controlling HMB. The risk of thrombosis during anticoagulant therapy with these treatments is not well studied but is likely to be low. Selection of type of hormonal therapy is based on patient preference, other indications for and contraindications to therapy, adverse effect profile, and ongoing thrombotic risk factors. Women who do not respond to medical treatment or who do not wish to retain their fertility should be considered for surgical management.

Phenylthiocarbamide taste perception and susceptibility to motion sickness: linking higher susceptibility with higher phenylthiocarbamide taste acuity

2008 ◽  
Vol 122 (10) ◽  
pp. 1064-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Sharma ◽  
P Sharma ◽  
A Sharma ◽  
G Singh
Keyword(s):  
Motion Sickness ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Taste Perception ◽  
Taste Sensitivity ◽  
Taste Threshold ◽  
Threshold Distribution ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Taste Thresholds

AbstractObjective:This study is the first attempt to link quantified phenylthiocarbamide bitter taste recognition threshold with susceptibility to motion sickness.Subjects:The study was conducted on a sample of 291 teenage Rajput children (146 males and 145 females; age range 13–19 years) from the Sirmour district of Himachal Pradesh, India. Phenylthiocarbamide taste sensitivity was measured by administering a serial dilution of a freshly prepared phenylthiocarbamide solution, following the method of Harris and Kalmus. Motion sickness susceptibility was assessed retrospectively via interview.Results:About 40 per cent of the subjects had experienced motion sickness in the past. The mean and standard deviation of phenylthiocarbamide taste thresholds in non-tasters and tasters were 0.83 ± 0.87 and 7.98 ± 1.86, respectively. A bimodal distribution test (D/S) index of 5.24 confirmed bimodality of phenylthiocarbamide taste threshold distribution. The Mann–Whitney U test rejected the null hypothesis of μ1 = μ2 and thus confirmed the existence of differences in the distributions of phenylthiocarbamide taste threshold between individuals susceptible and not susceptible to motion sickness. Individuals susceptible to motion sickness had lower mean and median taste thresholds, indicating higher phenylthiocarbamide taste sensitivity, compared with non-susceptible individuals. The frequency of non-tasters was about 10 per cent in both motion sickness susceptible and non-susceptible individuals. The simple division of phenylthiocarbamide tasting ability into tasters and non-tasters was a less sensitive criterion with which to measure the association of this ability with motion sickness susceptibility. However, further differentiation of tasters into weak threshold, medium threshold and super threshold (‘supersensitive’) tasters clearly revealed a highly significantly increased risk of motion sickness in super threshold tasters (i.e. threshold solution number ≥12). The ratio of motion sickness susceptible individuals to non-susceptible individuals was 1:1.7 for non-tasters (threshold solution numbers zero to three) and weak and medium tasters (threshold solution numbers four to 11), but the trend was reversed for super threshold tasters (threshold solution numbers 12 and 13), in whom the ratio was 2:1.Conclusion:Individuals exhibiting greater phenylthiocarbamide taste acuity (i.e. supersensitive tasters) had a higher susceptibility to motion sickness than did non-, weak and medium phenylthiocarbamide tasters, as measured in terms of their taste thresholds (i.e. threshold solution numbers zero to 11).

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