Moisture and Rupture Models for Corn (Zea mays) Seeds of Different Endosperm Types

Abstract. Mechanization of postharvest handling and conditioning inflicts damage on the physical, physiological, and sanitary qualities of corn (Zea mays) seeds, resulting in significant economic loss. The mechanical damage is related to the compression strength and strain, and therefore to the moisture content (MC) and endosperm type. This study was conducted from 2012 to 2014 at the Montecillo and Chapingo agricultural institutes in Mexico, where physical properties such as volumetric weight; apparent density; rupture compression strength, strain, and energy; and endosperm type were evaluated for five corn seed cultivars (floury, semi-floury, floury-flint, semi-flint, and flint) at seven MC levels (8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, 24%, 28%, and 32% w.b.). The aim of this study was to develop moisture-strength, moisture-strain, and moisture-energy regression models for postharvest handling of corn to prevent quality loss due to mechanization. For three model groups, the relationship (1) between MC and rupture strain was linear and directly proportional for the five studied cultivars; (2) between MC and rupture strength was linear and directly proportional for the floury cultivar, inverse for the semi-flint and flint cultivars, and quadratic for the semi-floury and floury-flint cultivars; and (3) between MC and rupture energy was linear and directly proportional for the floury cultivar and quadratic for the semi-floury, floury-flint, semi-flint, and flint cultivars. The models obtained in this study might be used as a reference for better handling of corn seeds, as none of the five studied varieties had a uniformly superior rupture strength, strain, or energy at the studied MC levels. Floury endosperm types might be handled at high MC and flint endosperm types might be handled at low MC to avoid mechanical damage produced by static loads; both types of endosperm support greater energy loads, e.g., impact, at higher MC. Keywords: Compression, Corn quality, Flint endosperm, Floury endosperm, Moisture, Zea mays.

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Diseases of the kumara crop

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4845 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 62 ◽

pp. 402-402

Author(s):

S.L. Lewthwaite ◽

P.J. Wright

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Root Surface ◽

Black Rot ◽

Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽

Ceratocystis Fimbriata ◽

Pink Rot

The predominant diseases of the commercial kumara (Ipomoea batatas) or sweetpotato crop are caused by fungal pathogens The field disease pink rot results from infection by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lesions form on vines but may spread down stems to the roots The widespread nature of this disease in sweetpotato appears peculiar to New Zealand Scurf is a disease caused by Monilochaetes infuscans which occurs in the field but may proliferate amongst stored roots The disease causes a superficial discolouration of the root surface which is mainly cosmetic but can also increase root water loss in storage Infection by Ceratocystis fimbriata produces a disease known as black rot The disease can be transmitted amongst plants at propagation but is particularly rampant amongst roots in storage This disease is readily transmitted and can cause severe economic loss Fusarium oxysporum causes surface rots in stored roots characterised by light to dark brown lesions that tend to be firm dry and superficial The lesions may be circular and centred on wounds caused by insects or mechanical damage at harvest Soft rot caused by Rhizopus stolonifer generally occurs in roots after they are washed and prepared for the market Fungal infection occurs through wounds or bruised tissue producing distinctive tufts of white fungal strands and black spores

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PERKECAMBAHAN BENIH JAGUNG (Zea mays L.) PADA BERBAGAI UMUR PANEN BENIH DAN KELEMBABAN MEDIA TANAM

EUGENIA ◽

10.35791/eug.18.3.2012.4096 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Vilma Victa Rikumahu ◽

Jantje Pongoh ◽

J. M. Paulus

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Single Factor ◽

Hard Seed ◽

Corn Seed ◽

Seed Corn ◽

North Sulawesi ◽

Seed Harvest ◽

Two Factors ◽

Dead Shoot

ABSTRACT Research has been implemented as of July 2012, in the BPSB Laboratory of North Sulawesi Province i.e.: 1) to test the seed lacking in vigour during the Random Complete Design with three treatments of the various harvest ages, i.e. U1 (90 dasy), U2 (100 days) and U3 (110 days) treatments repeated four times; 2) in the greenhouse to see the amount of the normal, sprouts abnormal, seeds, hard seed and dead, shoot root ratio by using the Random Completed Design with two factors, respectively are : factorial in complete factors of the first different age harvest U1 (90 days), U2 (100 days) and U3 (110 days), the second factor granting of the water with different capacity P1 (3600 ml), P2 (2700 ml), P3 (1800 ml) and P4 (900 ml). Data analysis were found by the various analysis, however if there are different results, it would continue on the Smallest Significant Test. The results showed that, Electric Power Conductivity (EPC) affected by the age of harvest seed corn. The highest EPC at the harvest ages of 90 days and the lowest at 100 days and 110 days. It would be shown that the great value of EPC, the smallest amount of germination. There is no interaction between the age of abnormal seeds, hard seed die, shoot root ratio and high sprouts, but single factor treatment of harvest age and media planting humidity were significantly effected toward sprout normal, abnormal seed, hard seed die, shoot root ratio and high sprouts. Keywords : corn seed, harvest ages, humidity ABSTRAK Penelitian dilaksanakan sejak bulan Juli 2012, penelitian pertama di Laboratorium Balai Penelitian dan Sertifikasi Benih (BPSB) Provinsi Sulawesi Utara, untuk menguji vigor benih menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan tiga perlakuan umur panen yang berbeda: U1 (90 Hari), U2 (100 Hari) dan U3 (110 hari) perlakuan diulang empat kali. Penelitian kedua di Rumah Kaca untuk melihat jumlah kecambah normal, abnormal, benih keras,benih mati dan nisbah pupus akar menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap disusun secara faktorial dengan 2 faktor masing-masing adalah : faktor pertama : Umur Panen yang berbeda, U1 (90 Hari), U2 (100 Hari) dan U3 (110 hari). faktor kedua pemberian air dengan kapasitas yang berbeda, P1 (3600 ml), P2 (2700 ml), P3 (1800 ml) dan P4 (900 ml). Data yang diperoleh menggunakan analisa ragam dan jika terdapat perbedaan perlakuan dilanjutkan dengan uji Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT). Hasil penelitian yang didapat adalah; Daya hantar listrik (DHL) dipengaruhi oleh umur panen benih jagung, DHL tertinggi pada umur panen 90 hari dan yang terendah umur panen 100 dan 110 hari. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa semakin besar nilai DHL semakin kecil jumlah perkecambahan. Tidak terdapat interaksi antara umur panen benih dan kelembaban media tanam terhadap jumlah kecambah normal, abnormal, benih keras, benih mati, nisbah pupus akar dan tinggi kecambah tetapi secara tunggal faktor perlakuan umur panen dan kelembaban media tanam berpengaruh nyata terhadap kecambah normal, abnormal, benih keras, benih mati, nisbah pupus akar dan tinggi kecambah. Kata kunci : benih jagung, umur panen, kelembaban

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CHANGES IN MOISTURE, TEMPERATURE, AND QUALITY OF CORN SEED DURING HIGH-TEMPERATURE DRYING

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps89-091 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 749-761 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

ULRICH HERTER ◽

JOSEPH S. BURRIS

Keyword(s):

Seed Quality ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Drying Time ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Corn Seed ◽

Seed Corn ◽

Seed Moisture ◽

The Relationship ◽

High Temperature Drying

Mechanical drying has frequently caused injury in corn seed. Changes in seed moisture, temperature, and quality were determined for inbred lines A632, B73 and Mo17 to define the relationship between these variables. Ears harvested at ca. 48 and 38% seed moisture could be dried at 50 °C for 4–15 h and 18–24 h, respectively, before germination started to decline linearly with prolonged 50 °C drying. Drying time at 50 °C, seed moisture, or embryo moisture after 50 °C drying could be used equally well for prediction of seed quality. Seedling dry weights often declined even when seed was dried for only a few hours at 50 °C. Temperature measurements within seeds indicated that evaporation cooled the seed no more than 5 °C. Drying susceptibility of seed parents varied greatly between years.Key words: Moisture, temperature changes, seed corn, drying

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Pengaruh lama perendaman biji jagung pada larutan urin kelinci terhadap produktivitas fodder jagung (zea mays) dengan sistem hidroponik

Jurnal Sains Peternakan ◽

10.21067/jsp.v5i2.3162 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 117-127

Author(s):

Lesmin Yigibalom ◽

Tri Ida Wahyu Kustyorini ◽

Aju Tjatur Nugroho Krisnaningsih

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Protein Production ◽

Crude Fiber ◽

Dry Matter Production ◽

Corn Seed ◽

Matter Production ◽

Corn Kernels

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman biji jagung pada larutan urin kelinci terhadap produktivitas fodder jagung(zea mays) dengan sistem hidroponik.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah percobaan lapang dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan.Perlakuan penelitian yaitu P0 (tanpa perendaman), P1 perendaman pada air 24 jam, perendaman pada larutan urin P2 (8 jam), P3 (16 jam), dan P4 (24 jam). Variabel yang diamati dalam penelitian ini lama perendaman biji jagung yang berbeda dan larutan urin kelinci, variabel tersebut berkaitan dengan persentase perkecambahan, persentase kecambah normal, produksi segar, produksi bahan kering, produksi bahan organik, produksi protein kasar, produksi serat kasar. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA). Hasil menunjuk kan bahwa perlakuan perendaman biji jagung dalam larutan urin kelinci memberi pengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap Persentase kecambah normal produksi hijauan segar, produksi bahan kering, produksi bahan organik,produksi serat kasar , produksi protein kasar, sedangkan pada hasil pengamatan pada persentase kecambah memberi pengaruh tidak nyata (P>0,05), persentase kecambah normal tertinggi pada perlakuan P2 (99,3%) dan P1 (98,1%), produksi segar tertinggi pada P2 (384,2 gram) produksi bahan kering tertinggi pada P2 (113,92 gram), produksi protein kasar tertinggi pada P2 (61,2 gram) produksi bahan organik P2 (36,0 gram) dan produksi serat kasar P2 (55,58 gram). Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini bahwa perlakuan perendaman biji jagung selama 8 jam dengan larutan urin kelinci dapat membrikan pengaruh yang lebih baik terhadap produktivitas fodder jagung dengan sistem hidroponik. Abstract This study aimed to determine the effect of soaking time of corn kernels on rabbit urine solution on the productivity of corn fodder (zea mays) with hydroponic systems. The research method used was a field experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Maintenance treatment is P0 (without immersion), P1 (immersion on water 24 hours), immersion on urine solution P2 (8 hours), P3 (16 hours), P4 (24 hours). Variables observed in this study were different lengths of corn seed immersion and rabbit urine solution, these variables were related to germination percentage, percentage of normal sprouts, fresh production, dry matter production, organic matter production, crude protein production, crude fiber production. The analysis used was variance analysis (ANOVA). These results indicate that the treatment of soaking corn kernels in the urine solution of rabbits had a very significant effect (P <0.01). ) to the percentage of normal germination of fresh forage production, dry matter production, production of organic matter, crude fiber production, crude protein production, while the results of observations on the percentage of sprouts had no significant effect (P> 0.05) P2 (99.3%) and P1 (98.1%), highest fresh production in P2 (384.2 grams) highest dry matter production in P2 (113.92 grams), highest crude protein production in P2 (61.2 gram) production of organic matter P2 (36.0 grams) and production of crude fiber P2 (55.58 grams). The conclusions from the results of this study that the treatment of corn seed immersion for 8 hours with rabbit urine solution can provide a better influence on the productivity of corn fodder with a hydroponic system.

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Maize and Mississippian Beginnings

Mississippian Beginnings ◽

10.5744/florida/9781683400103.003.0002 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amber M. Vanderwarker ◽

Dana N. Bardolph ◽

C. Margaret Scarry

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Social Systems ◽

Plant Production ◽

Cultural Tradition ◽

Central Feature ◽

Long Distance ◽

Regional Patterns ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Relationship

The adoption and intensification of maize (Zea mays) farming has long been a topic of interest in Mississippian archaeology. At various times throughout the development and definition of “Mississippian” as a cultural tradition, maize has been cast as a central feature of Mississippian adaptation, alongside a suite of other traits that include long-distance exchange, platform mound building, and the development of ranked social systems. In (re-)considering the topic of Mississippian beginnings, we continue to interrogate the nature of the relationship between maize farming and Mississippian origins. Our archaeological review of regional patterns of plant production (archaeobotanical results) and plant consumption (isotopic results) reveals that Mississippians throughout southeastern and midwestern North America produced and consumed maize, but varied significantly in their levels of production and consumption.

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Tourists “stealing” stuff

Tourism Economics ◽

10.1177/1354816620960988 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 135481662096098

Author(s):

Stephen Pratt

Keyword(s):

Hot Spots ◽

Hospitality Industry ◽

Economic Value ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Tourist Behavior ◽

Hotel Room ◽

Direct Economic Loss ◽

Tourism And Hospitality Industry ◽

Tourism And Hospitality ◽

The Relationship

Hotel guests are sometimes confused as to what they can take from their hotel room. Passengers are sometimes confused as to what they can take from their flight. When passengers take a flight and hotel guests pay for a room, what items are they entitled to? It is not so clear. This research explores this issue. The economic value of these items can be quite prohibitive and represents a direct economic loss to these tourism businesses. The focus of previous research on theft in the tourism and hospitality industry focuses on tourists being robbed or employees stealing from their employers. This research assesses the self-reported incidence of tourists taking items from hotels and airlines and investigates the relationship between tourists taking both free and not-complimentary items and self-reported ethical tourist behavior. Further, we segment and profile the types of tourists who take items from hotels and airlines. We achieve these research objectives by undertaking a quantitative survey through 538 completed questionnaires captured via an in-person intercept method in commonly frequented tourist hot spots in Hong Kong. The incidence of theft is relatively high for some items, but tourists generally know which items they are entitled to and which they are not. There are three segments of tourists in terms of their self-reported behavior of taking items from hotel rooms and off flights: Honest, Impulsive, and Habituals.

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Experimental investigation of compression strength of ventilated corrugated citrus packaging

Packaging Research ◽

10.1515/pacres-2017-0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 22-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Pankaj B. Pathare ◽

Tarl M. Berry ◽

Umezuruike Linus Opara

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Compression Strength ◽

Mechanical Performance ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Storage Condition ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Airflow Distribution ◽

Postharvest Handling

Abstract Ventilated corrugated paperboard packaging is the most widely type of packaging used in postharvest handling and transportation of fresh horticultural produce, during which the package may be exposed to different environmental conditions. Ventilated packages should be designed in such a way that they can provide uniform airflow distribution without compromising mechanical integrity. This study investigated the effects of different storage conditions (−0.5°C at 90% RH; 4°C at 90% RH, 10° C at 90% RH) on the mechanical performance of two types of ventilated packaging [‘Supervent’ (4.7% vent area) and ‘Standard’ (3.1% vent area)] used for handling citrus fruit. The effects of storage condition on moisture content of package was also studied. Standard packaging showed higher compression strength than supervent packaging, presumably due to less vent area on the package. Maximum compressive strength reduction was found at storage temperature 4°C for both packages. The compressive strength of both packages decreased with increase in moisture content.

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Research on Energy Efficiency and Environmental Pollution in China: a Simultaneous Equations Approach

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.974 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 361-363 ◽

pp. 974-977 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ying Nan Dong ◽

Yu Duo Lu ◽

Jiao Jiao Yu

Keyword(s):

Energy Efficiency ◽

Sustainable Development ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Environmental Pollution ◽

Energy Intensity ◽

Industrial Structure ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Simultaneous Equations ◽

Consumption Structure ◽

The Relationship

This paper examined the relationship between the energy efficiency and the environmental pollution. By using the data of energy intensity and economic loss caused by environmental pollution (ELP) in China from 1989-2009, a simultaneous equations was developed. The result of two-stage OLS estimation suggested that the energy had exerted positive influences on the decreasing of the environmental pollutions. By enhancing the energy efficiency and adjusting the industrial structure and energy consumption structure, China is exploring a road for sustainable development in the energy conservation.

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Selenium and manganese in depression – preclinical and clinical studies

Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ◽

10.1515/cipms-2017-0028 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 151-155

Author(s):

Karolina Slawinska ◽

Gabriela Bielecka ◽

Karol Iwaniak ◽

Sylwia Wosko ◽

Ewa Poleszak

Keyword(s):

Clinical Studies ◽

Depressive Disorders ◽

Economic Loss ◽

Essential Elements ◽

World Health ◽

Neurotransmitter System ◽

Health Organization ◽

Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽

The Relationship ◽

Antidepressant Action

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization estimates, approximately 10% of the world’s population is affected by depressive disorders. Furthermore, even in high-income countries, many people with depression are not treated, which can lead to serious health consequences and a global economic loss. Unfortunately, the current pharmacotherapy of depressive disorders is characterized by unsatisfactory efficacy and the therapeutic effect is accompanied by many side effects. For this reason, there is still ongoing worldwide research to find new antidepressant therapies. In recent years, many data have been shown that essential elements demonstrate the antidepressant action and increase the effect of antidepressants. In this paper we present the results from the preclinical and clinical studies published over the years which show the involvement of selenium and manganese in depressive disorders. In this article, the relationship between the amount of these microelements in a diet and depression is reviewed and what's more, the association among these elements in different biomaterial and their relations to depressive symptoms is presented. Additionally, we discuss the possible influence of selenium and manganese on modulating neurotransmitter system involved in depression.

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