scholarly journals Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from oral and topical medicaments from Hilla, Iraq

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Hani Al-Charrakh
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics

Introduction: The presence of microorganisms in pharmaceuticals is undesirable because they may cause spoilage of the product and may present an infection hazard to the consumers or patients.  Methodology: A total of 102 samples of oral and topical non-sterile pharmaceutical products were collected at random from different drug houses and pharmacies in Iraq, to investigate the microbial contamination of these products. Bacterial isolates recovered from these medicaments were subjected to susceptibility testing against various antibiotics by disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards (CLSI) guidelines. Results: The results revealed that the occurrence of Gram-positive bacteria was in oral and topical medicaments while Gram-negative bacteria were only detected in topical medicaments. More than 58% of Bacillus isolates were resistant to lincomycin and Bacillus mycoides isolates were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Staphylococcus spp. showed a relatively high resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. S. epidermidis had the highest number of multi-resistant isolates. Furthermore, 87.5% of isolated Gram-negative rods showed high resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and 75% of them were highly resistant to erythromycin. One isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant among all Gram-negative rod isolates. Conclusion: The high rate of resistance to antimicrobial agents of bacterial isolates recovered from oral and topical medicaments in this study may indicate a widespread antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolated from different sources, including those of anthropological and environmental origin. 

scholarly journals Phenotypic detection of carbapenem resistance in gram negative bacilli from various clinical specimens of a tertiary care hospital in Western Uttar Pradesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (8) ◽  
pp. 3511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Diwakar ◽  
Rajesh K. Verma ◽  
Dharmendra P. Singh ◽  
Amit Singh ◽  
Sunita Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative

Background: Carbapenemase producing multidrug-resistant organisms (i.e., MDROs) is a critical medical and public health issue globally. These bacteria are often resistant to all beta-lactam agents and are also co-resistant to other multiple classes of antimicrobial agents, leaving very few antimicrobial options.Methods: This study was carried out at UP University of medical sciences Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India, from January 2015 to June 2016. 110 isolates were found resistant by the Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. Modified Hodge test and combined disk test were performed for resistant isolates.Results: A total of 800-gram negative isolate were included in the study. 110 isolates were found resistant to imipenem by disk diffusion method. Out of these 90 (81.81%) were positive for carbapenemase production by modified Hodge test.Conclusions: We conclude that the modified Hodge test is a useful method for detection of carbapenemase production. Combined disc method is useful to detect metallo beta lactamase production.

scholarly journals Listerial contamination of raw beef and chevon in north-central Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Aleruchi Chuku ◽  
Godwin Attah Obande ◽  
Sani Bashir Eya
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Street Vendors ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Meat Samples

Background and objective: Listeria sp. is a ubiquitous and frequently isolated foodborne pathogen. The prevalence of Listeria sp in raw beef and chevon sold in Lafia Nigeria, as well as their antibiotic susceptibility profile was evaluated. Methods: A total 104 samples comprising of 52 raw beef and 52 chevon were obtained from street vendors (hawkers), Shinge abattoir, Lafia old market and Lafia Modern Market. Isolation of Listeria sp. was performed on Listeria Selective Agar, following enrichment in supplemented Listeria Selective Broth. Identification of Listeria sp. was carried out by cultural and biochemical methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolated L. monocytogenes was performed by standard disk diffusion method. Chi-square test was used to determine association between contamination levels at p=0.05. Results: Seven types of Listeria sp. were isolated. L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii were the most frequently isolated contaminants in all meat types and from all sample sources. L. monocytogenes was isolated with a frequency of 64.4% (67/104) in the meat samples. Beef samples had the highest listerial contamination with a frequency of 58.2% (78/134) compared to chevon which had a listerial frequency of 41.8% (56/134). Resistance of L. monocytogenes to streptomycin and sparfloxacin was 58.2% and 55.2% respectively. Resistance to ampicillin (34.3%) and gentamicin (20.9%) was also observed. Resistances to multiple antimicrobials were detected in 11 L. monocytogenes isolates. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the raw meat sold in Lafia was contaminated with several Listeria sp. L. monocytogenes showed high rate of resistance to several antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of listerial infection. Appropriate regulation and monitoring of livestock rearing and meat retailing practices are advocated to safeguard the health of consumers. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2019; 13(2): 1-8

scholarly journals Detection of the Antiseptic Resistance Gene among Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
اخلاص نعمة
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Susceptibility Test ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Antibiotics Susceptibility

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that causes a number of infections in immunocompromised patients. This organism appears to improve resistance  to many antimicrobial agents and a high percentage of clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype . The purpose of this study is to screen the antibiotic susceptibility patterns and the prevalence of qacE delta1 gene among bacterial isolates. Accordingly, 145 samples were collected from different clinical sources from patients who admitted to different hospitals in Baghdad city in a period ranged 23/8/2018-1/1/2019. The isolates were diagnosed as P. aeruginosa based on routine bacteriological methods and confirmed by a molecular method using 16SrRNA gene. The antibiotic  susceptibility test was performed to all identified isolates by Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion method using ten  types of antibiotics. The results of antibiotics susceptibility test revealed high levels of resistance toward Piperacillin (72.22%), Trimethoprim (68%), Ceftazidime (68%), Colistin (40.28%), and Levofloxacin (33.33%). And , the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Cetrimide was tested using different concentrations (2.048 to 0.004µg/100µl) and the results showed that MIC values ranged between 2.048 and 0.016) μg/100μL, and  the concentration of  0.256 μg/100μl was more frequent . Finally, the prevalence of qacE delta1 gene among bacterial isolates was detected in percentage  63.88% among bacterial isolates .

scholarly journals ESBL Producers in Gram Negative Isolates from Clinical Samples

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 2027-2032
Author(s):  
Mita D. Wadekar ◽  
J.V. Sathish ◽  
C. Pooja ◽  
S. Jayashree
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Esbl Producers

Resistance to beta lactam antibiotics is the most common cause for beta-lactamase production. Increasing number of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers has reduced the treatment options which resulted in emergence of multidrug resistant strains, treatment failure and hence increased mortality. To detect phenotypically, ESBL producers in Gram negative isolates from different samples and to know their susceptibility pattern. A retrospective study of Gram negative isolates was conducted. Total of 521 isolates were isolated from various samples. They were processed and identified by standard procedures. The antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method using CLSI guidelines. ESBL was detected by combination disk test. A total of 521 Gram negative isolates were isolated which included E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Proteus spp. and Acinetobacter spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of 521 isolates tested, ESBL was detected in 329 (63.1%) isolates. These isolates showed maximum susceptibility to piperacillin- tazobactam (86%) followed by imipenem (78.4%), amikacin (63.5%), cotrimoxazole (54.4%), ciprofloxacin (51%), amoxi-clav (44.9%), cefepime (44.1%), gentamicin (38.9%), cefoxitin (34.9%) and ampicillin (19.1%). ESBL producers which are resistant to beta lactam antibiotics have become a major problem. Detection of these beta-lactamase enzymes by simple disk method and its reporting will help clinicians in prescribing proper antibiotics.

scholarly journals First Global Report of Plasmid-Mediated mcr-1 and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli from Sheep in Portugal

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1403
Author(s):  
Josman Dantas Palmeira ◽  
Marisa Haenni ◽  
Jean-Yves Madec ◽  
Helena Maria Neto Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
One Health ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Colistin Resistance ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
Extended Spectrum

Resistances to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) and colistin are One Health issues since genes encoding these resistances can be transmitted between all sectors of the One Health concept, i.e., human, animal, and the environment. Among food-producing animals, sheep farming has long been overlooked. To fill in this knowledge gap, we looked for ESC- and colistin resistance in 21 faecal samples collected from sheep in one farm in the south of Portugal. ESC-resistant isolates were selected on MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime. Susceptibility testing was performed by the disk-diffusion method according to CLSI, while colistin MIC was determined by broth microdilution. ESC- and colistin-resistance genes were identified by PCR, and the clonality of all isolates was assessed by XbaI-PFGE. The replicon content was determined by PCR according to the PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) scheme. Sixty-two non-duplicate ESC-resistant E. coli isolates were identified, which all presented an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype, mostly due to the presence of CTX-M genes. One CTX-M-1-producing E. coli was concomitantly colistin-resistant and presented the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene. Nearly all isolates showed associated resistances to non-beta-lactam antibiotics, which could act as co-selectors, even in the absence of beta-lactam use. The results showed a high proportion of ESBL-producing E. coli in sheep faeces. Their dissemination was very dynamic, with the spread of successful clones between animals, but also a large diversity of clones and plasmids, sometimes residing in the same animal. This study highlights the need for global surveillance in all food-producing sectors, in order to avoid the dissemination of genes conferring resistance to last-resort antibiotics in human medicine.

scholarly journals β-lactamase genes in carbapenem resistance Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a Turkish university hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Umut Safiye Say Coskun ◽  
Emel Caliskan ◽  
Asegul Copur Cicek ◽  
Halbay Turumtay ◽  
Cemal Sandalli
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method

Introduction: The spread of Acinetobacter baumannii, resistant to most of the available antimicrobial agents, is a serious health problem. The high rate of carbapenem resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates is considered as a threat to public health. In this study, we aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance and related genes in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Methodology: Ninety six isolates of A. baumannii were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Phoenix Automated System and disk diffusion method. Carbapenem resistane was characterized by scrneeing of resistance genes such as blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M1-2, blaPER, blaVEB, blaKPC, blaGES, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaOXA23-24-51-58 using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results: Resistance for the levofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, and tigecycline were determined as 96.9%, 93.7%, 72.9% and 45.8% respectively. Colistin was the only susceptible antibiotic against all clinical isolates. All isolates were defined as multidrug resistance and of these, 31.2% were extensively drug-resistant (sensitive only to colistin). BlaOXA-51­  and blaOXA-23 genes were detected in 100% strains while blaTEM was found in only 2% strains. There was no amplification for the blaSHV, blaCTX-M1-2, blaPER, blaVEB, blaKPC, blaGES blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaOXA24-58 genes. Conclusions: The high frequency of blaOXA-23 and low frequency of blaTEM gene was observed that indicate prevalence of a variety of A. baumannii strains. The rates of resistance genes vary from region to region. Studies are required for the prevention and control of A. baumannii infection and to formulate the strategies of antibiotic usage.

scholarly journals 128. Adequacy of Commonly Prescribed Antimicrobials for Empiric Coverage of Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens Recovered from the Bloodstream of Patients Attending Emergency Rooms in Canada: Analysis of Data from the CANWARD Study, 2007 to 2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S93-S93
Author(s):  
Andrew Walkty ◽  
Heather Adam ◽  
Melanie Baxter ◽  
Amina Henni ◽  
Philippe Lagace-Wiens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Emergency Rooms ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteremia ◽  
Average Proportion

Abstract Background Inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy for Gram-negative bacteremia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proportion of Gram-negative bacterial isolates recovered from the bloodstream of patients attending Canadian emergency rooms (ERs) that remain susceptible to commonly prescribed antimicrobials. Methods Annually from 2007 to 2018, sentinel hospitals across Canada collected bloodstream isolates from patients attending ERs as part of the CANWARD study. Susceptibility testing was performed using broth microdilution as described by CLSI (data analysis limited to Gram-negative bacteria in the top 10 pathogens), with current CLSI breakpoints applied. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates were confirmed using the CLSI disk diffusion method. Results Gram-negative bacteria among the top 10 bloodstream pathogens for patients seen at ERs across Canada were: Escherichia coli (n = 2,414), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 573), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 211), Proteus mirabilis (n = 119), and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 114). Aggregate susceptibility of these isolates to common antimicrobials was as follows (% susceptible [S]): meropenem 99.4% S, piperacillin–tazobactam 98.5% S, gentamicin 93.3% S, ceftriaxone 88.1% S, ciprofloxacin 81.4% S, TMP-SMX 73.5% S. The most active antimicrobials evaluated vs. E. coli were meropenem (100% S), piperacillin–tazobactam (98.8% S), and ceftriaxone (93.3% S). Ceftriaxone susceptibility among E. coli isolates declined from 95.4% in 2007 to 89.8% in 2018. The average proportion of E. coli isolates that harbored an ESBL enzyme increased from 3.4% in the first three study years to 8.4% in the last three study years. The most active antimicrobials evaluated vs. K. pneumoniae isolates were meropenem (99.7% S), piperacillin–tazobactam (98.8% S), gentamicin (97.7% S), and ceftriaxone (96.9% S). Conclusion The most consistently active antimicrobials for empiric treatment of patients at Canadian ERs with Gram-negative bacteremia are meropenem and piperacillin–tazobactam. Ceftriaxone susceptibility among E. coli has declined over the last 12 years, mostly related to an increase in ESBL-producing isolates. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Assay of antibiotic detection limits in cow’s milk model samples and comparison of sensitivity of various detection systems (disk diffusion method, Delvotest SP and Penzym S 100).

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 125-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Hozová ◽  
M. Kratmüllerová
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Stearothermophilus ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Beta Lactam Antibiotics ◽  
S 100

The work was aimed at estimating the detection limits of 21 antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides and others) by means of three types of detection systems (disk diffusion method with Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calidolactis C 953, Delvotest SP and Penzym S 100) and to verify their sensitivity in the evaluation of the admissible maximum residual limits (MRL). The high sensitivity and the good correlation of results have been achieved mainly by applying the rapid methods such as Delvotest SP and Penzym S 100 versus the less sensitive disk diffusion method.  In the next stage of the work, detection limits of the mutual combinations of antibiotics in milk were estimated. In the model experiment, the synergic effect between ampicillin and oxacillin, cefuroxime and trimethoprim and between cephalosporins (combination of cefazolin with cefoperhazon) was observed.

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of 7-Substituted-6-Fluoroquinolone and 7-Substituted-6,8-Difluoroquinolone Derivatives

Chemotherapy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Socorro Leyva-Ramos ◽  
Denisse de Loera ◽  
Jaime Cardoso-Ortiz
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative

Background: Fluoroquinolones are widely prescribed synthetic antimicrobial agents. Quinolones act by converting their targets, gyrase and topoisomerase IV, into toxic enzymes that fragment the bacterial chromosome; the irreversible DNA damage eventually causes the killing of bacteria. Thorough knowledge of the structure-activity relationship of quinolones is essential for the development of new drugs with improved activity against resistant strains. Methods: The compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against 4 representing strains using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone using concentrations between 250 and 0.004 μg/mL. Results: MIC of derivatives 2, 3, and 4 showed potent antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The effective concentrations were 0.860 μg/mL or lower. MIC for compounds 5-11 were between 120 and 515 μg/mL against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and substituted hydrazinoquinolones 7-10 showed poor antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria compared with other quinolones. Conclusion: Compounds obtained by modifications on C-7 of norfloxacin with the acetylated piperazinyl, halogen atoms, and substituted hydrazinyl showed good in vitro activity - some even better than the original compound.

scholarly journals Detection of TEM and CTX-M Genes in Escherichia coli Isolated from Clinical Specimens at Tertiary Care Heart Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal

Diseases ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Ram Shankar Prasad Sah ◽  
Binod Dhungel ◽  
Binod Kumar Yadav ◽  
Nabaraj Adhikari ◽  
Upendra Thapa Shrestha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Esbl Producers

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Gram-negative pathogens, predominantly ESBL-producing clinical isolates, are increasing worldwide. The main aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL-producing clinical isolates, their antibiogram, and the frequency of ESBL genes (blaTEM and blaCTX-M) in the clinical samples from patients. Methods: A total of 1065 clinical specimens from patients suspected of heart infections were collected between February and August 2019. Bacterial isolates were identified on colony morphology and biochemical properties. Thus, obtained clinical isolates were screened for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) using modified Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method, while ESBL producers were identified by using a combination disk diffusion method. ESBL positive isolates were further assessed using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect the ESBL genes blaTEM and blaCTX-M. Results: Out of 1065 clinical specimens, 17.8% (190/1065) showed bacterial growth. Among 190 bacterial isolates, 57.4% (109/190) were Gram-negative bacteria. Among 109 Gram-negative bacteria, 40.3% (44/109) were E. coli, and 30.2% (33/109) were K. pneumoniae. In AST, 57.7% (n = 63) Gram-negative bacterial isolates were resistant to ampicillin and 47.7% (n = 52) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Over half of the isolates (51.3%; 56/109) were multidrug resistant (MDR). Of 44 E. coli, 27.3% (12/44) were ESBL producers. Among ESBL producer E. coli isolates, 58.4% (7/12) tested positive for the blaCTX-M gene and 41.6% (5/12) tested positive for the blaTEM gene. Conclusion: Half of the Gram-negative bacteria in our study were MDR. Routine identification of an infectious agent followed by AST is critical to optimize the treatment and prevent antimicrobial resistance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document