scholarly journals Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals that chlorophyll metabolism contributes to leaf color changes in wucai (Brassica campestris L.) in response to cold

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingyun Yuan ◽  
Liting Zhang ◽  
Ying Wu ◽  
Yushan Zheng ◽  
Libing Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Brassica Campestris ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Leaf Phenotype

Abstract Background Chlorophyll (Chl) is a vital photosynthetic pigment involved in capturing light energy and energy conversion. In this study, the color conversion of inner-leaves from green to yellow in the new wucai (Brassica campestris L.) cultivar W7–2 was detected under low temperature. The W7–2 displayed a normal green leaf phenotype at the seedling stage, but the inner leaves gradually turned yellow when the temperature was decreased to 10 °C/2 °C (day/night), This study facilitates us to understand the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying leaf color changes in response to low temperature. Results A comparative leaf transcriptome analysis of W7–2 under low temperature treatment was performed on three stages (before, during and after leaf color change) with leaves that did not change color under normal temperature at the same period as a control. A total of 67,826 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in porphyrin and Chl metabolism, carotenoids metabolism, photosynthesis, and circadian rhythm. In the porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolic pathways, the expression of several genes was reduced [i.e. magnesium chelatase subunit H (CHLH)] under low temperature. Almost all genes [i.e. phytoene synthase (PSY)] in the carotenoids (Car) biosynthesis pathway were downregulated under low temperature. The genes associated with photosynthesis [i.e. photosystem II oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1 (PsbO)] were also downregulated under LT. Our study also showed that elongated hypocotyl5 (HY5), which participates in circadian rhythm, and the metabolism of Chl and Car, is responsible for the regulation of leaf color change and cold tolerance in W7–2. Conclusions The color of inner-leaves was changed from green to yellow under low temperature in temperature-sensitive mutant W7–2. Physiological, biochemical and transcriptomic studies showed that HY5 transcription factor and the downstream genes such as CHLH and PSY, which regulate the accumulation of different pigments, are required for the modulation of leaf color change in wucai under low temperature.

scholarly journals Simultaneous changes in anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoid contents produce green variegation in pink–leaved ornamental kale

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Xin Feng ◽  
Yuting Zhang ◽  
Fuhui Zhou ◽  
Pengfang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Leaf Coloration ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Ornamental Kale

Abstract Background Anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and carotenoid pigments are widely distributed in plants, producing various colors. Ornamental kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC) which has colorful inner leaves is an ideal plant to explore how these three pigments contribute to leaf color. The molecular mechanisms of the coloration in ornamental kale could provide reference for exploring the mechanisms of pigmentation in other plants. Results In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome and determined the pigment contents of an unusual cultivar of ornamental kale with three different types of leaf coloration: pink (C3), light pink (C2), and variegated pink–green (C1). A total of 23,965 differentially expressed genes were detected in pairwise comparisons among the three types of leaves. The results indicate that Bo9g058630 coding dihydroflavonol 4–reductase (DFR) and Bo3g019080 coding shikimate O–hydroxycinnamoyltransferase (HCT) acted in anthocyanin biosynthesis in pink leaves. Bo1g053420 coding pheophorbidase (PPD) and Bo3g012430 coding 15–cis–phytoene synthase (crtB) were identified as candidate genes for chlorophyll metabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis, respectively. The transcription factors TT8, MYBL2, GATA21, GLK2, and RR1 might participate in triggering the leaf color change in ornamental kale. Anthocyanin content was highest in C3 and lowest in C1. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were lowest in C2 and highest in C1. Conclusions Based on these findings, we suspected that the decrease in anthocyanin biosynthesis and the increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid biosynthesis might be the reason for the leaf changing from pink to variegate pink–green in this unusual cultivar. Our research provides insight into the molecular mechanisms of leaf coloration in ornamental kale, contributing to a theoretical foundation for breeding new varieties.

scholarly journals 621 Effects of Shading Levels on Seasonal Leaf Color in Fire Power Nandina

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 554E-554
Author(s):  
Leiah M. Butler ◽  
William F. Hayslett ◽  
Robert Harrison
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
In Fire ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Ornamental Shrub ◽  
Deep Green

A 24-month experiment was conducted to study the effects of shading levels on the foliage color changes in Fire Power Nandinas. This popular ornamental shrub is the dwarf form of the Heavenly Bamboo, Nandina domestica. It originated in New Zealand, and has vivid green leaf color in the spring and summer months that changes to a fluorescent red as winter approaches. In this experiment light was limited by covering the plots with black woven shadecloth of 43% and 78% shade, while allowing the control plots to receive full sunlight. Fifteen shrubs from each plot were randomly selected and 10 leaves per plant in each treatment were taken at 28-day intervals. The leaf color was recorded using a camera attached to a microscope. The results from this study indicate that changes in leaf color may be affected by the change of the seasons. The level of light/shade that the plants receive may also affect leaf color. The control group turned a bright fluorescent red, the 43% shade turned a deep red, and the 78% shade remained a deep green with few leaves turning red. Based on the different hues observed, this research indicates that limiting light has a direct effect on leaf color in this species. The correlation between the amount of sunlight received and the season of the year are the two factors that determine the degree of color change in this ornamental shrub.

scholarly journals Comparative Proteomic Analysis by iTRAQ Reveals that Plastid Pigment Metabolism Contributes to Leaf Color Changes in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) during Curing

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengjiang Wu ◽  
Yushuang Guo ◽  
Muhammad Faheem Adil ◽  
Shafaque Sehar ◽  
Bin Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotiana Tabacum ◽  
Proteomic Analysis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Agricultural Crop ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Chlorophyll Metabolism ◽  
Tobacco Leaves ◽  
Carotenoid Metabolism ◽  
Proteomic Approach

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), is a world’s major non-food agricultural crop widely cultivated for its economic value. Among several color change associated biological processes, plastid pigment metabolism is of trivial importance in postharvest plant organs during curing and storage. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in carotenoid and chlorophyll metabolism, as well as color change in tobacco leaves during curing, need further elaboration. Here, proteomic analysis at different curing stages (0 h, 48 h, 72 h) was performed in tobacco cv. Bi’na1 with an aim to investigate the molecular mechanisms of pigment metabolism in tobacco leaves as revealed by the iTRAQ proteomic approach. Our results displayed significant differences in leaf color parameters and ultrastructural fingerprints that indicate an acceleration of chloroplast disintegration and promotion of pigment degradation in tobacco leaves due to curing. In total, 5931 proteins were identified, of which 923 (450 up-regulated, 452 down-regulated, and 21 common) differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained from tobacco leaves. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of pigment metabolism and color change, 19 DEPs involved in carotenoid metabolism and 12 DEPs related to chlorophyll metabolism were screened. The results exhibited the complex regulation of DEPs in carotenoid metabolism, a negative regulation in chlorophyll biosynthesis, and a positive regulation in chlorophyll breakdown, which delayed the degradation of xanthophylls and accelerated the breakdown of chlorophylls, promoting the formation of yellow color during curing. Particularly, the up-regulation of the chlorophyllase-1-like isoform X2 was the key protein regulatory mechanism responsible for chlorophyll metabolism and color change. The expression pattern of 8 genes was consistent with the iTRAQ data. These results not only provide new insights into pigment metabolism and color change underlying the postharvest physiological regulatory networks in plants, but also a broader perspective, which prompts us to pay attention to further screen key proteins in tobacco leaves during curing.

scholarly journals Keragaan Anggrek Persilangan ♀ Vanda Celebica X ♂ Vanda Dearei Hasil Iradiasi Sinar Gamma

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Sri Hartati ◽  
Ahmad Yunus ◽  
Fajar Nugroho
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Dose Irradiation ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Irradiation Treatment ◽  
Gamma Ray Irradiation

<p>Variation on orchid is an advantage that allows plant as breeding material. Orchid in plant breeding has a target to increase plant genetic diversity character who favored by the consumer. Efforts to increase genetic diversity among others by artificial mutation using gamma ray irradiation. This research aims to study the influence of gamma ray irradiation dose against the performance of morphology and growth of crossbred orchids ♀Vanda celebica x ♂Vanda dearei. Research using completely randomized design single factor that is dose gamma ray irradiation 0 Gray, 10 Gray, 20 Gray, 30 Gray, 40 Gray and 50 Gray. Data were analyzed descriptively, compared plant irradiation treatments with control plants to determine the effect of irradiation on morphology and growth plant. The results showed dose irradiation treatment increased the diversity of plant height, leaf amount, leaf length, leaf color changes, the amount and length of roots. 10 Gray dose irradiation increases as height and length plant leave. 30 Gray dose irradiation increase in the number of leaves. Leaf color change occurs at 20 irradiation treatments Gray and 50 Gray.</p>

Regulatory mechanisms of leaf color change in Acer pictum subsp. mono

Genome ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 793-805
Author(s):  
Wei Ge ◽  
Xiaoxiao Wang ◽  
Jianyi Li ◽  
Wenpeng Zhu ◽  
Jinteng Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigment ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Green Leaves

Acer pictum subsp. mono is a colored leaf tree with vital ornamental and economic value. However, insufficient color change and early leaf fall in cities restrict its ornamental value. In this research, green and red leaves from wild A. p. subsp. mono were collected to study the regulatory mechanisms of leaf color change. Through the determination of plant physiological indexes, we found that the photosynthetic pigment content in red leaves decreased significantly compared with green leaves, while the anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity increased significantly compared with green leaves during the leaf color change process. Using transcriptome sequencing, we found more than 5500 differentially expressed genes, most of which were up-regulated. Many of the differentially expressed genes are involved in the anthocyanin metabolic pathway. The expression patterns of 15 key genes were investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Among these genes, AmDFR and PAL1 are significant genes involved in the anthocyanin metabolic pathway, and CIPKs2, CIPKs6, CMLs1, CMLs38, AmGST1, AmGST2, GPX3, CBF, AmAPX, AmSOD, POD5, AmGR, and PSBY might be stress response genes that indirectly regulated the anthocyanin accumulation. The results showed that these genes play vital roles in the leaf color change of A. p. subsp. mono. This research will be helpful in further study of the molecular regulatory mechanisms of leaf color change and for the improvement of colored leaf plants.

scholarly journals Investigation of the selective color-changing mechanism of Dynastes tityus beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyu Sun ◽  
Wei Wu ◽  
Limei Tian ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Fang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Photonic Materials ◽  
Local Color ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Color Changes

AbstractNot only does the Dynastes tityus beetle display a reversible color change controlled by differences in humidity, but also, the elytron scale can change color from yellow-green to deep-brown in specified shapes. The results obtained by focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), show that the epicuticle (EPI) is a permeable layer, and the exocuticle (EXO) is a three-dimensional photonic crystal. To investigate the mechanism of the reversible color change, experiments were conducted to determine the water contact angle, surface chemical composition, and optical reflectance, and the reflective spectrum was simulated. The water on the surface began to permeate into the elytron via the surface elemental composition and channels in the EPI. A structural unit (SU) in the EXO allows local color changes in varied shapes. The reflectance of both yellow-green and deep-brown elytra increases as the incidence angle increases from 0° to 60°. The microstructure and changes in the refractive index are the main factors that influence the process of reversible color change. According to the simulation, the lower reflectance causing the color change to deep-brown results from water infiltration, which increases light absorption. Meanwhile, the waxy layer has no effect on the reflection of light. This study lays the foundation to manufacture engineered photonic materials that undergo controllable changes in iridescent color.

scholarly journals Effect of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes on the leaf color in Hosta (Hosta plantaginea Aschers) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingying Zhang ◽  
Changhai Sui ◽  
Huimin Liu ◽  
Jinjiao Chen ◽  
Zhilin Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Antioxidant Capacity ◽  
Aminolevulinic Acid ◽  
Chlorophyll Biosynthesis ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Virus Induced Gene Silencing ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Light Intensities ◽  
Structure Changes

Abstract Background ‘Regal Splendour’ (Hosta variety) is famous for its multi-color leaves, which are useful resources for exploring chloroplast development and color changes. The expressions of chlorophyll biosynthesis-related genes (HrHEMA, HrPOR and HrCAO) in Hosta have been demonstrated to be associated with leaf color. Herein, we isolated, sequenced, and analyzed HrHEMA, HrPOR and HrCAO genes. Subcellular localization was also performed to determine the location of the corresponding enzymes. After plasmid construction, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) was carried out to reduce the expressions of those genes. In addition, HrHEMA-, HrPOR- and HrCAO-overexpressing tobacco plants were made to verify the genes function. Changes of transgenic tobacco were recorded under 2000 lx, 6000 lx and 10,000 lx light intensity. Additionally, the contents of enzyme 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), porphobilinogen (PBG), chlorophyll a and b (Chla and Chlb), carotenoid (Cxc), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro) and catalase (CAT) under different light intensities were evaluated. Results The silencing of HrHEMA, HrPOR and HrCAO genes can induce leaf yellowing and chloroplast structure changes in Hosta. Specifically, leaves of Hosta with HrCAO silencing were the most affected, while those with HrPOR silencing were the least affected. Moreover, all three genes in tobacco were highly expressed, whereas no expression was detected in wild-type (WT). However, the sensitivities of the three genes to different light intensities were different. The highest expression level of HrHEMA and HrPOR was detected under 10,000 lx of illumination, while HrCAO showed the highest expression level under 6000 lx. Lastly, the 5-ALA, Chla, Cxc, SOD, POD, MDA, Pro and CAT contents in different transgenic tobaccos changed significantly under different light intensities. Conclusion The overexpression of these three genes in tobacco enhanced photosynthesis by accumulating chlorophyll content, but the influential level varied under different light intensities. Furthermore, HrHEMA-, HrPOR- and HrCAO- overexpressing in tobacco can enhance the antioxidant capacity of plants to cope with stress under higher light intensity. However, under lower light intensity, the antioxidant capacity was declined in HrHEMA-, HrPOR- and HrCAO- overexpressing tobaccos.

scholarly journals Characterization of Food Packaging Films with Blackcurrant Fruit Waste as a Source of Antioxidant and Color Sensing Intelligent Material

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2569
Author(s):  
Mia Kurek ◽  
Nasreddine Benbettaieb ◽  
Mario Ščetar ◽  
Eliot Chaudy ◽  
Maja Repajić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Packaging ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Chitosan Film ◽  
Water Vapor Permeability ◽  
Vapor Permeability ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Insoluble Particles ◽  
Polymer Stability ◽  
Food Packaging Films

Chitosan and pectin films were enriched with blackcurrant pomace powder (10 and 20% (w/w)), as bio-based material, to minimize food production losses and to increase the functional properties of produced films aimed at food coatings and wrappers. Water vapor permeability of active films increased up to 25%, moisture content for 27% in pectin-based ones, but water solubility was not significantly modified. Mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break and Young’s modulus) were mainly decreased due to the residual insoluble particles present in blackcurrant waste. FTIR analysis showed no significant changes between the film samples. The degradation temperatures, determined by DSC, were reduced by 18 °C for chitosan-based samples and of 32 °C lower for the pectin-based samples with blackcurrant powder, indicating a disturbance in polymer stability. The antioxidant activity of active films was increased up to 30-fold. Lightness and redness of dry films significantly changed depending on the polymer type. Significant color changes, especially in chitosan film formulations, were observed after exposure to different pH buffers. This effect is further explored in formulations that were used as color change indicators for intelligent biopackaging.

scholarly journals Effects of Nocturnal UV-B Irradiation on Growth, Flowering, and Phytochemical Concentration in Leaves of Greenhouse-Grown Red Perilla

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1252
Author(s):  
Hideo Yoshida ◽  
Tatsuru Nishikawa ◽  
Shoko Hikosaka ◽  
Eiji Goto
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Intensity ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Leaf Color ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fluorescent Lamps ◽  
Phenotypic Quality ◽  
Intermittent Illumination

In Japan, red perilla leaves are used in the food and coloring industries, as well as in crude medicine. Perilla leaves contain a high concentration of phytochemicals such as perillaldehyde (PA) and rosmarinic acid (RA). The effects of UV-B radiation intensity (0.05–0.2 W m−2, UV-BBE: 0.041–0.083 W m−2), duration (3 or 6 h), and irradiation method (continuous or intermittent) for artificial nocturnal lighting using UV-B fluorescent lamps were evaluated on growth, flowering, and leaf phytochemical concentration in greenhouse-grown perilla. Under continuous UV-B irradiation at 0.1 W m−2 for 3 or 6 h, leaf color changed from red to green and leaf fresh weight decreased, compared with the control treatment. No leaf color change was observed under the 3-h treatment with UV-B radiation at 0.05 W m−2, wherein leaf fresh weight was similar to that of the control. Furthermore, RA concentration under continuous UV-B irradiation at 0.05 W m−2 for 3 h increased two-fold compared to that under control treatment, while PA concentration was not affected by UV-B irradiation. Thus, our data showed that continuous UV-B irradiation at 0.05 W m−2 for 3 h could effectively produce RA-rich perilla leaves without reducing in phenotypic quality or productivity. However, a 6-h intermittent illumination inhibited flowering without altering phytochemical concentration.

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