scholarly journals Forest Management with Reduced-Impact Logging in Amazonia: Estimated Aboveground Volume and Carbon in Commercial Tree Species in Managed Forest in Brazil’s State of Acre

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 481
Author(s):  
Flora Magdaline Benitez Romero ◽  
Laércio Antônio Gonçalves Jacovine ◽  
Carlos Moreira Miquelino Eleto Torres ◽  
Sabina Cerruto Ribeiro ◽  
Vicente Toledo Machado de Morais Junior ◽  
...  

Tropical forest management has both positive and negative effects on climate change, and quantifying these effects is important both to avoid or minimize negative impacts and to reward net positive effects. This study contributes to this effort by estimating the aboveground volume and carbon present in commercial tree species in a managed forest in the forest harvest stage in Brazil’s state of Acre. A total of 12,794 trees of commercial species were measured. Trees were categorized and quantified as: “harvested trees” (“harvest or cut”), which were felled in the harvest stage, and “remaining trees” (“future cutting,” “trees in permanent protection areas or APPs,” “seed trees,” “rare trees” and “trees protected by law”) that remained standing in the forest post-harvest. Aboveground volume and carbon stocks of the 81 commercial species (diameter at breast height [DBH] ≥ 10 cm) totaled 79.19 m³ ha−1 and 21.54 MgC ha−1, respectively. The category “harvested trees” represents 44.48% and “remaining trees” 55.49% of the aboveground volume stocks. In the managed area, the category “harvested trees” is felled; this is composed of the commercial bole that is removed (19.25 m³ ha−1 and 5.32 MgC ha−1) and the stump and crown that remain in the forest as decomposing organic material (15.97 m³ ha−1 and 4.41 MgC ha−1). We can infer that the 21.54 MgC ha−1 carbon stock of standing commercial trees (DBH ≥ 10 cm) represents 13.20% of the total aboveground carbon in the managed area. The commercial boles removed directly from the forest represent 3.26% of the total aboveground carbon, and the stumps and crowns of the harvested trees represent the loss of an additional 2.70%. For sustainability of the management system in terms of carbon balance, growth in the 35-year management cycle must be sufficient to replace not only these amounts (0.27 MgC ha−1 year−1) but also losses to collateral damage and to additional logging-related effects from increased vulnerability to forest fires. Financial viability of future management cycles will depend on replenishment of commercial trees of harvestable size (DBH ≥ 50 cm).

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra H. Penman ◽  
Owen F. Price ◽  
Trent D. Penman ◽  
Ross A. Bradstock

The number of houses at risk from wildfire continues to increase around the world as populations continue to expand into fire-prone areas. Creating defensible space (managing fuels within a 30-m zone around a house) is a key strategy for mitigating risk, but there is a need to evaluate the key components of defensible space. This study examined house impact in 27 independent forest fires from New South Wales, Australia, between 2001 and 2009, comprising 309 houses destroyed or damaged and 618 unburnt houses. A range of spatial measures of vegetation, nearby buildings, waterbodies and topography were measured around each house. Principle Components Analysis and Generalised Additive Mixed Model analysis was used to derive the best and supported alternative models to explain the determinants of housing impact. The best model contained positive effects of vegetation touching the house and estimated Radiant Heat Flux and negative effects of distance to the nearest building and the number of nearby waterbodies on the probability of impact. The results suggest that risk could be effectively reduced by providing waterbodies, maintaining defensible space and ensuring separation between houses.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Increased globalization has led to increased diversity. This can have positive effects for the workplace in terms of increased variety of knowledge, skills and experience. However, there can also be negative impacts of diversity in terms of reduced social cohesion, poor communication and increased conflict. Diversity management can help to reduce the negative effects and capitalize on the positive effects of diversity, in order to enhance organizational performance. Diversity needs to be context-specific, taking into account a wider range of individual attributes, and needs to be supported by diversity at the top management level in order to maximize organizational effectiveness. Originality The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.


2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Robinson

This paper considers how the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is likely to affect labour movement power in Canada and the United States. The paper is divided into four parts. It first defines the concept of « labour movement power », breaking it down into its component parts. It next considers why we should care about what happens to labour movement power. It then outlines the principal negative and positive effects that the NAFTA is likely to have on labour movement power. Attention is also given to the beneficial consequences that the fight against the NAFTA has already had for the labour movement. It is argued that the NAFTA 's negative impacts are likely to outweight its positive ones in the short run and that the positive effects could substantially outweight its negative effects over the medium to long run. Whether it does will depend upon choices made in the next few years by labour movement leaders and activists.


Sociobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. e7259
Author(s):  
Rodrigo R Nogueira ◽  
Danilo Ferreira Borges Santos ◽  
Eduardo S Calixto ◽  
Helena Maura Torezan-Silingardi ◽  
Kleber Del-Claro

The mutualism of ants and extrafloral nectary (EFN)-bearing plants is known to reduce rates of herbivory. However, ants may have negative impacts on other mutualisms such as pollination, constituting an indirect cost of a facultative mutualism. For instance, when foraging on or close to reproductive plant parts ants might attack pollinators or inhibit their visits. We tested the hypothesis that ants on EFN-bearing plants may negatively influence pollinator behavior, ultimately reducing plant fitness (fruit set). The study was done in a reserve at Brazilian savannah using the EFN-bearing plant Banisteriopsis malifolia (Malpighiaceae). The experimental manipulation was carried out with four groups: control (free visitation of ants), without ants (ant-free branches), artificial ants (isolated branches with artificial ants on flowers) and plastic circles (isolated branches with plastic circles on flowers). We made observations on flower visitors and their interactions, and measured fruit formation as a proxy for plant fitness. Our results showed that pollinators hesitated to visit flowers with artificial ants, negatively affecting pollination, but did not hesitate to visit flowers with plastic circles, suggesting that they recognize the specific morphology of the ants. Pollinators spent more time per flower on the ant-free branches, and the fruiting rate was lower in the group with artificial ants. Our results confirm an indirect cost in this facultative mutualism, where the balance between these negative and positive effects of ants on EFN-bearing plants are not well known.


2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (10) ◽  
pp. 362-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brang ◽  
Harald Bugmann ◽  
Anton Bürgi ◽  
Urs Mühlethaler ◽  
Andreas Rigling ◽  
...  

Climate change is about to change many site factors relevant for forest dynamics, and is therefore posing a great challenge for silviculture. We review the options for addressing this challenge and provide recommendations. In general, forest management should aim at increasing the adaptive capacity of the forests, enhancing their resistance to disturbance, and at reducing negative impacts of increased disturbances on forest products and services. The key to coping with climate change lies in enhancing the proportion of tree species adapted to future climate, and, in response to the uncertainties associated, in promoting the diversity of tree species and provenances. Additionally, fostering diversity in forest structure is likely to reduce risks and secure forest products and services. Strategic silvicultural options include mapping the sensitivity of sites and stands to climate change, adapting the target species compositions and choosing an appropriate silvicultural system. At an operational level, silvicultural options to increase tree species diversity include artificial regeneration, tending young stands, regeneration cuts and the reduction of ungulate impact. Other options are the premature final felling of stands and wildfire prevention. As the site conditions are undergoing change, the two cornerstones of close-to-nature silviculture “species selection based on (current) site conditions” and “preference for natural regeneration”, need revision. A flexible approach to forest management is advocated since the reactions of the forest to climate change cannot be accurately predicted.


2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Hafidha Suleiman AlBarashdi ◽  
Said Suleiman AlDhafri

The present study aimed to reveal the positive and negative effects of SNSs on the values of citizenship among young Omanis. The study was applied on two samples. First, it includes a random sample of multiple component stages of 550 young men and women from the Sultan Qaboos University, of whom (295 males and 255 females), has responded to a questionnaire designed by the researchers. The second sample is made up of 14 young youths randomly selected from applied college students in Rustaq, and Technical College in Muscat who participated in focus groups discussion. Results showed that the positive and negative impacts of SNSs on the values of citizenship were great, but the positive effects were stronger than the negative effects. The results also showed a statistically significant difference between male and female youth in the positive effects of the means of SNSs on the values of citizenship in favor of females. Furthermore, the outcome of the focus group discussions showed the employability of SNSs in citizenship education by the promotion of its values among young Omanis through the effective communication between government institutions, educational institutions, community institutions and young Omanis through the SNSs. Finally, there is a need for activating the role of family in the citizenship education.


2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 251-269
Author(s):  
Poltak Siringoringo

Circulation and use of narcotics and illegal drugs are massive crimes and can be categorized as "extraordinary crime" and become common enemies of this nation and even other nations in the world. Campaign and the formation of public opinion about the dangers of drugs must be done massively on all layers of society. This is part of the handling of drug crimes in Indonesia. Communities must be given a proper understanding of the negative effects of drugs both for users/users, dealers, who produce and store. This understanding starts from several phases namely what is the phase of drug prevention in society? What is the phase if it is already using drugs and putting drug users as victims? what is the phase of law enforcement against drug crimes? These phases must be campaigned on a massive scale so that people understand that things related to drugs have more negative impacts than positive effects. Collaboration with the international community in dealing with the dangers of drugs must also be carried out because drug trafficking networks to enter Indonesia cannot be separated through inter-state lines. Countries in the world must have the same perception and understanding that narcotics are a serious crime and need to be taken seriously by law enforcement agencies between countries.


2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Keith

Abstract. The positive effects of goal setting on motivation and performance are among the most established findings of industrial–organizational psychology. Accordingly, goal setting is a common management technique. Lately, however, potential negative effects of goal-setting, for example, on unethical behavior, are increasingly being discussed. This research replicates and extends a laboratory experiment conducted in the United States. In one of three goal conditions (do-your-best goals, consistently high goals, increasingly high goals), 101 participants worked on a search task in five rounds. Half of them (transparency yes/no) were informed at the outset about goal development. We did not find the expected effects on unethical behavior but medium-to-large effects on subjective variables: Perceived fairness of goals and goal commitment were least favorable in the increasing-goal condition, particularly in later goal rounds. Results indicate that when designing goal-setting interventions, organizations may consider potential undesirable long-term effects.


2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raffael Heiss ◽  
Jörg Matthes

Abstract. This study investigated the effects of politicians’ nonparticipatory and participatory Facebook posts on young people’s political efficacy – a key determinant of political participation. We employed an experimental design, using a sample of N = 125 high school students (15–20 years). Participants either saw a Facebook profile with no posts (control condition), nonparticipatory posts, or participatory posts. While nonparticipatory posts did not affect participants’ political efficacy, participatory posts exerted distinct effects. For those high in trait evaluations of the politician presented in the stimulus material or low in political cynicism, we found significant positive effects on external and collective efficacy. By contrast, for those low in trait evaluations or high in cynicism, we found significant negative effects on external and collective efficacy. We did not find any effects on internal efficacy. The importance of content-specific factors and individual predispositions in assessing the influence of social media use on participation is discussed.


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