scholarly journals Analysis of furans and pyridines from new generation heated tobacco product in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanae Bekki ◽  
Shigehisa Uchiyama ◽  
Yohei Inaba ◽  
Akira Ushiyama
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Detailed Calculation ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Combining Information

Abstract Background In recent years, heated tobacco products (HTPs), which are widely used in Japan, have been sold by various brands using additives such as flavors. It has been reported that the components of mainstream smoke are different from those of conventional cigarettes. In this study, we established an analytical method for furans and pyridines in the mainstream smoke, which are characteristic of HTPs and particularly harmful among the generated components, and investigated the amount of component to which the smokers are exposed. Methods We established a simple analytical method for simultaneous analysis of gaseous and particulate compounds in the mainstream smoke of HTPs (IQOS, glo, ploom S) in Japan by combining a sorbent cartridge and glass fiber filter (Cambridge filter pad (CFP)). Both the sorbent cartridge and CFP were extracted using 2-propanol and analyzed via GC-MS/MS to determine the concentration of furans and pyridines generated from each HTP. Results The results showed that the levels of target furans such as furfural, 2-furanmethanol, 2(5H)-furanone, and 5-methylfurfural tended to be higher in the mainstream smoke of glo than in standard cigarettes (3R4F). Pyridine, which is generated at a high level in 3R4F as a combustion component, and 4-ethenylpyridine (EP), which is a known marker of environmental tobacco smoke, were detected. Among these components, 2-furanmethanol and pyridine are classified as Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Therefore, it is possible that they will contribute to the health effects caused by use of HTPs. Conclusions Using the new collection and analytical method for furans and pyridines in the mainstream smoke of HTPs, the level of each compound to which smokers are exposed could be clarified. By comprehensively combining information on the amount of ingredients and toxicity, it will be possible to perform a more detailed calculation of the health risks of using HTPs. In addition, the components detected in this study may be the causative substances of indoor pollution through exhaled smoke and sidestream smoke; therefore, environmental research on the chemicals generated from HTPs would be warranted in future studies.

scholarly journals Detecting and Quantifying Polyhaloaromatic Environmental Pollutants by Chemiluminescence-Based Analytical Method

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3365
Author(s):  
Ben-Zhan Zhu ◽  
Miao Tang ◽  
Chun-Hua Huang ◽  
Li Mao
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Method ◽  
Degradation Kinetics ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
System A ◽  
Quinoid Structure ◽  
Fenton System ◽  
Generating System ◽  
H2o2 System

Polyhaloaromatic compounds (XAr) are ubiquitous and recalcitrant in the environment. They are potentially carcinogenic to organisms and may induce serious risks to the ecosystem, raising increasing public concern. Therefore, it is important to detect and quantify these ubiquitous XAr in the environment, and to monitor their degradation kinetics during the treatment of these recalcitrant pollutants. We have previously found that unprecedented intrinsic chemiluminescence (CL) can be produced by a haloquinones/H2O2 system, a newly-found ●OH-generating system different from the classic Fenton system. Recently, we found that the degradation of priority pollutant pentachlorophenol by the classic Fe(II)-Fenton system could produce intrinsic CL, which was mainly dependent on the generation of chloroquinone intermediates. Analogous effects were observed for all nineteen chlorophenols, other halophenols and several classes of XAr, and a novel, rapid and sensitive CL-based analytical method was developed to detect these XAr and monitor their degradation kinetics. Interestingly, for those XAr with halohydroxyl quinoid structure, a Co(II)-mediated Fenton-like system could induce a stronger CL emission and higher degradation, probably due to site-specific generation of highly-effective ●OH. These findings may have broad chemical and environmental implications for future studies, which would be helpful for developing new analytical methods and technologies to investigate those ubiquitous XAr.

Robustness of HPHC Reduction in THS 2.2 Aerosol Relative to 3R4F Reference Cigarette Smoke under Extreme Climatic Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-126
Author(s):  
Laurent Poget ◽  
Catherine Goujon ◽  
Samuel Kleinhans ◽  
Serge Maeder ◽  
Jean-Pierre Schaller
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mainstream Smoke ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Puff Volume ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Health Canada

Summary In order to assess robustness for the reduction of harmful and potentially harmful constituent (HPHC) levels generated by the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS 2.2), a heated tobacco product, we compared the aerosol of this product with mainstream smoke from the 3R4F reference cigarette under different conditions of temperature and humidity. The desired climatic conditions were achieved by using an air-conditioning system coupled with the smoking-machine housing. Two extreme climatic conditions were selected, representing a “Hot and Dry” climate (30 °C and 35% relative humidity RH) and a “Hot and Very Humid” climate (30 °C and 75% RH). In addition, aerosol and smoke were generated using the standard conditions recognized for smoking-machine analyses of tobacco products (22 °C and 60% RH), which were close to the climatic conditions defined for “Subtropical and Mediterranean” environments (25 °C and 60% RH). The experimental conditions were chosen to simulate the use of THS 2.2 and cigarettes under extreme conditions of temperature and humidity. HeatSticks and cigarettes taken from freshly opened packs were subjected to short-term conditioning from two to a few more days under the same experimental conditions. We analyzed 54 HPHCs in THS 2.2 aerosol and 3R4F cigarette smoke, generated in accordance with the Health Canada Intense (HCI) standard, using modified temperature and humidity conditions for sample conditioning and machine-smoking experiments. We used a volume-adjusted approach for comparing HPHC reductions across the different climatic conditions investigated. Although a single puffing regimen was used, the total puff volume recorded for the 3R4F cigarette smoke varied due to the influence of temperature and humidity on combustion rate, which justified the use of a volume-adjusted approach. Volume-adjusted yields were derived from HPHC yields expressed in mass-per-tobacco stick normalized per total puff volume. The results indicated that, regardless of the considered climatic conditions, the HPHC levels investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol were reduced by at least 90%, on average, when compared with the concentrations in 3R4F cigarette mainstream smoke. This confirmed the robustness in performance for THS 2.2 to deliver reduced levels of HPHCs under the extreme climatic conditions investigated in this study. In order to further characterize the robustness of these reductions, the lowest reduction performance achieved for individual HPHCs across all climatic conditions was used to define the threshold for a robust reduction. The majority of the 54 HPHCs investigated in THS 2.2 aerosol showed more than 90% reduction. Calculations derived from nicotine-adjusted yields also confirmed robust reductions for all investigated HPHCs. The small differences in absolute reduction between the volume- and nicotine-adjusted approaches were predominantly attributed to a combination of the differences in both nominal nicotine deliveries and total puff volumes between THS 2.2 and 3R4F cigarettes; however, this did not influence the determination of robustness. Our findings confirm the value of this approach for assessing the robustness of a product’s performance under different climatic conditions.

scholarly journals SCREENING OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF POLLUTION WITH THE QGIS PLUGIN ENVIFATE

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W2 ◽  
pp. 79-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Geri ◽  
O. Cainelli ◽  
G. Salogni ◽  
P. Zatelli ◽  
M. Ciolli
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Atmospheric Dispersion ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Command Line ◽  
Screening Analysis ◽  
High Level ◽  
The University

Public and academic interest in environmental pollution caused by toxic substances and other sources, like noise, is constantly raising. To protect public health and ecosystems it is necessary to maintain the concentrations of pollutants below a safety threshold. In this context the development of models able to assess environmental pollution impact has been identified as a priority for future research. Scientific community has therefore produced many predictive models in the field. The vast majority of them needs to be run by specialists with a deep technical knowledge of the modeled phenomena in order to process the data and understand the results and it is not feasible to use this models for simple prescreening activities. Planners, evaluators and technical operators need reliable, usable and simple tools in order to carry out screening analysis of impact assessment. <br><br> The ENVIFATE software is currently under development by the Department of Civil, environmental and mechanical engineering of the University of Trento, Italy, in the frame of a project funded by the Italian Veneto Region with the aim to make available to nonspecialists screening analysis to assess the risks of a set of possible environmental pollution sources in protected areas. <br><br> The development of ENVIFATE follows these basic requirements: i) Open-Source ii) multiplatform iii) user friendly iv) GIS oriented. In order to respect these principles we have chosen to develop a plugin of QGIS, using python as a development language and creating a module for each environmental compartment analyzed: rivers, lakes, atmospheric dispersion, dispersion in groundwater and noise. <br><br> The plugin architecture is composed of a series of core functions characterized by command line interfaces that can be called from third-party applications (such as Grass GIS), connectable in custom data flows and with a high level of modularity and scalability. The base of the different models are highly tested and reliable algorithms adopted by the Italian Institute for Protection and Environmental Research (Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale – ISPRA). Due to their simplicity, and for safety reasons, the structure of these models is constrained to provide conservative results, so to overestimate actual risk. This approach allows to provide statistically validated instruments to be used in different environmental contexts. All modules of the plugin provide numerical and cartographical results: in particular the command-line interface provides "static" results, or linked to a particular spatial and temporal state, while the Qgis plugins iterate the single analysis along space and time in order to provide georeferenced maps and time distributed results.

scholarly journals Health risks and legal aspects of non-alcoholic drinks safe consumption

2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
T.V. Adamchuk ◽  
S.M. Kuzminskiy ◽  
Т.О. Shchutska
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Energy Drinks ◽  
Energy Drink ◽  
Legal Aspects ◽  
International Agency ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Safety Concerns ◽  
High Level

Objective of the Work. Conduct an analysis of the safety studies of the major energy drink components carried out by various international scientific institutions. Compare European and Ukrainian legislation on the regulation of safe energy drink consumption. Methods and Materials. Analysis of scientific literature, as well as European and Ukrainian regulations on the safety and regulation of energy drinks. Results and Discussion. Non-alcoholic beverage is one that, due to its special component, activates the physiological functions of the human body. Its main components are caffeine, taurine, glucuronolactone, ginseng extracts, guarana and vitamin B complex. Caffeine safety assessment has been carried out by many scientific organizations. In 1991, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) concluded that caffeine was not classified as a human carcinogen. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has conducted a comprehensive and in-depth study on the safety of caffeine. The main findings of this study are: single doses of caffeine up to 200 mg (about 3 mg / kg body weight for an adult weighing 70 kg) do not cause safety concerns, regular caffeine intake up to 400 mg per day does not cause safety concerns for nonpregnant adults, regular caffeine intake of up to 200 mg daily by pregnant women does not cause fetal safety concerns, breastfeeding women do not raise infant safety concerns; for adolescents, caffeine intake in amounts that do not cause fears for adult caffeine intake (3 mg / kg body weight per day) may serve as a basis for determining safe single doses of caffeine and its daily intake, other components of energy drinks in concentrations typical of such drinks (about 300-320, 4000 and 2400 mg / l of caffeine, taurine and D-glucuronyl-γ-lactone, respectively), and also alcohol at doses up to 0.65 g / kg body weight do not affect the safety of receiving single doses of caffeine (up to 200 mg). Conclusions. The essential requirements governing the safe consumption of energy drinks relate to their labeling. In order to achieve a high level of consumer health protection, to guarantee their rights to obtain reliable information, to enable them to make a conscious choice of safe products for them, energy drink manufacturers should inform consumers about their products and the need to comply with the recommended consumption of these drinks. Key Words: energy drinks, caffeine, safety, risks, marking.

scholarly journals Field (In)dependence Flexibility Following a Virtual Immersion Is Associated With Cybersickness and Sense of Presence

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Maneuvrier ◽  
L. M. Decker ◽  
P. Renaud ◽  
G. Ceyte ◽  
H. Ceyte
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
A Posteriori ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Rod And Frame Test ◽  
Rod And Frame

Field dependence–independence (FDI) is a psychological construct determining an individual’s approach of the perception–cognition coupling. In virtual reality (VR) context, several studies suggest that an individual’s perceptive style is susceptible to shift toward a more FI mode through down-weighting of conflicting visual cues. The present study proposes to investigate the potential flexible nature of FDI following a virtual immersion and to assess if this flexibility might be associated with the subjective experience of VR. 86 participants explored a real-world–like virtual environment for approximately 10 min. FDI levels were measured before and after the VR exposure using the rod-and-frame test. Their subjective experience of VR was measured a posteriori (cybersickness and sense of presence) and used in order to build two experimental groups via a cluster analysis. The results showed that only participants with a poor subjective experience of VR (i.e., a low level of sense of presence associated with a high level of cybersickness) significantly shifted to a more FI mode, which is discussed as a sensory re-weighting mechanism. Pragmatical applications are discussed, and future studies are outlined, based on the conclusion that FDI might be more flexible than we thought, which could shed light on the psychophysiology of VR.

THE ELABORATION OF A THERAPEUTIC COMPLEX FOR UNSTABLE STENOCARDIA WITH THE TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS BACKGROUND WITH ACCOMPANYING HYPERVENTILATIVE SYNDROME: ANALYSIS OF CLINIC-CARDIOLOGY AND RESPIRATORY-METABOLICPARAMETERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Никита Игоревич Воронин ◽  
Дмитрий Сергеевич Кузнецов
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Hyperventilation Syndrome ◽  
Practical Development ◽  
Concomitant Condition ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Generation

В статье представлены данные оригинального исследования по созданию терапевтического комплекса, направленного на улучшение интенсивного лечения нозологической ассоциации «нестабильная стенокардия (в качестве основного заболевания) + сахарный диабет второго типа (в качестве фоновой патологии) + гипервентиляционный синдром (в качестве сопутствующего состояния)». Разработанный комплекс основан на контролируемом изменении вспомогательной респираторной оксигенации «в сторону уменьшения» при условии обязательного дополнения базисной фармакотерапии сбалансированной комбинацией препаратов антигипоксического действия и дезагрегантом нового поколения. Проведено сравнительное исследование двух групп тематических пациентов - с применением разработанного комплекса и с использованием «традиционного подхода». Изучены ключевые параметры клинического кардиологического и респираторно-метаболического статуса пациентов. При использовании разработанного терапевтического комплекса по сравнению с «традиционным подходом» установлено принципиальное улучшение параметров клинико-кардиологического статуса при сохранении параметров респираторно-метаболического статуса в пределах адаптивных и безопасных значений. Полученные результаты имеют высокий уровень статистической значимости. Это доказало достаточную обоснованность авторской научно-практической разработки. Представленные в статье данные отличает новизна и практическая применимость, что позволяет рекомендовать их к дальнейшему использованию в практике специалистов клиники внутренних болезней The article presents the data of the original research on the creation of a therapeutic complex aimed at improving the intensive treatment of the nosological association «unstable angina pectoris (as the main disease) + type 2 diabetes mellitus (as a background pathology) + hyperventilation syndrome (as a concomitant condition)». The developed complex is based on a controlled change in auxiliary respiratory oxygenation «downward», provided that basic pharmacotherapy must be supplemented with a balanced combination of antihypoxic drugs and a new generation of antiaggregants. A comparative study of two groups of thematic patients was carried out - using the developed complex and using the «traditional approach». The key parameters of the clinical cardiological and respiratorymetabolic status of patients were studied. When using the developed therapeutic complex in comparison with the «traditional approach», a fundamental improvement in the parameters of the clinical and cardiological status was established while maintaining the parameters of the respiratory and metabolic status within the adaptive and safe values. The results obtained have a high level of statistical significance. This proved the sufficient validity of the author's scientific and practical development. The data presented in the article are distinguished by novelty and practical applicability, which makes it possible to recommend them for further use in the practice of specialists in the clinic of internal diseases

Higher-level geophysical modelling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Nuterman ◽  
Dion Häfner ◽  
Markus Jochum
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Programming Languages ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Model Code ◽  
Building Models ◽  
Fortran Implementation ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Generation

&lt;p&gt;Until recently, our pure Python, primitive equation ocean model Veros&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;has been about 1.5x slower than a corresponding Fortran implementation.&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;But thanks to a thriving scientific and machine learning library&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;ecosystem, tremendous speed-ups on GPU, and to a lesser degree CPU, are&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;within reach. Leveraging Google's JAX library, we find that our Python&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;model code can reach a 2-5 times higher energy efficiency on GPU&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;compared to a traditional Fortran model.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Therefore, we propose a new generation of geophysical models: One that&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;combines high-level abstractions and user friendliness on one hand, and&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;that leverages modern developments in high-performance computing and&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;machine learning research on the other hand.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We discuss what there is to gain from building models in high-level&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;programming languages, what we have achieved in Veros, and where we see&amp;#160;&lt;br&gt;the modelling community heading in the future.&lt;/p&gt;

A Next Generation of IT

2020 ◽  
pp. 2048-2071
Author(s):  
Anthony J. Mallia
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Web ◽  
Health Record ◽  
Snomed Ct ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Generation Computing ◽  
Wiki Technology ◽  
Hl7 Fhir ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Semantic Mediawiki

A potential new generation computing environment is emerging which combines wiki technology with semantic web concepts. This has brought about the fusion of the wiki execution ecosystem, a semantic web for model-driven applications, and a high-level language as an extension to wiki text for accelerated development. Semantic MediaWiki provides this platform and a fragment of a health record, including allergy intolerance as structured in HL7 FHIR with terminology bindings to SNOMED CT and to HL7 terminologies was developed by the author in a short timeframe (approximately 10 hours). The system navigates around the health record and controls the entry of terms in the record from controlled ValueSets. All terminologies and ValueSets are integrated into the prototype.

Сurrent trends of professional training for future specialists in public administration

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Юліана МАЛИК
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Management Communication ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Generation

One of the most important terms for the development of modern Ukrainian society is the need for training such experts in any field, which are able to carry out their professional activity effectively, especially in conditions of the constant changes in the social and economic environment. Reforms in many spheres of Ukrainian society's life cause the needs for highly qualified specialists of the new generation who, after graduating from higher education establishments, receive, in addition to deep theoretical knowledge, practical training for performing high-level professional activities that will lead Ukraine to new world standards. Thus, in this article author exposes current tendencies of professional training for specialists in public administration. The professional activity of managers in any field is considered as a system of actions aimed at solving professional tasks within the framework of management communication. The author emphasizes that taking into account the current trends that have been studied in this scientific work, it is important to notice that the field of public administration is a complex formation of interrelated elements and the effectiveness of this will depend on a qualitative system of professional training for future specialists.

Amalan Syura Dalam Kalangan Guru Besar Dan Hubungannya Terhadap Komitmen Kerja Guru

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhana Abd Hamid ◽  
Ahmad Marzuki Mohamad
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
School Achievement ◽  
Reliability Assessment ◽  
Work Commitment ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
High Level ◽  
Is Design

This study is design to  investigate the implementation of the shura among headmasters that’s influence teachers’ work commitment, and to examine the shura element asli predictability of teachers’ work commitment. This study uses quantitative methods involving 200 respondents among teachers from 23 grade A schools in Johor Bahru. The overall analysis of questionnaire data obtained Cronbach alpha value of 0.946, which showed the highest level of reliability assessment and fulfilling the needs of this study. The data is analys using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) 22.0. Overall finding shows the implementation of the practice of shura is in a high level, which should be carried out among the teachers. Referring to the second objectives of this study, the analysis proves that elements of the shura; openness, consensus, trust, and trust able to predict work commitments. Based on this result, it can be understood that the elements of the shura competent to improve future teachers’work commitments. It is recommended, for future studies to the investiage the practice of shura in relation with the job satisfaction and school achievement in education. The findings of this study are expected to generate knowledge and understanding in leadership based on a broad practice of shura.

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