The Frequency of Venous Thromboembolism in Women with F V Leiden in Heterozygous Form from the East Bohemia Region in Association with Pregnancy and Puerperium.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 4006-4006
Author(s):  
Petr Dulicek ◽  
Pavel Zak ◽  
Jaroslav Maly ◽  
Miroslav Pecka ◽  
Vladimir Maisnar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Heterozygous Form ◽  
Index Cases ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important cause of maternal morbidity and mortality throughout the developed world. VTE is multifactorial disease. The incidence of VTE increases 2–4 fold in pregnancy and is higher after caeserean section than after vaginal delivery. Individuals with F V Leiden mutation have 3–7 fold higher risk of VTE. The risk of VTE in women with heterozygous form of F V Leiden during pregnancy is considered to be low ( less than 3%), but some other data show higher risk ( almost 10%) according design of the studies. The aim of study: The assessment of the frequency of VTE in women with F V Leiden in heterozygous form in association with pregnancy and puerperium from the East Bohemia region and the comparison of our results with similar studies. Our results and available data should enable us to make an idea about the proper strategy of thromboprophylaxis in these settings. The frequency of F V Leiden is 2% in our region. It is retrospective case control study. Materials and methods: The assessment of the frequency of VTE in the group of 224 women with F V Leiden in association with 460 pregnancies. This group consists from women after VTE with F V Leiden in heterozygous form ( without other inherited thrombophilia and APS) and from asymptomatic family members with F V Leiden ( 104 index cases, 120 family members). The frequency of VTE was compared with the frequency of VTE in the control group of 201 women without F V Leiden in association with 422 pregnancies. This control group consists from asymptomatic family members of women from the first group without detection of F V Leiden and from women examined in our department during the assessment of the frequency of F V Leiden in our population, when F V Leiden was not diagnosed ( 101 asymptomatic family members, 100 healthy women). Coagulation work up was done in the period of 1996 – 2003. All women had at least one pregnant and all pregnancies were without thromboprophylaxis. The presence of F V Leiden mutation was determined after DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction ( PCR) and Mnll restriction analyses. VTE ( DVT and PE) was objectively determined in all cases. Results: In the investigated group VTE occurred 44x during pregnancy and puerperium. In l7 cases VTE was manifested in pregnancy ( 1x in I. trimester, 2x in II. trimester, 14x in III. trimester), in 27 women VTE occurred in puerperium and always within the first 10 days after delivery. Proximal venous thrombosis was diagnosed in 34 cases, in 5 cases was complicated by pulmonary embolism. In 10 women thrombosis was distal. The frequency of VTE was 9,6%. The frequency of VTE in the control group was 0,24%. The results were statistically assessed by Fisher’s exact test in programme NCSS 2004. The frequency of VTE in the cohort of women with F V Leiden reached statistical significance in comparison with the control group. Conclusion: Pregnancy and puerperium have been found the risk factors for VTE in investigated group. Our data can be affected by high number of index cases in the first group. In spite of this result we do not recommend pharmacological thromboprophylaxis to all women and thromboprophylaxis is considered on individual basis after the assessment of all other risk factors of VTE.

scholarly journals 1222. Risk Factors and Outcomes for Daptomycin Nonsusceptible Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S370-S371
Author(s):  
Hind Hadid ◽  
Hira Rizvi ◽  
Helina Misikir ◽  
Nathalie Baratz ◽  
Ana Cecilia Bardossy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Central Line ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Exact Test

Abstract Background Daptomycin (dap) has been approved and successfully used for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. However, reports of daptomycin nonsusceptible (DNS) MRSA strains have emerged over the recent years. This study describes the clinical characteristics of patients with DNS MRSA bloodstream infections (BSIs) with the objective of identifying risk factors and outcomes. Methods This is a retrospective case–control study in a tertiary healthcare system in southeast Michigan. Cases included 34 patients with DNS MRSA BSI between September 24, 2005 and March 31, 2018. Cases were matched with controls with MRSA BSI based on age, source of BSI, and time-period of BSI in a 1:1 ratio. Charts were reviewed for clinical and laboratory data. Vancomycin (van) and dap minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by E-test. DNS was defined as an MIC >1.0 µg/mL. Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and t-test were used to determine statistical significance. Results In the case cohort, the source of BSI was endovascular in 11(32%) patients, central-line associated in 3(9%), secondary BSI in 13(38%), and unknown in 7(21%). Table 1 is a summary of the results. Conclusion Prior exposure to dap and van, and higher van MIC in MRSA isolates are risk factors for DNS MRSA BSI. DNS is associated with significantly higher risk of 90-day MRSA BSI recurrence. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Association Study of Microrna and Microrna-Biogenesis Gene Polymorphisms with Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) in Korean Population

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 3395-3395
Author(s):  
Nam Keun Kim ◽  
Young Joo Jeon ◽  
Moon Ju Jang ◽  
Doyeun Oh
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microrna Biogenesis

Abstract Abstract 3395 Venous thromboembolism (VTE), including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), represents a public health concern in Western and Asian countries. Venous thromboembolism often complicates the course of hospitalized patients but may also affect ambulatory and otherwise healthy people. The classic risk factors for VTE are cancer, surgery, prolonged immobilization, fracture, paralysis, oral contraceptive use, and hereditary coagulopathies. In addition to these classic risk factors, microparticle containing microRNA is a known risk factor for both arterial and venous thrombosis. The aim of study was to investigate genetic association between microRNAs or microRNA-biogenesis genes and VTE. We selected 6 well-studied polymorphisms of miR-146a (rs2910164), miR-196a2 (rs11614913), miR-499 (rs3746444), DICER (rs3742330), DROSHA (rs10719), and RAN (rs14035). Patients with consecutive VTE with recent (<6 months) objective diagnosis of DVT or PE, who visited to the CHA Bundang Medical Center (Seongnam, Korea) or Keimyung University hospital (Daegu, Korea) between May 2005 and December 2009, were enrolled in the study. We enrolled the patients with symptomatic VTE and excluded the patients with asymptomatic VTE. Venous thromboembolism was defined as provoked or unprovoked, depending on the presence or absence of any of the following risk factors: recent surgery (<3 months), recent trauma/fracture (<3 months), immobilization (>7 days), malignancy, stroke, severe medical disease, autoimmune disease, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, and known inherited thrombophilia. Venous thromboembolism was classified as provoked in the presence of at least one of these risk factors. The control group was selected among patients visiting the CHA Bundang Health Promotion Center for periodic health examinations, who had no medical history of VTE. The Institutional Review Board of CHA Bundang Medical Center approved the research protocol and written informed consent was obtained from all participating individuals. Genotyping of microRNA and microRNA-biogenesis gene polymorphisms was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate strength of association. The genetic distributions of microRNA and microRNA-biogenesis gene polymorphisms were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (Table 1). RAN rs14035 CC genotype was associated with increased VTE risk (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.640; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.106–2.432; P=0.014; Table 1). The statistical significance of RAN rs14035 CC was strengthened in unprovoked VTE patients (AOR, 2.478; 95% CI, 1.410–4.357; P=0.002; Table 2). Although other microRNA-related polymorphisms showed differences between controls and VTE patients, there were not positive statistical significances. In conclusion, RAN rs14035 CC may be a possible predisposing factor for VTE development. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Venous Thromboembolism and High Grade Gliomas

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (03) ◽  
pp. 393-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mandeep S Dhami ◽  
Robert D Bona ◽  
John A Calogero ◽  
Richard M Hellman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Bleeding Complications ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
High Grade Gliomas

SummaryA retrospective study was done to determine the incidence of and the risk factors predisposing to clinical venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients treated for high grade gliomas. Medical records of 68 consecutive patients diagnosed and treated at Saint Francis Hospital and Medical Center from January 1986 to June 1991 were reviewed. The follow up was to time of death or at least 6 months (up to December 1991). All clinically suspected episodes of VTE were confirmed by objective tests. Sixteen episodes of VTE were detected in 13 patients for an overall episode rate of 23.5%. Administration of chemotherapy (p = 0.027, two tailed Fisher exact test) and presence of paresis (p = 0.031, two tailed Fisher exact test) were statistically significant risk factors for the development of VTE. Thrombotic events were more likely to occur in the paretic limb and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.00049, chi square test, with Yates correction). No major bleeding complications were seen in the nine episodes treated with long term anticoagulation.We conclude that venous thromboembolic complications are frequently encountered in patients being treated for high grade gliomas and the presence of paresis and the administration of chemotherapy increases the risk of such complications.

Correlation of Metabolic Risk Factors with Sessile Serrated Lesions

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Melania Macarie ◽  
Simona Bataga ◽  
Simona Mocan ◽  
Monica Pantea ◽  
Razvan Opaschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Interval Cancer ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Right Colon ◽  
Serrated Lesions ◽  
The Right

Background and Aims: The importance of sessile serrated lesions (SSLs) in the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma has been recently established. These are supposed to cause the so-called “interval cancer”, having a rapidly progressive growth and being difficult to detect and to obtain an endoscopic complete resection. We aimed to establish the most important metabolic risk factors for sessile serrated lesions. Methods: We performed a retrospective case-control study, on a series of 2918 consecutive patients who underwent colonoscopy in Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, County Clinical Emergency Hospital, Târgu-Mureș, Romania between 1 st of January 2015-31 th of December 2017. In order to evaluate the metabolic risk factors for polyps’ development, enrolled participants were stratified in two groups, a study group, 33 patients with SSLs lesions, and a control group, 138 patients with adenomatous polyps, selected by systematic sampling for age and anatomical site. Independent variables investigated were: gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperuricemia, nonalcoholic liver disease. Results: For SSLs the most common encountered localization was the right colon in 30.55% of cases. By comparative bivariate analysis between SSLs group and control group, it was observed that hypertension (p=0.03, OR 2.33, 95 %CI 1.03-5.24), obesity (p=0.03, OR 2.61, 95 %CI 1.08-6.30), hyperuricemia (p=0.04, OR 2.72, 95 %CI 1.28-7.55), high cholesterol (p=0.002, OR 3.42; 95 %CI 1.48-7.87), and high triglycerides level (p=0.0006, OR 5.75; 95 %CI 1.92-17.2) were statistically associated with SSLs development. By multivariate analysis hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia retained statistical significance. Conclusions: Our study showed that the highest prevalence of SSLs was in the right colon and hypertension and increased triglycerides levels were associated with the risk of SSLs development. These risk factors are easy to detect in clinical practice and may help identifying groups with high risk for colorectal cancer, where screening is recommended.

scholarly journals The Predictive Value of the Mother’s Risk Factors in Formation of Fetal Developmental Delay

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 2333794X2199914
Author(s):  
Maka Chigladze
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Poor Nutrition

The research aimed at studying the mother’s social-hygienic and medical biological risk factors and determining their predictive value. The retrospective case-control study was conducted with 142 pregnant women participating in it. In the case group there were involved 92 mothers whose pregnancy was completed by the birth of a newborn baby suffering from the intrauterine growth restriction. The control group was made of 50 pregnant women, whose pregnancy was completed by the birth of a healthy neonate. The research resulted in specifying the risk factors of high priority: the low standards of living (OR 3.61), chronic stress (OR-3.06), sleeping disorder (OR-3.33) and poor nutrition (OR-3.81). As regards the coexisting pathology the following was revealed: endocrine pathology (OR-3.27), ischemic heart disease (OR-4.35), arterial hypertension (OR-6.47), iron deficiency anemia (OR-4.11), pathology of respiratory system (OR-3.42), chronic genital inflammatory and infectious processes. The preeclampsia (92%) and low amniotic fluid (89%) were detected to have the high predictive value. The awareness of risk factors allows us to employ the timely measures for the reduction of negative impact on the fetus and neonate.

Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Families with Inherited Thrombophilia

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (02) ◽  
pp. 198-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Simioni ◽  
Bernd-Jan Sanson ◽  
Daniela Tormene ◽  
Philip Friederich ◽  
Bruno Girolami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Factor V Leiden ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Relative Risks ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Use

SummaryThe risk of spontaneous or risk-period related venous thromboembolism in family members of symptomatic carriers of antithrombin (AT), protein C (PC) or protein S (PS) defects, as well as of the Factor V Leiden mutation is still undefined. We performed a retrospective cohort study in family members (n = 793) of unselected patients with a documented venous thromboembolism and one of these deficiencies to make an estimate of this risk. The annual incidences of total and spontaneous venous thromboembolic events in carriers of AT, PC or PS defects (n = 181) were 1.01% and 0.40%, respectively, as compared to 0.10% and 0.04% in non-carriers, respectively (relative risks both 10.6). In carriers of Factor V Leiden (n = 224), the annual incidences of total and spontaneous venous thromboembolism were 0.28% and 0.11%, respectively, as compared to 0.09% and 0.04% in non-carriers, respectively (relative risks 2.8 and 2.5). Additional risk factors (immobilisation, surgery and trauma; oral contraceptive use; and pregnancy/ post-partum) increased the risk of thrombosis in carriers of AT, PC and PS defects as compared to non-carriers (relative risks 8.3, 6.4 and 8.2, respectively). Oral contraceptive use and pregnancy/ post-partum period increased the risk of thrombosis in carriers of Factor V Leiden to 3.3-fold and 4.2-fold, respectively, whereas other risk factors had only a minor effect.These data lend some support to the practice of screening family members of symptomatic carriers of a AT, PC and PS deficiency. For family members of symptomatic carriers of Factor V Leiden, screening does not seem to be justified except for women in fertile age.

scholarly journals Risk factors for third- and fourth-degree perineal tears during vaginal delivery

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Leonard Juul ◽  
Gerhard B. Theron
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Shoulder Dystocia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Tertiary Referral Hospital ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Fourth Degree ◽  
Perineal Tears ◽  
Vaginal Deliveries ◽  
Hiv Negative

<strong>Objective</strong>. To identify risk factors for thirdand fourth-degree perineal tears, so as to anticipate and intervene in order to prevent this complication that can severely affect a woman’s quality of life. The study design was a retrospective case control study. <strong>Method</strong>. Ninety-three cases of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears were identified from the birth register of a tertiary referral hospital (Tygerberg Hospital). One hundred and nine patients with normal vaginal deliveries in the same time period were used as control group. <strong>Results</strong>. An analysis of the results revealed that there were no significant differences between cases and controls with regards to age, body mass index (BMI), gestation at delivery, duration of second stage, episiotomy and birth weight. However, there were significantly more primigravidas, assisted deliveries (forceps and vacuum), occipitoposterior positions, HIV negative patients and shoulder dystocia in the study group. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. Antenatal risk factors for thirdand fourth-degree tears are difficult to identify. However, intrapartum occipitoposterior and assisted deliveries, especially in the primigravid patient, should warn the obstetrician/ midwife about the risk of a severe tear. A restrictive episiotomy policy should be practiced. Shoulder dystocia was invariably associated with third- and fourth-degree tears in this study. The higher incidence of HIV negative patients in the study group requires further research.

scholarly journals Analisis Faktor Fetus dan Tali Pusat terhadap Risiko Asphyxia Perinatal di Surakarta

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Siti Lestari ◽  
Dyah Dwi Astuti ◽  
Fachriza Malika Ramadhani
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Perinatal Asphyxia ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Fetal Position ◽  
Control Study

Asfiksia perinatal merujuk pada kekurangan oksigen selama persalinan, sehingga berpotensi menyebabkan kematian dan kecacatan. WHO memperkirakan  4 juta anak terlahir dengan asfiksia setiap tahun, dimana 1 juta di antaranya meninggal dan 1 juta anak bertahan hidup dengan gejala sisa neurologis yang parah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor risiko fetal dan tali pusat pada asfiksia neonatal.Penelitian dilakukan di lakukan di RS Dr Moewardi Surakarta dengan pendekatan  quantitative retrospective case control study. Data diambil dari rekam medis antara  tahun 2013-2018. Penelitan ini melibatkan  264 neonatal yang terdiri dari 88 kelompok kasus dan 176  kelompok control. Kelompok kasus adalah bayi dengan diagnosa  asfiksia yang  dilakukan analisis terhadap faktor risiko fetal, sedangkan bayi yang tidak mengalami asfiksia dijadikan  kelompok kontrol. Hasil analisis statistik uji Chi-Square dan Fisher Exact ditemukan bahwa  kelahiran prematur (OR 2,07 CI 95% P 0,02), persalinan dengan tindakan (OR 3,61 CI 95% P 0,00), berat bayi (OR 2,85 CI 95% P 0,00), posisi janin (OR 2,37 CI 95% P 0,05), tali pusat ( QR 3,071 CI 95%  P 0,01)  berisiko terhadap insiden asfiksia perinatal. Air ketuban yang bercampur meconium (OR 1,51 CI 95% P 0,16) tidak memiliki risiko  dengan Asfiksia perinatal. Kesimpulan: Risiko terhadap insiden asfiksia perinatal  meliputi kelahiran prematur, persalinan dengan tindakan, berat bayi, posisi janin,  dan tali pusat.Perinatal asphyxia refers to a lack of oxygen during labor, which has the potential to cause death and disability. WHO estimates  4 million children born with asphyxia each year, in  which 1 million dies and 1 million survive with severe neurological sequelae. This study aims to analyze fetal and umbilical risk factors in neonatal asphyxia.This research is a quantitative retrospective case-control study, which was conducted at The Dr. Moewardi  hospital,  Surakarta. Data was taken from  medical records from 2013-2018. The case group was patients diagnosed  asphyxia, while those who did not experience asphyxia were treated as a control group.  A total of 264  samples, consisting of 88 case group respondents and 176 control group respondents. Statistical analysis Chi- Square and Fisher Exact found that preterm birth (OR 2.07 CI 95% P 0.02), labor with instrument or complication (OR 3.61 CI 95% P 0.00), infant weight (OR 2.85 CI 95% P 0, 00), fetal position (OR 2.37 CI 95% P 0.05), umbilical cord (QR 3.071 CI 95% P 0.01) are at risk for the incidence of perinatal Asphyxia. The amniotic fluid mixed with meconium (OR 1.51 CI 95% P 0.16) has no risk with perinatal asphyxia.The risk factors of incidences of perinatal asphyxia were  preterm birth, labor with instrument or complication, baby weight, fetal position and umbilical cord. 

Venous Thromboembolism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Z. Goldhaber
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Antithrombotic Agents ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Recurrent Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Deep Vein ◽  
D Dimer ◽  
In Pregnancy

Venous thromboembolism, which involves venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and is being seen with increasing frequency in outpatients. This chapter discusses the risk factors, etiology, classification, pathophysiology, natural history, prognosis, diagnosis (including venous thrombosis, recurrent venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism), prophylaxis, and treatment of venous thromboembolism (including the pharmacology of antithrombotic agents), as well as venous thromboembolism in pregnancy and miscellaneous thromboembolic disorders (including thrombosis of unusual sites).  This review contains 8 figures, 16 tables, and 79 references. Keywords: Venous thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, embolectomy, thrombolysis, hypercoagulability, duplex ultrasonography, D-dimer, anticoagulation

Randomized Controlled Trials of Headache Treatments in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa T. Bushman ◽  
Gabriella Cozzi ◽  
Rachel G. Sinkey ◽  
Catherine H. Smith ◽  
Michael W. Varner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
At Risk ◽  
English Language ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Headache Diagnosis ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
In Pregnancy

Abstract Objective Headaches affect 88% of reproductive-aged women. Yet data are limited addressing treatment of headache in pregnancy. While many women experience improvement in pregnancy, primary and secondary headaches can develop. Consequently, pregnancy is a time when headache diagnosis can influence maternal and fetal interventions. This study was aimed to summarize existing randomized control trials (RCTs) addressing headache treatment in pregnancy. Study Design We searched PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and SCOPUS from January 1, 1970 through June 31, 2019. Studies were eligible if they were English-language RCTs addressing treatment of headache in pregnancy. Conference abstracts and studies investigating postpartum headache were excluded. Three authors reviewed English-language RCTs addressing treatment of antepartum headache. To be included, all authors agreed each article to meet the following criteria: predefined control group, participants underwent randomization, and treatment of headache occurred in the antepartum period. If inclusion criteria were met no exclusions were made. Our systematic review registration number was CRD42019135874. Results A total of 193 studies were reviewed. Of the three that met inclusion criteria all were small, with follow-up designed to measure pain reduction and showed statistical significance. Conclusion Our systematic review of RCTs evaluating treatment of headache in pregnancy revealed only three studies. This paucity of data limits treatment, puts women at risk for worsening headache disorders, and delays diagnosis placing both the mother and fetus at risk for complications.

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