scholarly journals Activity of Laccase Enzyme Present in the Phenol-Contaminated Sediments of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Author(s):  
King Dave G. Martin ◽  
Maria Fatima T. Astrero ◽  
Laurence Anthony N. Mallari ◽  
Roland M. Hipol
Keyword(s):  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Laccase Activity ◽  
River System ◽  
Contaminated Sediments ◽  
Phenol Concentration ◽  
Sampling Area ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Laccase Enzyme ◽  
Collection Sites

Laccases are enzymes produced by different microbes like bacteria and fungi. These enzymes are members of the family of oxidases and are capable of oxidizing phenolics into non-toxic forms. Sediments were collected from the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System, specifically from the sampling area connected to leather tanneries, which directly dump their effluents into the river. This study aimed to determine the presence of laccase activity of sediments of Meycauayan River where effluents of leather factories and tanneries are directly dumped. Concentration of the phenolic compounds from five collection sites were measured. Collected phenol - contaminated sediments were tested for laccase activity using ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). Laccase was extracted from the collected sediments and used for the degradation of phenol. Reduction of phenol concentration by the extracted laccase reached 79.82% to as high as90.84%with a starting phenol concentration of 27.5 mmol per sample. Three strains of phenol-degrading ligninolytic bacteria closely related to Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus, Lysinibacillus fusiformisss, and Lysinibacillus sphaericuswere identified to be present in the river’s sediment which could produce laccase and facilitate degradation of phenol.

Electron Microscopy of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 258-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. Boatman ◽  
G. E. Kenny
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Hela Cells ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Gamma Globulin ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
The Family

Information concerning the morphology and replication of organism of the family Mycoplasmataceae remains, despite over 70 years of study, highly controversial. Due to their small size observations by light microscopy have not been rewarding. Furthermore, not only are these organisms extremely pleomorphic but their morphology also changes according to growth phase. This study deals with the morphological aspects of M. pneumoniae strain 3546 in relation to growth, interaction with HeLa cells and possible mechanisms of replication.The organisms were grown aerobically at 37°C in a soy peptone yeast dialysate medium supplemented with 12% gamma-globulin free horse serum. The medium was buffered at pH 7.3 with TES [N-tris (hyroxymethyl) methyl-2-aminoethane sulfonic acid] at 10mM concentration. The inoculum, an actively growing culture, was filtered through a 0.5 μm polycarbonate “nuclepore” filter to prevent transfer of all but the smallest aggregates. Growth was assessed at specific periods by colony counts and 800 ml samples of organisms were fixed in situ with 2.5% glutaraldehyde for 3 hrs. at 4°C. Washed cells for sectioning were post-fixed in 0.8% OSO4 in veronal-acetate buffer pH 6.1 for 1 hr. at 21°C. HeLa cells were infected with a filtered inoculum of M. pneumoniae and incubated for 9 days in Leighton tubes with coverslips. The cells were then removed and processed for electron microscopy.

Beetles of the family Cryptophagidae (Coleoptera) in the collection of Zoological Museum of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ocheretna
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Zoological Museum ◽  
World War ◽  
Identification Number ◽  
Comprehensive List ◽  
Carpathian Region ◽  
The Family ◽  
National University ◽  
Collection Sites

The Cryptophagidae collection (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) deposited at the Zoological Museum of the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (ZMKU) is described. The main authors of the collection are well-known researchers from the 1910–1930s, Orest Marcu and Karl Penecke. This is the largest collection of cryptophagids among the natural museums of Ukraine containing 304 specimens belonging to 85 species of 13 genera. In addition, 15 specimens of 5 species belonging to the families Erotylidae, Biphyllidae and Languriidae were among Cryptophagidae specimens. The collection, according to information available in the ZMKU, came to the museum not earlier than 1947 as the indemnity for the results of the II World War, most likely from Chernivtsi, where Marcu and Penecke worked. The vast majority of specimens is collected in the territory of modern Romania and Ukraine, and many specimens came from Chernivtsi. A table with an overview of all key details of the specimens is given, in which there are 6 fields: the name of the species on the label, details on the species identification, number of specimens, collection locality with the name of collector and remarks on the specimen, in particular, the instructions for decoding collection sites from the original labels. Annotations are made on the amount of the collection and the most important specimens and re-identification for each of the 13 genera. Some specimens are lost, probably during numerous collection migrations. In particular, some species (Cryptophagus simplex, C. lapidicola, C. nitidulus, Caenoscelis subdeplanata, Atomaria grandicollis, A. peltata, etc.) are represented in the collection only by the labels. The collection is important for the analysis of the composition of the fauna of the Carpathian region in the broad sense, since some species are encountered in the collection rarely; therefore it is important to clarify their locations to form the most comprehensive list of species of the Cryptophagids in the region. Several species of the family were included on the actual list of the fauna of the region on the basis of the study of this collection, in particular: Atomaria linearis, A. analis, A. apicalis, A. gravidula, Cryptophagus fasciatus, C. setulosus, etc.

Design, Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation and Molecular Modeling Study of New 2-mercaptoimidazoles (Series-III)

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 512-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Rani ◽  
Randhir Singh
Keyword(s):  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Docking Study ◽  
Molecular Docking Study ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Design Synthesis ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Evaluation ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Antimicrobial Potency

Background: A series of novel substituted 2-mercaptoimidazoles was synthesised efficiently and in high yields using one-pot synthesis from m-hydroxyacetophenones. Methods: The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established, their molecular activity was investigated against some bacteria and fungi were further validated using molecular docking study. Results: Reaction of o-hydroxyphenacylbromide (2) with substituted aniline and KSCN, in the presence of catalyst p-toluene sulfonic acid afforded 4(a-r) in good yield. The structure of compounds (4a-r) was confirmed by IR, NMR and MS. Conclusion: The compounds exhibited excellent antimicrobial potency against the tested microorganism.

Isolation and Characterization of Soil Myxobacteria from Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Nabin Rana ◽  
Saraswoti Khadka ◽  
Bishnu Prasad Marasini ◽  
Bishnu Joshi ◽  
Pramod Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
The Family ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Antimicrobial Metabolites

 Realizing myxobacteria as a potential source of antimicrobial metabolites, we pursued research to isolate myxobacteria showing antimicrobial properties. We have successfully isolated three strains (NR-1, NR-2, NR-3) using the Escherichia coli baiting technique. These isolates showed typical myxobacterial growth characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the strains (NR-1, NR-2, NR-3) belong to the family Archangiaceae, suborder Cystobacterineae, and order Myxococcales. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity searched through BLAST revealed that strain NR-1 showed the closest similarity (91.8 %) to the type strain Vitiosangium cumulatum (NR-156939), NR-2 showed (98.8 %) to the type of Cystobacter badius (NR-043940), and NR-3 showed the closest similarity (83.5 %) to the type of strain Cystobacter fuscus (KP-306730). All isolates showed better growth in 0.5-1 % NaCl and pH around 7.0, whereas no growth was observed at pH 9.0 and below 5.0. All strains showed better growth at 32° C and hydrolyzed starch, whereas casein was efficiently hydrolyzed by NR-1 and NR-2. Besides, preliminary antimicrobial tests from crude extracts showed activities against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. Our findings suggest that the arcane soil habitats of Nepal harbor myxobacteria with the capability to produce diverse antimicrobial activities that may be explored to overcome the rapidly rising global concern about antibiotic resistance.

scholarly journals Metabolism of the Flavonoid Epicatechin by Laccase of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Its Effect on Pathogenicity on Avocado Fruits

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1341-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Guetsky ◽  
I. Kobiler ◽  
X. Wang ◽  
N. Perlman ◽  
N. Gollop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Laccase Activity ◽  
Thioglycolic Acid ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Antifungal Compounds ◽  
Symptom Development ◽  
Fungal Attack ◽  
Avocado Fruit ◽  
Laccase Enzyme ◽  
Unripe Fruits

During avocado fruit ripening, decreasing levels of the flavonoid epicatechin have been reported to modulate the metabolism of preformed antifungal compounds and the activation of quiescent Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infections. Epicatechin levels decreased as well when C. gloeosporioides was grown in the presence of epicatechin in culture. Extracts of laccase enzyme obtained from decayed tissue and culture media fully metabolized the epicatechin substrate within 4 and 20 h, respectively. Purified laccase protein from C. gloeosporioides showed an apparent MW of 60,000, an isoelectric point at pH 3.9, and maximal epicatechin degradation at pH 5.6. Inhibitors of fungal laccase such as EDTA and thioglycolic acid reduced C. gloeosporioides symptom development when applied to ripening susceptible fruits. Isolates of C. gloeosporioides with reduced laccase activity and no capability to metabolize epicatechin showed reduced pathogenicity on ripening fruits. On the contrary, Mexican isolates with increasing capabilities to metabolize epicatechin showed early symptoms of disease in unripe fruits. Transcript levels of cglac1, encoding C. gloeosporioides laccase, were enhanced during fungal development in the presence of epicatechin at pH 6.0, where avocado fruits are susceptible to fungal attack. But transcript increase was not detected at pH 5.0, where the fruit is resistant to fungal attack. The present results suggest that biotransformation of epicatechin by C. gloeosporioides in ripening fruits is followed by the decline of the preformed antifungal diene compound, resulting in the activation of quiescent infections.

Remediation of PCB-Contaminated Sediments in Lake Järns Jon, Emän River System, Sweden

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gullbring ◽  
T. Hammar
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
River System ◽  
Contaminated Sediments ◽  
Dredged Material ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Additional Load ◽  
Protective Barrier ◽  
National Importance ◽  
Consulting Companies

Järnsjön, a lake in the Swedish river Emån, contains approx. 400 kg of PCB which is slowly leaching out from the sediments. An analysis program has shown that the Järnsjön sediments are the primary source for ongoing discharge of PCB to the river. Based on the current yearly discharge of 7 kg PCB, the sediments will cause problems during several decades. The Emän river is classified as a resource of national importance. Remediation of Järnsjön is necessary if continued damage is to be avoided. However, remedial activities in lake Järnsjön can lead to an additional load on Emån. Restrictions on such releases during remediation of Järnsjön will therefore be stringently applied. The feasibility of remediating Järnsjön, has been examined in a number of studies carried out by the Swedish EPA together with different universities, institutes and consulting companies. A primary alternative has been selected. This alternative includes vacuum dredging within a protective barrier of silt screens. Dredged material will be dewatered and disposed of in a special landfill. This remedial action is estimated to cost appr. 40 million Swedish kronor. (6 - 8 million dollars). The remediation has started and will be concluded in 1994.

Miroblatta baai, a new very large cockroach species from caves of Borneo (Blattaria: Blaberidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1390 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIPPE GRANDCOLAS ◽  
LOUIS DEHARVENG
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
River System ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Genital Morphology ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
The Family ◽  
Underground River ◽  
A New Species

A new species of the genus Miroblatta Shelford, 1906 is described from caves of Borneo in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This new species, M. baai sp. nov., is similar to the epigean species M. petrophila Shelford, 1906 also found in Borneo. It differs by a larger adult size, longer legs, shorter wings, longer pronotum showing a remarkable central bulbous structure, lighter colouration and genital morphology (especially sclerite L1 shape). The genital morphology as well as morphological evidence for ovoviviparity confirm that the genus belongs to the family Blaberidae, subfamily Epilamprinae. Contrary to its epigean relative M. petrophila, this new species has been found exclusively in karstic caves of the same underground river system and these occurrences as well as the elongated legs and reduced eyes allow one to assume that this is a truly troglobitic species, so far the first one recorded in the family Blaberidae.

scholarly journals Produksi dan karakterisasi lakase Omphalina sp. Production and characterization of Omphalina sp. laccase

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
. SISWANTO ◽  
. SUHARYANTO ◽  
Rossy FITRIA
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Laccase Activity ◽  
Research Result ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Laccase Enzyme

SummaryOmphalina sp. a white-rot fungi (WRF)originated from oil palm plantation has abilityto degrade empty fruit bunches of oil palm(EFBOP) so that it is expected to producelaccase with high activity. The ability ofOmphalina sp. to produce laccase enzyme onliquid fermentation will be studied. The enzymewill also be partially purified andcharacterized. The research result showed thatthe highest enzyme activity (1.162 U/mL) wasobtained using glucose malt yeast (GMY)medium at room temperature for four days.The addition of 2,5-xylidine as an inducerproduced laccase earlier i.e two days, but theactivity of laccase was less active afterprolonged incubation compared to that ofcontrol. The laccase produced on mediumcontaining 2% EFBOP reached optimumactivity as much as 0.38 U/mL after 10 th daysof incubation. Partial purification of laccaseon Sephacryl S-200 HR column resulted58.23% of yield recovery with twice purity thanbefore. The optimum pH of laccase was 4.5.Laccase activity was stable even after heatedon 50 o C for 30 minutes, but then decreasedwhen heated until 60 o C. The laccase has K Mand V max as much as 0.15 mM and 0.56 U/mLrespectively.RingkasanOmphalina sp., adalah fungi pelapuk putih(FPP) hasil isolasi dari kebun kelapa sawityang diketahui mampu mendegradasi tandankosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dengan cepatsehingga diharapkan mampu menghasilkanlakase dengan aktivitas tinggi. KemampuanOmphalina sp. menghasilkan enzim lakasepada fermentasi cair akan dipelajari. Selain itu,lakase yang dihasilkan akan dimurnikan secaraparsial serta dilakukan karakterisasi pH, suhu,dan konsentrasi substrat optimum. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa Omphalina sp.menghasilkan lakase dengan aktivitas tertinggi(1,162 U/mL) pada medium glucose malt yeast(GMY) yang diinkubasikan pada suhu ruangselama empat hari. Penambahan 2,5-xilidinsebagai induser mempercepat produksi lakaselebih awal yaitu dalam waktu dua hari, namunaktivitasnya masih lebih rendah dibandingkandengan kontrol pada inkubasi lebih lanjut.Lakase dari Omphalina sp. juga dapatdiproduksi pada medium yang mengandung2% TKKS dan aktivitasnya mencapai0,38 U/mL yang diinkubasi dalam suhu ruangselama 10 hari. Pemurnian parsial pada kolomSephacryl S-200 HR menghasilkan rendemensebesar 58,23% dengan kemurnian dua kalinya.Aktivitas lakase optimum pada pH 4,5 dantetap stabil setelah pemanasan selama 30 menitpada suhu ruang hingga 50 o C dan menuruntajam pada suhu 60 o C. Lakase Omphalina sp.menghasilkan nilai K M dan V maks masing-masing sebesar 0,15 mM dan 0,56 U/mL.

scholarly journals Diversity and Composition of Rumen Bacteria, Fungi, and Protozoa in Goats and Sheep Living in the Same High-Altitude Pasture

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suo Langda ◽  
Chenguang Zhang ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Ba Gui ◽  
De Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acid ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Gene Sequencing ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Total Volatile ◽  
Ruminal Bacteria ◽  
The Family ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Environmental adaptation of ruminants was highly related to microbiota in the rumen. To investigate the diversity and composition of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in the rumen of high-altitude animals, amplicon gene sequencing was performed using rumen fluid samples derived from both Tibetan goats and sheep at the same pasture in a highland (altitude > 4800 m). Between these two species, the ruminal bacteria and fungi were significantly different at multiple taxonomic levels. The alpha diversity of bacteria was significantly high in goats (p < 0.05). One hundred and sixty-four and 29 Operational Taxonomy Units (OTUs) with significant differences were detected in bacteria and fungi, respectively. The abundance of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in the rumen was characterized at multiple taxonomic levels, and we determined that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Neocallimastigomycota, and Ciliophora were the most abundant bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. The family Neocallimastigaceae and the genus Metadinium had cellulose degradation capacity in the rumen with high abundance, thereby, suggesting that fungi and protozoa played an essential role in rumen fermentation. In addition, by comparing microbiota in the rumen of goats and sheep it was found, that the fiber-degrading fungi genus (Cyllamyces) was increased in the rumen of sheep (p < 0.05) whereas VFA-producing bacteria (Saccharofermentans and Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014) were increased in the rumen of goats (p < 0.05). Interestingly, in the rumen, no differences in protozoa were observed between goats and sheep (p > 0.05). Furthermore, when compared to sheep, level of acetic acid, propionic acid, and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) were significantly increased in the rumen of goats (p < 0.05). Taken together, these results suggested microbiota in the rumen drive goats to better adapt to high-altitude grazing conditions.

scholarly journals Antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl. (Dichapetalaceae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 263-267
Author(s):  
GS Priyanka ◽  
Nitish A Bharadwaj ◽  
MB Sachin ◽  
TR Prashith Kekuda
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Fruit Extract ◽  
Fruit Extracts ◽  
The Family ◽  
Poisoned Food Technique ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Dose Dependent

Objectives: Dichapetalum gelonioides (Roxb.) Engl. belongs to the family Dichapetalaceae. In the present study, we investigated antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaf and fruit of D. gelonioides. Methods: Maceration process was carried out for extraction of leaf and fruit of D. gelonioides. Agar well diffusion method was employed to evaluate antibacterial activity of extracts against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Poisoned food technique was performed to investigate antifungal activity of extracts against two seed-borne fungi. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging and ferric reducing assays.  Results: Both leaf and fruit extracts were effective in causing inhibition of all test bacteria. Highest and least inhibitory activity was observed against Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli respectively. Both Aspergillus niger and Bipolaris sp. were inhibited to >50% by leaf and fruit extracts. Extent of inhibition of Bipolaris sp. was slightly higher when compared to A. niger. Both leaf and fruit extracts showed a dose dependent scavenging of DPPH radicals with high activity being showed by leaf extract. Leaf extract was shown to exhibit marked reducing potential than fruit extract. Conclusions: Overall, leaf extract was shown to be more effective in displaying antioxidant activity and causing inhibition of bacteria and fungi when compared to fruit extract. The results indicate that the plant possess active principles which are to be purified, characterized and subjected for antimicrobial and antioxidant assays in further studies. Keywords: Dichapetalum gelonioides, Maceration, Agar well diffusion, Poisoned food technique, DPPH, Ferric reducing

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