Determination of antibiotic resistance sensitivity of Aeromonas sobria isolated from Green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus)

Motil Aeromonas species are responsible for the formation of significant hemorrhagic septicemia in freshwater fish. Aeromonas are characteristic freshwater bacteria. They are often found in the ecosystem due to their being mobile. It is pathogenic in water, in various water creatures and in humans. In this study, it was determined that the bacterial strains obtained from Green terror (Andinoacara rivulatus) were Gram-negative, rod-shaped. VITEK-2 compact system is used for identification. Species have been identified as Aeromonas sobria. Aeromonas isolates were evaluated by 12 different antimicrobial agents in antimicrobial activity against the disk diffusion method. While cefquinome was found to be the most effective in the tested antimicrobials, the lowest sensitivity was determined against trimethoprim / sulphamethoxazole.

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SEARCH FOR ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS: QUINOXALINE AS A PROMISING TARGET

INDIAN DRUGS ◽

10.53879/id.54.07.10919 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 54 (07) ◽

pp. 5-9

Author(s):

R. G Ingle ◽

◽

S. J. Wadher

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli ◽

Promising Target ◽

Quinoxaline Derivatives

A set of ten new 2,3-diphenyl-6-sulfonamido quinoxaline derivatives was synthesized and screened for antimicrobial activity by disk diffusion method. Test derivatives R3, R5, R’’1 and R’’2 show promising results against bacterial strains S. aureus gram positive and E. coli gram negative organism with the concentration 1000 μg/mL in disk diffusion method. Rest of the derivatives show sensitivity against the same organisms. All the synthesized derivatives were confirmed by their spectral data.

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Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from pigs with respiratory clinical signs in Brazil

Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science ◽

10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2020.160956 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 57 (1) ◽

pp. e160956

Author(s):

Maysa Serpa ◽

Juliana Amália Fonte Bôa do Nascimento ◽

Mirian Fátima Alves ◽

Maria Isabel Maldonado Coelho Guedes ◽

Adrienny Trindade Reis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Great Level ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Pig Farms

Antimicrobial resistance is a current and important issue to public health, and it is usually associated with the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in bacterial isolates from pigs with clinical respiratory signs in Brazil. One hundred sixty bacterial strains isolated from pigs from 51 pig farms in Brazil were studied. In vitro disk-diffusion method was employed using 14 antimicrobial agents: amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol, lincomycin, and sulfadiazine/trimethoprim. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent (98.75%; 158/160), while 31.25% (50/160) of the strains were multidrug resistant. Streptococcus suis and Bordetella bronchiseptica were the pathogens that showed higher resistance levels. Haemophilus parasuis showed high resistance levels to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (9/18=50%). We observed that isolates from the midwestern and southern regions exhibited four times greater chance of being multidrug resistant than the isolates from the southeastern region studied. Overall, the results of the present study showed a great level of resistance to lincomycin, erythromycin, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and tetracycline among bacterial respiratory pathogens isolated from pigs in Brazil. The high levels of antimicrobial resistance in swine respiratory bacterial pathogens highlight the need for the proper use of antimicrobials in Brazilian pig farms.

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Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from oral and topical medicaments from Hilla, Iraq

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.1817 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 6 (06) ◽

pp. 489-494 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alaa Hani Al-Charrakh

Keyword(s):

High Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Pharmaceutical Products ◽

High Rate ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Beta Lactam Antibiotics

Introduction: The presence of microorganisms in pharmaceuticals is undesirable because they may cause spoilage of the product and may present an infection hazard to the consumers or patients. Methodology: A total of 102 samples of oral and topical non-sterile pharmaceutical products were collected at random from different drug houses and pharmacies in Iraq, to investigate the microbial contamination of these products. Bacterial isolates recovered from these medicaments were subjected to susceptibility testing against various antibiotics by disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards (CLSI) guidelines. Results: The results revealed that the occurrence of Gram-positive bacteria was in oral and topical medicaments while Gram-negative bacteria were only detected in topical medicaments. More than 58% of Bacillus isolates were resistant to lincomycin and Bacillus mycoides isolates were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Staphylococcus spp. showed a relatively high resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. S. epidermidis had the highest number of multi-resistant isolates. Furthermore, 87.5% of isolated Gram-negative rods showed high resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and 75% of them were highly resistant to erythromycin. One isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant among all Gram-negative rod isolates. Conclusion: The high rate of resistance to antimicrobial agents of bacterial isolates recovered from oral and topical medicaments in this study may indicate a widespread antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolated from different sources, including those of anthropological and environmental origin.

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In vitro Antibacterial Activity of 7-Substituted-6-Fluoroquinolone and 7-Substituted-6,8-Difluoroquinolone Derivatives

Chemotherapy ◽

10.1159/000456533 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 194-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Socorro Leyva-Ramos ◽

Denisse de Loera ◽

Jaime Cardoso-Ortiz

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

New Drugs ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Topoisomerase Iv ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative

Background: Fluoroquinolones are widely prescribed synthetic antimicrobial agents. Quinolones act by converting their targets, gyrase and topoisomerase IV, into toxic enzymes that fragment the bacterial chromosome; the irreversible DNA damage eventually causes the killing of bacteria. Thorough knowledge of the structure-activity relationship of quinolones is essential for the development of new drugs with improved activity against resistant strains. Methods: The compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against 4 representing strains using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone using concentrations between 250 and 0.004 μg/mL. Results: MIC of derivatives 2, 3, and 4 showed potent antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The effective concentrations were 0.860 μg/mL or lower. MIC for compounds 5-11 were between 120 and 515 μg/mL against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and substituted hydrazinoquinolones 7-10 showed poor antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria compared with other quinolones. Conclusion: Compounds obtained by modifications on C-7 of norfloxacin with the acetylated piperazinyl, halogen atoms, and substituted hydrazinyl showed good in vitro activity - some even better than the original compound.

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Genetic Characterization of a Novel Composite Transposon Carrying armA and aac(6)-Ib Genes in an Escherichia coli Isolate from Egypt

Polish Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0010.7835 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 163-169

Author(s):

Mona T. Kashef ◽

Omneya M. Helmy

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Coli Isolate ◽

Wide Range

Aminoglycosides are used in treating a wide range of infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria; however, aminoglycoside resistance is common and occurs by several mechanisms. Among these mechanisms is bacterial rRNA methylation by the 16S rRNA methyl transferase (16S-RMTase) enzymes; but data about the spread of this mechanism in Egypt are scarce. Cephalosporins are the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in Egypt; therefore, this study was conducted to determine the frequency of 16S-RMTase among third generation cephalosporin-resistant clinical isolates in Egypt. One hundred and twenty three cephalosporin resistant Gram-negative clinical isolates were screened for aminoglycosides resistance by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and tested for possible production of 16S-RMTase. PCR testing and sequencing were used to confirm the presence of 16S-RMTase and the associated antimicrobial resistance determinants, as well as the genetic region surrounding the armA gene. Out of 123 isolates, 66 (53.66%) were resistant to at least one aminoglycoside antibiotic. Only one Escherichia coli isolate (E9ECMO) which was totally resistant to all tested aminoglycosides, was confirmed to have the armA gene in association with blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-14 and aac(6)-Ib genes. The armA gene was found to be carried on a large A/C plasmid. Genetic mapping of the armA surrounding region revealed, for the first time, the association of armA with aac(6)-Ib on the same transposon. In conclusion, the isolation frequency of 16S-RMTase was low among the tested aminoglycoside-resistant clinical samples. However, a novel composite transposon has been detected conferring high-level aminoglycosides resistance.

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Gram-negative aerobic and microaerophilic microorganisms isolated from pathological processes and lesions of horses

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/117/2017-vetmed ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 55-62

Author(s):

J. Bzdil ◽

O. Holy ◽

J. Toporcak

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Culture Methods ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Surgical Interventions ◽

Acinetobacter Spp ◽

Bruker Daltonics

The pathogenicity of bacterial strains isolated from pathological processes and lesions of horses, strategies for their treatment and the choice of appropriate antimicrobials are frequently a challenging problem for private veterinarians who seek help in our laboratory. Therefore, the aim of this study was to map genera and species of Gram-negative aerobic and microaerophilic microorganisms isolated from pathological processes in horses and to identify the most effective antimicrobial agents for therapy based on antibiotic susceptibility. Between 2009 and 2014 a total of 449 clinical samples (n = 449) were examined; 229 (51%) of them were obtained from the respiratory tract, 121 (27%) from the skin, 40 (8.9%) from the digestive tract, 40 (8.9%) from the eyes, eight (1.8%) from the urinary system, six (1.3%) from the musculoskeletal system, four (0.9%) from the lymphatic system and one (0.2%) from milk. The examination was performed using conventional microbiological culture methods. The identification of isolates was confirmed using MALDI-TOF molecular phenotyping (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Bremen, Germany). From the 276 Gram-negative isolates (prevalence of 61.5%), the most frequently detected strains were Enterobacter spp., Escherichia spp., Acinetobacter spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Actinobacillus spp. with prevalence rates of 7.6%, 6.7%, 6.7%, 6.0% and 5.8%. In addition, another 20 genera of microorganisms were detected. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined using the disc diffusion method. The most effective agents were gentamicin (94.1%), enrofloxacin (91.7%), colistin (87.0%), florfenicol (86.2%), neomycin (85.5%), streptomycin (82.4%) and tetracycline (78.5%). A good knowledge of the spectrum of bacterial species participating in pathological processes and lesions in horses and their antimicrobial susceptibility may be of great importance not only in treatment but also in deciding which prophylactic antibiotics to administer after surgical interventions.

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An Efficient Approach to the Synthesis of Novel Oxazolidinones as Potential Antimicrobial Agents

Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2013/252187 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-5 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kavita Devi ◽

Yumna Asmat ◽

Sonika Jain ◽

Swapnil Sharma ◽

Jaya Dwivedi

Keyword(s):

Medicinal Chemistry ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Disk Diffusion ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Efficient Approach ◽

Fungal Strains

Oxazolidinone, either mononuclear or condensed with other heterocyclics, has established its importance in medicinal chemistry. A variety of biological activities have been reported by oxazolidinone derivatives. The present work describes the synthesis of several oxazolidinone derivatives, 3-(2-(7-chloroquinoline-4-ylamino)ethyl)-2-imino-5-(4-chloro/nitro/methoxy benzylidene)oxazolidin-4-one 4(a–c) and 4-(2-(7-chloroquinolin-4-ylamino)ethyl)-2(4-chloro/nitro/methoxy-benzylidene)-1,6-diox-4,9-di-azaspiro[4,4]nonane-3,8-dione 5(a–c). Synthesized compounds (1, 3, 4a, 5a, and 5c) were screened against bacterial strains such asS. aureus(MTCC 96) andE. coli(MTCC119) and fungal strainsA. niger(MTCC 1344) andC. albicans(MTCC 871) compared with penicillin for bacteria and fluconazole for fungi as reference drugs by disk diffusion method. All synthesized compounds were identified by the means of IR, NMR, and MS.

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Phenotypic detection of carbapenem resistance in gram negative bacilli from various clinical specimens of a tertiary care hospital in Western Uttar Pradesh

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173552 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (8) ◽

pp. 3511 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jyoti Diwakar ◽

Rajesh K. Verma ◽

Dharmendra P. Singh ◽

Amit Singh ◽

Sunita Kumari

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Uttar Pradesh ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Beta Lactam ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative

Background: Carbapenemase producing multidrug-resistant organisms (i.e., MDROs) is a critical medical and public health issue globally. These bacteria are often resistant to all beta-lactam agents and are also co-resistant to other multiple classes of antimicrobial agents, leaving very few antimicrobial options.Methods: This study was carried out at UP University of medical sciences Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India, from January 2015 to June 2016. 110 isolates were found resistant by the Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. Modified Hodge test and combined disk test were performed for resistant isolates.Results: A total of 800-gram negative isolate were included in the study. 110 isolates were found resistant to imipenem by disk diffusion method. Out of these 90 (81.81%) were positive for carbapenemase production by modified Hodge test.Conclusions: We conclude that the modified Hodge test is a useful method for detection of carbapenemase production. Combined disc method is useful to detect metallo beta lactamase production.

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Carbapenems Resistance among Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Poultry Samples in Gaza - Palestine

The International Arabic Journal of Antimicrobial Agents ◽

10.3823/826 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Abdelraouf A Elmanama ◽

Mariam R. Al-Reefi ◽

Madleen A. Shamali ◽

Haya I Hemaid

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Gaza Strip ◽

Monitoring Program ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Prevention Measures ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Mar Index

Background: Food is fundamental for everyone’s life. Therefore, the safety of food we consume is a priority. Gram-negative bacteria are important and common cause of human infections and could be transmitted through food handling and consumption. Carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative (CRGN) bacteria are becoming a global threat. Infections caused by CRGN are hard to cure because the carbapenems are last resort drugs for treatment. The main objective of this research is to determine the occurrence of Carbapenem-resistance among Gram-negative bacteria from poultry samples. Results: Two hundred twenty samples (chicken litters, water, chicken feed, and intestinal content) were collected from slaughterhouses, farms, and homes from different locations in Gaza strip. Samples were cultured onto MacConkey and Blood agar plates. Gram negative isolates were identified using conventional techniques. Disk diffusion method (based on CLSI recommendations) was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility against 14 antimicrobials including two carbapenems (Meropenem and imipenem). Carbapenemase production was detected by the Modified Hodge Test (MHT). The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index for each isolate was calculated. Escherichia species were the most frequent isolates (39.5%), followed by non-lactose fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (29.5%), other lactose fermenting Enterobacteriaceae (29%). The lowest frequency was for non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (4.8%). Most isolates were resistant to most antimicrobial agents tested. A prominent exception was observed with meropenem, and amikacin with only 4% resistance. 41 isolates (34.7%) were resistance to imipenem. High level of intermediate results was detected for imipenem (45.2%). Among 124 isolates, 44 carbapenem-resistant (35.5%) were detected. None of the five meropenem resistant isolates and only five out of the 43 imipenem resistance isolates tested positive for carbapenemase production. Most isolates showed resistance to three or more antibiotics and are regarded as multidrug resistant strains. MDR isolates were present in 117 isolates (94.3%) with MARI index (higher than 0.3). Conclusion: Resistance to carbapenems as well as to other antimicrobials was high among GNB isolates as indicated by the MAR index. Concerned authorities should consider these alarming finding and implement an immediate monitoring program for poultry. Cross contamination, prevention measures should also be promoted and implemented.

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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Gram-negative Uropathogens Isolated in Public Hospital Establishment «Saad Guermech Saoudi Amar Hmaida» Skikda-Algeria

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i3430960 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 14-22

Author(s):

Mohamed Sabri Khelfaoui ◽

Rayane Zeroug ◽

Maroua Yousfi ◽

Bouchra Satha

Keyword(s):

Public Hospital ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Gram Negative ◽

E Coli ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Male Patients ◽

Tract Infections

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a serious world-wide health problem whose treatment becomes highly difficult due to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. Aims: Herein, a retrospective study was conducted with the aim to determine the prevalence, the identification of the bacteria responsible of UTIs, and the antimicrobial resistance profile. Study Design: All Patient samples, including either external samples or samples taken from patients admitted to Public Hospital Establishment “Saad Guermech Saoudi Amar Hmaida” in Skikda-Algeria were used in this study for a period extending from January 2018 – March 2020. Methodology: The identification of bacterial strains and the antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using Analytical Profile index galleries (API) system and disk diffusion method. Results: Among the 1203 samples, 206 (17.12%) were positive, and 997 (82.88%) were negative for bacterial growth. Regarding the pathogenic strains, 26 (12.62%), and 180 (87.38%) were found respectively, Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains. Among the 180 Gram negative strains, 104 (57.83%) were reported in female patients, 68 (37.72%) were in male patients, and 8 (4.45%) whose gender was not mentioned. The most representative Gram-negative strains are Escherichia coli (E. coli) (43.33%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) (13.33%), Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) (7.77%), Enterobacter sp (E. sp) (6.66%), since the other strains were less frequent. Moreover, 6 bacterial strains belonging to 3 genera (Escherichia, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter) were ESBLs producers with an overall prevalence of 3.33% of pathogenic strains isolated from urine. ESBLs were produced in 4.00%, 5.88%, and 6.25% of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and E. cloacae strains respectively. Conclusion: E. coli was found to be the most predominant strain, while most of the Gram- negative strains were highly resistant to Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, Ampicillin, penicillin and tobramycin.

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