scholarly journals Hijos de las nubes i 45 lat marzeń: uchodźcy Saharawi na terytorium Algierii

Politeja ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6(75)) ◽  
pp. 159-182
Author(s):  
Joanna Mormul
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Unsolved Problem ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Unresolved Conflict ◽  
The Status ◽  
Spanish Universities

Hijos de las nubes and 45 Years of Dreams: Saharawi Refugees in Algeria Over the years, the issue of the protracted exile of the Saharawi people in Algeria as a consequence of the so far unresolved conflict over the Western Sahara has become a highly politicized problem. The protracted standstill and the lack of clear prospects for a referendum that would ultimately end the conflict make it questionable that the Sahrawi refugee situation will change quickly. The article attempts to analyse the status of the Sahrawi people, taking into account the uniqueness of the Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria and their importance for the still unsolved problem of Western Sahara. It is based largely on qualitative data collected from fieldwork in Algeria (including Sahrawi refugee camps), Mauritania and Morocco, and the Rabat-controlled territory of Western Sahara, as well as interviews and conversations with representatives of Spanish NGOs involved in helping Sahrawi refugees, Sahrawi living or temporarily staying in Spain and researchers working at Spanish universities.

Rethinking the Concept of a “Durable Solution”: Sahrawi Refugee Camps Four Decades On

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmen Gómez Martín
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
National Liberation Movement ◽  
The Status ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The Sahrawi people, who have long lived in the western part of the Sahara, have been housed in refugee camps in Tindouf, Algeria, since 1975—the year that Morocco took de facto control of Western Sahara. Their situation poses many questions, including those regarding the status of their state-in-exile, the role of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, and the length of their displacement. The conditions in the Tindouf camps present a paradigmatic case study of the liminal space inhabited by long-term refugees. Over the decades, residents have transformed these camps into a state-like structure with their own political and administrative institutions, which has enabled the international community to gain time to search for an acceptable political solution to the long-term conflict between the Polisario Front (the Sahrawi rebel national liberation movement) and the Moroccan government. The existence of a state-like structure, however, should not itself be understood as the ultimate solution for the thousands of people in these camps, who are currently living in extreme poverty, surviving on increasingly meager international aid, and enduring an exceptionally long wait for the favorable conditions whereby they may return to their place of origin.

Uses of content analysis in economic sciences: An overview of the current situation and prospects

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
A. N. Oleinik
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Economic Information ◽  
The Status ◽  
On Line ◽  
The Creation

The article discusses the status of quantitative and qualitative data in economic sciences, as well as methods for transforming data into information and knowledge. Particular attention is devoted to content analysis as a set of methods for aggregating, processing and analyzing qualitative data; its forms (qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods) and uses by economists. Content analysis appears to be particularly suitable for non-orthodox economists because of their refusal to consider price as the only source of economic information. The content analysis of metadata of articles indexed in Web of Science and eLibrary suggests that Russian economists still have insufficient familiarity with the principles of content analysis and their applications to research compared with their Western counterparts. It is argued that the creation of on-line platforms for content analysis and on-line banks of qualitative data may become a trigger for changing this situation.

scholarly journals ʿIlm al-kalām in Mauretanien anhand maurischer Kommentare zur Iḍāʾat ad-duǧunna fī iʿtiqād ahl as-sunna von al-Maqqarī (st. 1041/1632)

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-794
Author(s):  
Gunhild Graf
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Islamic Science ◽  
Characteristic Features

Abstract The present article intends to contribute to the research on the kalām (“theology”) in Mauritania. So far, this particular Islamic science has received little attention of Islamic studies outside Mauritania. Around a dozen Mauritanian and non-Mauritanian commentaries on the highly popular didactic poem Iḍāʾat ad-duǧunna of al-Maqqarī – until today part of the education curriculum in the cultural area of the Western Sahara – provide the basis of the present paper which is divided in two parts: Part one presents some characteristic features of Mauritanian literature and the status of ʿilm al-kalām in Mauritania. Part two deals with the Iḍāʾa and its (Mauritanian) commentaries. Some selected key verses of the Iḍāʾa and their interpretation by various commentators are discussed here. Particular attention is paid to autobiographical notes and the elaboration on some special terms (for example tauḥīd, ʿilm, auwal wāǧib). Further topics addressed include the dialogue between al-Ǧubbāʾī and al-Ašʿarī and the report on Ibn Barraǧān’s prediction of the conquest of Jerusalem from the crusaders by the Muslims in the year 583 H. Since many Mauritanian manuscripts about kalām have not been edited to the present day, even an approximate overview on the Mauritanian kalām literature is still out of sight. However, the investigation of the Mauritanian ʿilm al-kalām as a subbranch of studies on later kalām since the seventeenth century promises to provide highly relevant and intriguing insights.

scholarly journals Experience of implementing decommunization laws in Eastern Ukraine: a Kharkiv case

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Denys Kutsenko
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
National Legislation ◽  
Architectural Monument ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ukrainian Society

The article deals with an instrumental use of the national legislation by the local authorities in Kharkiv, the second-largest city in Ukraine and shows how the shortcomings in the national legislation on the politics of memory can be used by the local political elites of “borderland city” in an attempt to raise the rating and/or to mobilize the electorate before the elections. Consequently, several interviews with local experts and activists were conducted in 2019, and qualitative data analysis was made for the transcribed texts as well as a short review of other papers on the subject. Also, the article shows how the local court can accelerate the process of depriving a historical building of the status of an architectural monument using decommunization laws. The study confirms the existence of serious polarization in Ukrainian society and the superficial nature of decommunization (started in 2015), which stimulates the deepening of such polarization.

scholarly journals Western Sahara as a Hybrid of a Parastate and a State-in-Exile: (Extra)territoriality and the Small Print of Sovereignty in a Context of Frozen Conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-99
Author(s):  
Irene Fernández-Molina ◽  
Raquel Ojeda-García
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Peace Settlement ◽  
Peacekeeping Forces ◽  
International Peacekeeping ◽  
Frozen Conflict ◽  
Global Powers

AbstractThis article argues that the “declarative” parastate of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) claiming sovereignty over Western Sahara is better understood as a hybrid between a parastate and a state-in-exile. It relies more on external, “international legal sovereignty,” than on internal, “Westphalian” and “domestic” sovereignty. While its Algerian operational base in the Tindouf refugee camps makes it work as a primarily extraterritorial state-in-exile de facto, the SADR maintains control over one quarter of Western Sahara’s territory proper allowing it to at least partially meet the requirements for declarative statehood de jure. Many case-specific nuances surround the internal sovereignty of the SADR in relation to criteria for statehood: territory, population, and government. However, examining this case in a comparative light reveals similarities with other (secessionist) parastates. The SADR exists within the context of a frozen conflict, where the stalemate has been reinforced by an ineffective internationally brokered peace settlement and the indefinite presence of international peacekeeping forces. Global powers have played a major role in prolonging the conflict’s status quo while the specific resilience of the SADR as a parastate has been ensured by support from Algeria as an external sponsor. The path to sovereignty appears to be blocked in every possible way.

scholarly journals Is It Possible to Become a Nurse in a Refugee Camp?

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3414
Author(s):  
Olga María López-Entrambasaguas ◽  
Jose Manuel Martínez-Linares ◽  
Manuel Linares-Abad ◽  
María José Calero-García
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Healthcare Needs ◽  
Spanish Colonization ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nursing Professionals

The history of the Western Sahara has been marked by several events that have contributed to the protracted refugee situation in which the Sahrawi people have found themselves since 1975: the Spanish colonization and the subsequent decolonization process, the armed struggles between the indigenous population and the states of Morocco and Mauritania to occupy Western Saharan territory, assassinations and repression of the Sahrawi population, and the economic interests of external agents with regards to mineral resources. Twenty-five years ago, in the hostile environment of the Sahrawi refugee camps, a nursing school was founded. Essentially depending on foreign aid, this school has been responsible for training nursing professionals to meet the healthcare needs of the population. The aim of this paper is to provide an approach to the origin and evolution of nursing education for the Sahrawi refugee camps. The Sahrawi are the only refugee camps in the world to host such nursing schools.

scholarly journals Insufficient physical activity level among Sahrawi adults living in a protracted refugee setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eivind Andersen ◽  
Ida Kjellså ◽  
Victoria Telle Hjellset ◽  
Sigrun Henjum
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Western Sahara

Abstract Background The Sahrawi people fled their homes in 1975 as the conflict in Western Sahara escalated and settled down near Tindouf, Algeria, where they still live. High prevalence of overweight and obesity and type 2 diabetes had been found in this protracted refugee setting. Scaling up national policy efforts to promote physical activity (PA) is critical to reducing the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the near future. One possible barrier to the inclusion of PA in NCD prevention strategies is the lack of research on PA level, which may reduce political support and policy development for PA. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the PA level among adults living in Sahrawi refugee camps and socioeconomic factors associated with PA. Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2014 in five refugee camps near Tindouf, Algeria. A total of 180 women and 175 men were included. PA was measured using the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF). Results There was a large amount of variance in reported PA for both genders, ranging from 10 min of total PA per week to above 40 hours. Forty-three percent of the participants had a low PA level (defined as not meeting the PA recommendations of 150 min of moderate to vigorous PA per day). The chi-square test of independence showed that males, those aged ≥ 60 years and people with higher education were more likely to be in the low PA level category. No significant relationship was found between PA level and BMI status. Most of the participants thought that engaging in PA would be wise, valuable, right and good but thought to a lesser degree that PA would be easy, comfortable and interesting. Conclusions Almost half of the participants were categorised as insufficiently physically active, however, most of the Sahrawi refugees express a positive attitude towards PA. PA is a low-cost approach to reducing deaths and NCDs, government initiatives to increase PA levels in refugee camps are advised.

scholarly journals Insufficient Physical Activity Level Among Sahrawi Adults Living in A Protracted Refugee Setting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eivind Andersen ◽  
Ida Kjellså ◽  
Victoria Telle Hjellset ◽  
Sigrun Henjum
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Western Sahara

Abstract Background: The Sahrawi people fled their homes in 1975 as the conflict in Western Sahara escalated and settled down near Tindouf, Algeria, where they still live. High prevalence of overweight and obesity and a moderate prevalence of diabetes had been found in this protracted refugee setting. Scaling up national policy efforts to promote physical activity (PA) is critical to reducing the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the near future. One possible barrier to the inclusion of PA in NCD prevention strategies is the lack of research on PA level, which may reduce political support and policy development for PA. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the PA level among adults living in Sahrawi refugee camps and socioeconomic factors associated with PA.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2014 in five refugee camps near Tindouf, Algeria. A total of 180 women and 175 men were included. PA was measured using the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF).Results: There was a large amount of variance in reported PA for both genders, ranging from 10 min of total PA per week to above 40 hours. Forty-three percent of the participants had a low PA level (defined as not meeting the PA recommendations of 150 min of moderate to vigorous PA per day). The chi-square test of independence showed that males, those aged ≥ 60 years and people with higher education were more likely to be in the low PA level category. No significant relationship was found between PA level and BMI status. Most of the participants thought that engaging in PA would be wise, valuable, right and good but thought to a lesser degree that PA would be easy, comfortable and interesting.Conclusions: Almost half of the participants were categorised as insufficiently physically active, however, most of the Sahrawi refugees express a positive attitude towards PA. PA is a low-cost approach to reducing deaths and NCDs, government initiatives to increase PA levels in refugee camps are advised.

scholarly journals Saharawi Women - Educators and Promoters of Peace

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Monika Ciesielkiewicz ◽  
Oscar Garrido Guijarro
Keyword(s):  
Women Educators ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Hunger Strike ◽  
National Union ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
The Face ◽  
Political Economic

The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of Saharawi women as educators and promoters of peace. The study includes published research on the topic, as well as two interviews conducted with a Paz Martín Lozano, a Spanish politician who is an expert on Saharawi issues, and Jadiyetu El Mohtar, a Saharawi activist and representative of the National Union of Saharawi Women (UNMS) who was well known by the Spanish media due to the hunger strike that she went on at the Lanzarote Airport in 2009. Despite the unbearable extreme conditions, Saharawi people were able to organize their political, economic and social life in refugee camps in the middle of a desert, mainly thanks to the incredible Saharawi women who educate their children to fight for the liberation of the territory of Western Sahara in a peaceful and non-violent way. They are striving for the recognition of the Saharawi cause at the international level and raising awareness of their right to self-determination through a free and fair referendum. They provide an excellent example for their children and transmit the values of peace, non-violent resistance, and not despairing in the face of difficult circumstances.

Connected Sahrawi refugee diaspora in Spain: Gender, social media and digital transnational gossip

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-783
Author(s):  
Silvia Almenara-Niebla ◽  
Carmen Ascanio-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Refugee Camp ◽  
Refugee Camps ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Impact

While there is increasing scholarly attention given to the impact of digital technologies on forced migration, the points of view and situated experiences of refugees living in the diaspora are understudied. This article addresses Sahrawis refugee diasporas, which have close ties with the Sahrawi political cause. Resulting from the unresolved Western Sahara conflict, Sahrawi forced migrants are at the eye of one of the world’s most protracted refugee situations. While most Sahrawis live in refugee camps in Algeria, some Sahrawis have managed to travel onwards. Social media allows those living elsewhere to maintain connections with contacts living in their original refugee camp. However, Facebook has become a complex environment, particularly for Sahrawi women. Gendered mechanisms of control, such as digital transnational gossip, result in a paradoxical politics of belonging: these women simultaneously desire to keep in touch but do not want to become a subject of gossip. From narratives of Sahrawi young women based in Spain gathered through interviews between 2016 and 2018, as well as a specific Facebook campaign and fan page, the focus is on strategies Sahrawi women develop to avoid and confront digital transnational gossip.

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