scholarly journals Negative effects of ant-plant interaction on pollination: costs of a mutualism

Sociobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. e7259
Author(s):  
Rodrigo R Nogueira ◽  
Danilo Ferreira Borges Santos ◽  
Eduardo S Calixto ◽  
Helena Maura Torezan-Silingardi ◽  
Kleber Del-Claro
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Cost ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Plant Fitness ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Facultative Mutualism ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Brazilian Savannah ◽  
Artificial Ants ◽  
Negative Impacts

The mutualism of ants and extrafloral nectary (EFN)-bearing plants is known to reduce rates of herbivory. However, ants may have negative impacts on other mutualisms such as pollination, constituting an indirect cost of a facultative mutualism. For instance, when foraging on or close to reproductive plant parts ants might attack pollinators or inhibit their visits. We tested the hypothesis that ants on EFN-bearing plants may negatively influence pollinator behavior, ultimately reducing plant fitness (fruit set). The study was done in a reserve at Brazilian savannah using the EFN-bearing plant Banisteriopsis malifolia (Malpighiaceae). The experimental manipulation was carried out with four groups: control (free visitation of ants), without ants (ant-free branches), artificial ants (isolated branches with artificial ants on flowers) and plastic circles (isolated branches with plastic circles on flowers). We made observations on flower visitors and their interactions, and measured fruit formation as a proxy for plant fitness. Our results showed that pollinators hesitated to visit flowers with artificial ants, negatively affecting pollination, but did not hesitate to visit flowers with plastic circles, suggesting that they recognize the specific morphology of the ants. Pollinators spent more time per flower on the ant-free branches, and the fruiting rate was lower in the group with artificial ants. Our results confirm an indirect cost in this facultative mutualism, where the balance between these negative and positive effects of ants on EFN-bearing plants are not well known.

Diversity in the workplace

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Management Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Pertinent Information ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Diversity In The Workplace

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Increased globalization has led to increased diversity. This can have positive effects for the workplace in terms of increased variety of knowledge, skills and experience. However, there can also be negative impacts of diversity in terms of reduced social cohesion, poor communication and increased conflict. Diversity management can help to reduce the negative effects and capitalize on the positive effects of diversity, in order to enhance organizational performance. Diversity needs to be context-specific, taking into account a wider range of individual attributes, and needs to be supported by diversity at the top management level in order to maximize organizational effectiveness. Originality The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

scholarly journals NAFTA, Social Unionism, and Labour Movement Power in Canada and the United States

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Robinson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Negative Impacts

This paper considers how the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is likely to affect labour movement power in Canada and the United States. The paper is divided into four parts. It first defines the concept of « labour movement power », breaking it down into its component parts. It next considers why we should care about what happens to labour movement power. It then outlines the principal negative and positive effects that the NAFTA is likely to have on labour movement power. Attention is also given to the beneficial consequences that the fight against the NAFTA has already had for the labour movement. It is argued that the NAFTA 's negative impacts are likely to outweight its positive ones in the short run and that the positive effects could substantially outweight its negative effects over the medium to long run. Whether it does will depend upon choices made in the next few years by labour movement leaders and activists.

scholarly journals Fertilisation with Potassium Silicate Exerted Little Effect on Production Parameters of Cucumbers Exposed to UV and Drought

Stresses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-161
Author(s):  
Mateja Grašič ◽  
Mateja Germ ◽  
Katarina Vogel-Mikuš ◽  
Nik Ojdanič ◽  
Alenka Gaberščik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Silicon Content ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Potassium Silicate ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Physiological Properties ◽  
Effects Of Drought

(1) Background: Cucumbers are highly sensitive to drought and UV-B radiation, which may also act synergistically. Silicon is a beneficial element for plants, as it can alleviate negative effects of different environmental constraints. Studies revealed that fertilisation of cucumbers with silicon showed a variety of positive effects, which increased plant vitality. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of potassium silicate in shaping cucumber traits and in mitigating potential adverse effects of drought and UV radiation. (2) Methods: Plants were exposed to different treatments regarding water availability, UV radiation, and potassium silicate addition. During the experiment, the level of plant-available silicon and total silicon content in the soil were monitored along with soil moisture. At the end of the experiment, the leaf element composition, leaf biochemical and leaf physiological properties were analysed in addition to growth and production parameters of these cucumbers. (3) Results: Among the three studied factors, insufficient water supply had the most negative impact on measured parameters, causing a significant decline in cucumber growth and production. UV radiation had an adverse impact on various studied parameters, while potassium silicate addition negatively affected production parameters. Fertilisation with potassium silicate increased the level of plant-available silicon in the soil and leaf silicon content. (4) Conclusions: Fertilisation with potassium silicate exerted little impact on production parameters of cucumbers exposed to ambient UV radiation and drought. Significant interactions between the studied factors were detected for the aboveground vegetative plant parts.

scholarly journals The Effects of Social Media Networking Sites on the Values of Citizenship Among Young Omanis: A Mixed-Approach Investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Hafidha Suleiman AlBarashdi ◽  
Said Suleiman AlDhafri
Keyword(s):  
Citizenship Education ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Sultan Qaboos University ◽  
Community Institutions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
Mixed Approach

The present study aimed to reveal the positive and negative effects of SNSs on the values of citizenship among young Omanis. The study was applied on two samples. First, it includes a random sample of multiple component stages of 550 young men and women from the Sultan Qaboos University, of whom (295 males and 255 females), has responded to a questionnaire designed by the researchers. The second sample is made up of 14 young youths randomly selected from applied college students in Rustaq, and Technical College in Muscat who participated in focus groups discussion. Results showed that the positive and negative impacts of SNSs on the values of citizenship were great, but the positive effects were stronger than the negative effects. The results also showed a statistically significant difference between male and female youth in the positive effects of the means of SNSs on the values of citizenship in favor of females. Furthermore, the outcome of the focus group discussions showed the employability of SNSs in citizenship education by the promotion of its values among young Omanis through the effective communication between government institutions, educational institutions, community institutions and young Omanis through the SNSs. Finally, there is a need for activating the role of family in the citizenship education.

scholarly journals A COUNTERMEASURE AGAINST INTERNATIONAL DRUG CRIMES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF INDONESIAN CRIMINAL LAW

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 251-269
Author(s):  
Poltak Siringoringo
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Drug Prevention ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Massive Scale ◽  
Negative Impacts

Circulation and use of narcotics and illegal drugs are massive crimes and can be categorized as "extraordinary crime" and become common enemies of this nation and even other nations in the world. Campaign and the formation of public opinion about the dangers of drugs must be done massively on all layers of society. This is part of the handling of drug crimes in Indonesia. Communities must be given a proper understanding of the negative effects of drugs both for users/users, dealers, who produce and store. This understanding starts from several phases namely what is the phase of drug prevention in society? What is the phase if it is already using drugs and putting drug users as victims? what is the phase of law enforcement against drug crimes? These phases must be campaigned on a massive scale so that people understand that things related to drugs have more negative impacts than positive effects. Collaboration with the international community in dealing with the dangers of drugs must also be carried out because drug trafficking networks to enter Indonesia cannot be separated through inter-state lines. Countries in the world must have the same perception and understanding that narcotics are a serious crime and need to be taken seriously by law enforcement agencies between countries.

scholarly journals Forest Management with Reduced-Impact Logging in Amazonia: Estimated Aboveground Volume and Carbon in Commercial Tree Species in Managed Forest in Brazil’s State of Acre

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Flora Magdaline Benitez Romero ◽  
Laércio Antônio Gonçalves Jacovine ◽  
Carlos Moreira Miquelino Eleto Torres ◽  
Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro ◽  
Vicente Toledo Machado de Morais Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Balance Growth ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Managed Forest ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Aboveground Carbon ◽  
Commercial Species ◽  
Negative Impacts

Tropical forest management has both positive and negative effects on climate change, and quantifying these effects is important both to avoid or minimize negative impacts and to reward net positive effects. This study contributes to this effort by estimating the aboveground volume and carbon present in commercial tree species in a managed forest in the forest harvest stage in Brazil’s state of Acre. A total of 12,794 trees of commercial species were measured. Trees were categorized and quantified as: “harvested trees” (“harvest or cut”), which were felled in the harvest stage, and “remaining trees” (“future cutting,” “trees in permanent protection areas or APPs,” “seed trees,” “rare trees” and “trees protected by law”) that remained standing in the forest post-harvest. Aboveground volume and carbon stocks of the 81 commercial species (diameter at breast height [DBH] ≥ 10 cm) totaled 79.19 m³ ha−1 and 21.54 MgC ha−1, respectively. The category “harvested trees” represents 44.48% and “remaining trees” 55.49% of the aboveground volume stocks. In the managed area, the category “harvested trees” is felled; this is composed of the commercial bole that is removed (19.25 m³ ha−1 and 5.32 MgC ha−1) and the stump and crown that remain in the forest as decomposing organic material (15.97 m³ ha−1 and 4.41 MgC ha−1). We can infer that the 21.54 MgC ha−1 carbon stock of standing commercial trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm) represents 13.20% of the total aboveground carbon in the managed area. The commercial boles removed directly from the forest represent 3.26% of the total aboveground carbon, and the stumps and crowns of the harvested trees represent the loss of an additional 2.70%. For sustainability of the management system in terms of carbon balance, growth in the 35-year management cycle must be sufficient to replace not only these amounts (0.27 MgC ha−1 year−1) but also losses to collateral damage and to additional logging-related effects from increased vulnerability to forest fires. Financial viability of future management cycles will depend on replenishment of commercial trees of harvestable size (DBH ≥ 50 cm).

Undesirable Effects of Goal Setting on Perceived Fairness, Commitment, and Unethical Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Keith
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Perceived Fairness ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
And Performance

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.

Mobilizing for Some

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffael Heiss ◽  
Jörg Matthes
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Social Media ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Political Efficacy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
School Students ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Specific Factors

Abstract. This study investigated the effects of politicians’ nonparticipatory and participatory Facebook posts on young people’s political efficacy – a key determinant of political participation. We employed an experimental design, using a sample of N = 125 high school students (15–20 years). Participants either saw a Facebook profile with no posts (control condition), nonparticipatory posts, or participatory posts. While nonparticipatory posts did not affect participants’ political efficacy, participatory posts exerted distinct effects. For those high in trait evaluations of the politician presented in the stimulus material or low in political cynicism, we found significant positive effects on external and collective efficacy. By contrast, for those low in trait evaluations or high in cynicism, we found significant negative effects on external and collective efficacy. We did not find any effects on internal efficacy. The importance of content-specific factors and individual predispositions in assessing the influence of social media use on participation is discussed.

On the diversity of the effects of the state support for agriculture

2019 ◽  
pp. 59-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolai M. Svetlov ◽  
Renata G. Yanbykh ◽  
Dariya A. Loginova
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
State Support ◽  
Soft Budget Constraints ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Corporate Farms

In this paper, we assess the effects of agricultural state support of corporate farms on their revenues from agricultural production sales in 14 Russian regions that differ in technology, environment and institutional conditions. In addition to the direct effect of the state support, the indirect effects via labor and capital are revealed. For this purpose, we identify production functions and statistical models of production factors for each of these regions separately. We find out diverse effects of the state support on revenues among the regions. Positive effects prevail. Negative effects are mainly caused by labor reductions that follow subsidy inflows. Another cause of negative effects is the soft budget constraints phenomenon.

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