scholarly journals Obserwator i jego pozycja w opowiadaniu Tadeusza Borowskiego „Odwiedziny”

LingVaria ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (28) ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Wnuk
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Full Text ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Literary Output

The Observer and His Position in Tadeusz Borowski’s Short Story Odwiedziny (‘The Visit’) The article is an analysis of Tadeusz Borowski’s short story Odwiedziny (‘The visit’). It focuses on linguistic and narrative devices through which the speaker influences the recipient’s perception, and so shapes the reading of his work. The first part is introductory, it presents the goals of the paper. The next part recalls the most important existing interpretations, both of Borowski’s literary output as a whole, and of the text at hand. They form the starting point to an analysis of the position of the character-narrator with regard to the events he is describing, and to the relation between the author, the narrator, and the main character of the story. These considerations constitute the third part of the present paper. It begins with a citation of the full text of the story, and is followed by the main argument announced in the title which refers to Ronald Langacker’s cognitive grammar and takes into special consideration such notions as scene, current discourse space, and vantage point. The closing part of the paper contains conclusions, contrasted with the theses put forward in the context of Borowski’s work, as well as suggestions of possible directions of further analysis of the story within the framework of cognitive linguistics.

scholarly journals Paralysed: A Systemic Functional Analysis of James Joyce’s “Eveline”

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-180
Author(s):  
Monika Kavalir
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Systemic Functional Linguistics ◽  
Stylistic Analysis ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Functional Linguistics ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World

In homage to the work of Uroš Mozetič, the paper takes as its starting point previously developed suggestions about how the language of “Eveline” conveys a picture of the heroine as a passive, paralysed character. Using Hallidayan Systemic Functional Linguistics as a model of stylistic analysis, it investigates the contribution of both the ideational and the interpersonal metafunctions to the meaning of the text. The results extend and amend some ideas from the literature, such as the supposed prevalence of stative verbs, and suggest that while the short story as a whole predominantly uses material processes, their potential for change is mitigated by Joyce’s aspect, tense, and usuality choices. Eveline as the main character crucially has the role of a Senser, observing and internally reacting to the world around her, and even the processes in which she acts upon things and people are modalised and shown to be either hypothetical or instigated by others.

scholarly journals BIOGRAPHICAL AND SPATIOTEMPORAL PROTOTYPES: “HOMAGE TO SWITZERLAND” AS AN INTERSECTION OF HEMINGWAY’S LIFE AND EINSTEINIAN RELATIVITY

1970 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-312
Author(s):  
Sergej Macura
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point

The paper approaches Ernest Hemingway’s short story “Homage to Switzerland” from two perspectives: biographical and relativistic, as the author inscribed some of his own experiences into this work of fiction, and he was also acquainted with Albert Einstein’s fundamental ideas of time and space being relative depending on the experimenter’s position. The first part discusses the biographical basis of the story and some possible intersecting points between the empirical author and his characters, as one is a degrading misogynist, the other is going through a divorce, and the third man’s father shot himself. The second part focuses on the tripartite construction of the text, whose settings are three interchangeable Swiss towns with conspicuously similar participants in failed conversations. Drawing on Michael Reynolds’s analysis of this story as an experiment in relativity, the paper scrutinises the paradoxical time references which proliferate towards the ending and concludes that there is no dominant time frame. It also includes an experiment based on special relativity, with the train as the main cause of events in the text. Finally, the paper proposes a new starting point in the reading of this story: the third section is the only one that opens in Stanzel’s authorial, not figural narrative situation.

scholarly journals The Unemployed Main Character in the Fiction of Kunut Hamsun and Najeeb Mahfouz: A Comparative Study in the Light of Sustainable Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Abdel kareem Shehata
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
The Third ◽  
Psychological Analysis ◽  
Psychological Difficulties ◽  
The Government ◽  
Story Writer ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Commit Suicide

The Norwegian novelist Kunut Hamsun published his novel Hunger in 1921. The novel was translated into English by George Egerton. In this novel, Hamsun introduces the character of Andereas Tangen, a journalist who has a good life but starts to lose his living, and his essays begin to be refused. He becomes unemployed and suffers poverty, hunger, and homelessness for some time. By the end of the novel, he finds a job on a ship that is sailing from his town Christiania to fetch coal. During the 1930s the Egyptian novelist and short story writer Nageeb Mahfouz wrote his collection of short stories (Hams Eel- Gnoon) The Whisper of Madness. Among this collection, he published his short story (Al- Goo) The Hunger.  In this short story, the main character, Ibrahim Hanafy has been working in a factory until he cuts his arm in an accident and loses his job. He becomes unemployed and he, with his family, suffers hunger and many social and psychological difficulties. He hates his life, tries to commit suicide but is saved coincidently by the son of the factory's owner. The man promises Ibrahim to find him a job. This paper aims to show that the unemployed main character in Hamsun's and Mahfouz's works is unable either to love a partner or to have a friend and if he is married, he is unable to keep his marriage relation. Another aim of the paper is to shed light on the negative relations of the unemployed character on one side with his god and with the government of his country on the other side. The third aim of the paper is to emphasize that unemployment, in Hamsun's and Mahfouz's works, leads the once good character to try to commit suicide. Thus the paper comes into three parts: the first part deals with Tangen’s failure to have a love relation or enjoy a friendship. This part also tackles Hanafy’s disability to protect his love for his wife. The second part introduces Tangen’s criticism of his god and of the government in his country. In the third part, the paper discusses the once good characters, becoming unemployed, thinking of death as a solution, and may try to commit suicide. The paper depends on the theory of needs' priority and the method of social and psychological analysis in tackling its topic.

scholarly journals Communication Failure in A. P. Chekhov’s Poetics: Architectonic Factor (A Nightmare, Enemies, An Awkward Business)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
Lyudmila N. Sinyakova
Keyword(s):  
Short Story ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Communication Failure ◽  
Communication Breakdown ◽  
The Third ◽  
Poor Person ◽  
Total Communication ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Public Character

Purpose. The article examines communication failure which is one of the major factor of Chekhov’s poetics. The problem of architectonics is based on dialogue principle in narrative and values unity. Results. A Nightmare is a story of social misunderstanding. A public character Kunin treats a country priest father Yakov as a hard-drinking person. He is highly snobbish and refuses to hear the poor priest. Finally, his revelation of someone’s else being, except his own, shakes him much. But his newly gained knowledge about social issues such as destitution is not deep. Later, Kunin calms down and ruminates over his lack of money to help father Yakov and the other poor person, the doctor. The author’s conclusion discredits his attempt to become a better person. Overall, the dialogue of positions is just quasi-communication. In his next work, Enemies, Chekhov’s poetic construction appears to be more complicated. Doctor Kirilov and Abogin, a rich man, both experience grief, but the reasons for their grief are entirely different. Doctor has lost his only little son an hour before, but Abogin compels him to save his wife. When they arrive to Abogin’s country-estate, it turns out that the woman has just run away with her lover. This farce provokes the doctor’s rage. He blames Abogin, saying that the rich man’s distress is empty and ridiculous. According to the author, the offended Kirilov can hardly be considered wrong. And once again, the author’s conclusion sums up the short story. An existential connotation manifests the communication breakdown. The third short story, An Awkward Business, is devoted to problem of total communication failure. The main character, doctor Ovchinnikov, is not heard at all. His business matter turns out to be a matter of further existence, but nobody wants to understand the essence of his trouble. Finally, his case is interpreted in a formal way and is not solved. The author simply lets things go on, standing outside the text. And this is the innovative feature of Chekov’s mature creative work. Conclusion. To sum up, in three Chekhov’s short stories communication failure is an important factor of poetics, which is developed in his later works.

scholarly journals COGNITIVE-PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO CATEGORIZATION: THEORY OF ROBERT MACLAURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Lyubymova S.A.
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Cognitive Grammar ◽  
Primitive People ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
American Media ◽  
Fixed Space ◽  
Categorization Model

The purpose of the article is to determine the principles of Robert MacLaury’s Vantage Theory and to review its application in various linguistic studies.Methods, used in the paper, include analysis and description, the application of which was conditioned by the task to distinguish the main tenets of the Vantage Theory and to present experience of its application in various linguistic studies. Results. A groundbreaking theory of R. MacLaury has overcome the lack of explanatory power of cognitive grammar and the prototype theory. The starting point of the Vantage Theory is the recognition that categorization takes place on analogy of human’s orientation on terrain with regard to movement. Adapted by primitive people for information processing, the cognitive mechanism of orientation in space and time is deeply rooted in human consciousness. Any category appears in comparison with images or other types of discrete ideas that correspond to fixed space-time coordinates to which observer’s attention is drawn while detecting similarities and differences in the object of perception. The categorization model consists of three levels, which correspond to a pair of fixed and variable coordinates. A person can focus on only one pair of coordinates at a time, others are stored in memory as proven facts, which become a prerequisite for inference and an integral part of the categorization model. Apart from numerous works on colour semantics, the theory is applied to address a wide range of issues in sociolinguistic studies, discourse analysis, cognitive grammar, etc. The theory is also applicable in the study of verbalized sociocultural stereotypes. The author of the article uses the Vantage Theory in the cognitive-linguistics study of sociocultural stereotypes in American media discourse. As verbalized, conventionally evaluative patterns of social groups, sociocultural stereotypes are formed in comparison with the ethical, behavioural, and aesthetic standards of American culture that act as fixed coordinates of mental space.Conclusions. The Vantage Theory of Robert MacLaury is a further step in the development of cognitive linguistics. The universality of this theory lies in its ability to explain many linguistic facts and therefore it can be applied in the study of a wide range of issues related to the linguistic representation of knowledge, such as concepts and stereotypes, which are categories of a verbalized picture of the world.Key words: vantage theory, categorization, space-time orientation, perspectivization, sociocultural stereotype. Мета статті полягає у визначенні основних положень теорії побудови перспектив Роберта Маклорі та огляді її застосування у лінгвістичних студіях різної спрямованості.Методи дослідження включають аналіз та опис, застосування яких зумовлене завданням виділити окремі положення, представити складну для розуміння теорію, виявити можливості її пристосування для різних дослідницьких цілей у лінгвістичних дослідженнях.Результати. Вихідним положенням цієї теорії є визнання того, що категоризація проходить за глибоко вкоріненою в людську свідомість аналогією орієнтації людини на місцевості з урахуванням руху. Категорії виникають у процесі пізнавальної взаємодії з фіксованими та змінними координатами, які створюють різні перспективи, аналогічні тим, що люди використо-вують для орієнтації у фізичному просторі. Будь-яка категорія формується у зрівнянні з визначеними образами чи іншими видами дискретних ідей, при цьому увага людини фіксується на подібності та різниці до встановлених образів. Модель категоризації складається з трьох рівнів, що співвідносяться з парою фіксованої і змінної координати. Людина може концентрувати увагу тільки на одній парі координат, інші зберігаються в пам’яті як доведені факти, які стають передумовою умовиводів та невід’ємною частиною категоризаційної моделі. Теорія успішно використовується у дослідженнях дискурсу, лексичній семантиці, у соціолінгвістиці та когнітивній граматиці. Автор статті використає теорію Маклорі у лінгвокогнітивному дослідженні соціокультурних стереотипів американського медіадискурсу. Як вербалізовані конвенційно-оцінні зразки соціальних груп, соціокультурні стереотипи формуються у зрівнянні з етичними, поведінковими та естетичними стандартами американської культури, що діють як фіксовані координати ментального простору.Висновки. Теорія Маклорі є подальшим кроком у розвитку когнітивної лінгвістики. Універсальність цієї теорії полягає в тому, що вона може бути застосована у дослідженнях широкого кола питань, що стосуються мовної репрезентації знання у вербалізованих концептах та стереотипах як категоріях мовленнєвої картини світу.Ключові слова: теорія побудови перспектив, просторово-часова орієнтація, фіксовані і змінні координати, перспективізація, вербалізований соціокультурний стереотип.

scholarly journals Hunter S. Thompson, Transmetropolitan, and the Evolution from Author to Character

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ashlee Amanda Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Las Vegas ◽  
Contextual Factor ◽  
Graphic Novel ◽  
New Journalism ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Fictional World ◽  
The Third ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
American Author

<p>This thesis examines American author Hunter S. Thompson, in the context of his own works – primarily Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas and The Rum Diary– as well as the representation of him as a character in the graphic text Transmetropolitan by Warren Ellis. The evolution of Thompson from author to character and the development of that character in his own works is examined, as well as how this development allowed for his character to be fully realised in a completely fictional world. In turn, the fully developed use of Thompson’s character is the starting point for my analysis of Transmetropolitan could potentially be read as a work of New Journalism, albeit a fictional one. The first chapter examines how Thompson began writing himself as a character in his early fictional work The Rum Diary. Though largely overlooked by critics because of its long delayed publication and the focus on the more flashy and better known Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, The Rum Diary is critical to Thompson’s development of himself as a character in his works in particular, and to his development as an author in general. Though The Rum Diary is ostensibly a purely fictional novel, this chapter examines how the character Paul Kemp is actually largely autobiographical, and how Kemp is an early version of the same character Thompson uses in his later nonfiction. I then analyse the development of that nonfiction version, Raoul Duke, in Thompson’s Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. As The Rum Diary is not actually purely fictional, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas is not actually completely nonfictional. Thompson, as this chapter shows, did not believe in the divide between fact and fiction, and he uses the character he develops in Raoul Duke to write about himself while creatively embellishing the truth. I then look at how Thompson wrote himself so strongly into his character that he became inextricably viewed as actually being Raoul Duke, and how that character was in turn viewed and written about. The second chapter examines the legacy of Thompson’s fully formed self-characterisation, as it is picked up by another author and written in the fully fictional context of the graphic novel series Transmetropolitan. I consider how Transmetropolitan’s main character Spider Jerusalem continues Thompson’s self-as-character through his characterisation, behaviour, and language. Furthermore I analyse how, within the world of the series, Spider as a journalist continues Thompson’s legacy as a writer. The third and final chapter examines how Spider’s characterisation as a continuation of Thompson is an important contextual factor for considering Transmetropolitan as a work of New Journalism. I consider the connection to Thompson, the content of Spider’s articles, and the format in which the articles are depicted in the graphic novel</p>

scholarly journals SOME ASPECTS OF LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF H. KORTASAR’S SHORT STORY «СONTINUITY OF PARKS»

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Michail S. Burak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Main Task ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
The Third

This research is devoted to H.Kortasar’s short story «Сontinuity of parks». The relevance of the topic is connected with the possibility to make a multidimensional analysis. The aim of the research is to demonstrate great importance of linguistic analysis of a short story for the revealing of its meaning. In the Introduction a short description of the structure of the story is given. There are two plans, two realities which exist parallel to each other and at the end they meet. The main character of the story «Сontinuity of parks» is the victim of the character of the novel read by him. The second part of the article is devoted to the short view of the literature criticism of this piece of work. The main attention is given to the phenomenon of metallepsis, the notion of chronotope, the category of myth and connection of this piece of work with H. L. Borhes’s works. The author of the article also pays attention to H. Kortasar’s aesthetic concept connected with the phenomenon of «reader-female» and the author’s view on a literature piece of work from the viewpoint of «play». The relevance of «interaction between key moments of the text» and a reader’s experience. The third part of the article gives a linguistic analysis of some elements of the story including nominalization and ontological metaphor. The author gives a detailed analysis of lexeme and phrase dibujo (drawing, outline), el dibujo de los personajes (outline, character sketch), ilusióni (illusion), intrusion (intrusion), continuidad (continuity). As a result the author makes following conclusions. As in many other stories H. Kortasar in «Continuity of parks» involves the reader in the narration, gives a riddle to him which can’t be solved from the viewpoint of formal logics. The intrigue of the narration, its «its inner structure» is implemented because of great opportunities of Spanish. The interpretation of an open end in some literature works of postmodern period is the main task of the reader who becomes а «co-author» of the text.

scholarly journals “To the Man and the Horse – Perdition”: The Semiotics of Corporeali- ty in Vasily Belov’s Short Story “For Carriage”

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 380-387
Author(s):  
A. I. Kulyapin
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Small Child ◽  
The Third ◽  
Male Characters ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person

The article analyzes the semiotics of bodily deformations of the heroes of the story by Vasily Belov “For Carriage”. All male characters of the story are endowed with physical inferiority. The main character of the story, Senka Gruzdev, lost his right hand fingers in the war, and once in his youth, he licked an ax brought from the cold and left a half-tongue on that ax. Senka’s irreconcilable enemy – the brigadier Ilyukha – is one-eyed. As a result, a triad conceptually significant for the author arises: armless – tongueless – eyeless. The defective corporeality of the heroes is correlated with their defective spirituality, semi-faith. Belov very persistently and consistently draws parallels between people and animals in the text. In the story there are two representatives of the animal world with an indefinite gender identity: a rooster that has lost its crest and a horse Sparrow – half stallion half gelding. The masculine dignity of the main character of the story Senka Gruzdev is also metaphorically halved. Senka Gruzdev fails when he tries to demonstrate one hundred percent manifestation of masculinity. Senka usually speaks about himself in the third person. Psychologists and linguists noted that self-name from a third person is peculiar primarily to the speech of young children, as well as to adults who enter into communication with them. Senka was clearly stuck at the infantile stage of development; he does not have a sense of self as a full-fledged personality. The figure of Senka Gruzdeva is typical of the artistic world of Vasily Belov. The most famous hero of the writer is Ivan Afrikanovich from the story “A Habitual Affair” “himself sometimes as a small child”.

‘[T]his world is now thy pilgrimage’: William Michael Rossetti's Cognitive Maps of France and Italy

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-99
Author(s):  
Eleonora Sasso
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Venice Lagoon ◽  
Cognitive Map ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Mental Picture ◽  
Historical Figures ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cognitive Semantic ◽  
St Helena

This paper takes as its starting point the conceptual metaphor ‘life is a journey’ as defined by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) in order to advance a new reading of William Michael Rossetti's Democratic Sonnets (1907). These political verses may be defined as cognitive-semantic poems, which attest to the centrality of travel in the creation of literary and artistic meaning. Rossetti's Democratic Sonnets is not only a political manifesto against tyranny and oppression, promoting the struggle for liberalism and democracy as embodied by historical figures such as Napoleon, Mazzini, Cavour, and Garibaldi; but it also reproduces Rossetti's real and imagined journeys throughout Europe in the late nineteenth century. This essay examines these references in light of the issues they raise, especially the poet as a traveller and the journey metaphor in poetry. But its central purpose is to re-read Democratic Sonnets as a cognitive map of Rossetti's mental picture of France and Italy. A cognitive map, first theorised by Edward Tolman in the 1940s, is a very personal representation of the environment that we all experience, serving to navigate unfamiliar territory, give direction, and recall information. In terms of cognitive linguistics, Rossetti is a figure whose path is determined by French and Italian landmarks (Paris, the island of St. Helena, the Alps, the Venice Lagoon, Mount Vesuvius, and so forth), which function as reference points for orientation and are tied to the historical events of the Italian Risorgimento. Through his sonnets, Rossetti attempts to build into his work the kind of poetic revolution and sense of history which may only be achieved through encounters with other cultures.

POLA NARASI PADA ANTOLOGI CERPEN TARIAN SALJU KARABAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-113
Author(s):  
Novi Diah Haryanti
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Short Story ◽  
Main Character ◽  
The Past ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Mother And Child ◽  
Narrative Patterns

Abstract: This study aims to look at narrative patterns in the collection of short stories "Karaban Snow Dance" (TSK). From the fifteen short stories, the researchers took five main stories, namely the Karaban Snow Dance (Tarian Salju Karaban), The Fall of a Leaf (Gugurnya Sehelai Daun),  Canting Kinanti Song (Tembang Canting Kinanti), Jagoan Men Arrived (Lelaki Jagoan Tiba), and Origami Pigeon (Merpati Origami). Of the five short stories, environmental themes and honesty appear most often. The place setting depicted shows the environment that is close to the author or according to the author's origin. The main characters in the four short stories are children, only one short story Male Hero Tiban (Lelaki Jagoan Tiban/LJK) who uses adult takoh as the main character. The child leaders in LJK only appear in the past stories of the main characters. The five short stories do not show a picture of whole parents (father and mother). The warm relationship between mother and child appears clearly, in contrast to the father-child relationship that is almost negligent. The five short stories also represent how children become heroes for their family, friends, and environment.Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pola narasi pada kumpulan cerpen Tarian Salju Karaban (TSK). Dari limabelas cerpen yang ada, peneliti mengambil lima cerpen utama yakni “Tarian Salju Karaban”, “Gugurnya Sehelai Daun”, “Tembang Canting Kinanti”, “Lelaki Jagoan Tiba”, dan “Merpati Origami”. Kelima cerpen menampilkan tema lingkungan dan kejujuran. Latar tempat yang digambarkan memperlihatkan lingkuangan yang dekat dengan penulis atau sesuai dengan asal usul penulis. Tokoh utama dalam keempat cerpen tersebut ialah anak-anak, hanya satu cerpen “Lelaki Jagoan Tiban” (LJK) yang menggunakan takoh dewasa sebagai tokoh utama. Tokoh anak dalam LJK hanya muncul dalam cerita masa lalu tokoh utama. Kelima cerpen tersebut tidak memperlihatkan gambaran orangtua utuh (ayah dan ibu). Relasi yang hangat antara ibu dan anak muncul dengan jelas, berbeda dengan relasi bapak-anak yang nyaris alpa. Kelima  cerpen tersebut juga merepresentasikan bagaimana anak-anak menjadi pahlawan bagi keluarga, sahabat, dan lingkungannya.  

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