scholarly journals Performance characteristics of low carbon waste material to stabilise soil with extremely high plasticity

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 579-589
Author(s):  
Ali Al-Baidhani ◽  
Abbas Jawad Al-Taie
Keyword(s):  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Geotechnical Characteristics ◽  
Time Required

The application of low-carbon and natural materials to mitigate the undesired properties of difficult soils is considered as a sustainable solution to the issues regarding these soils. Selecting some natural materials, of low carbon type, from the rubble of demolished buildings or debris from the construction of new buildings and recycling them in a poor or weak soil stabilisation process is a very little explored field of research in Iraq. This paper investigated the geotechnical characteristics of extremely high plasticity soil (EHPS) improved with a low-carbon building stone debris (BSD). Five dosages from coarse and fine soil-size ((BSDC) and (BSDF)) of BSD have been prepared to use in the EHPS-BSD mixtures. The laboratory tests included Atterberg limits, linear shrinkage, unconfined compression, consolidation, and swelling. The effect of the BSD on the time to zero-water content and the maximum swell was included. The efficiency of the BSD was proved by the amelioration of the compressibility and strength, and by reducing the shrinkage, swell pressure, and the potential of swelling. The shrinkage, compressibility, and swelling properties of the EHPS were reduced depending on the gradation and content of BSD. The gradation of BSD had a major role in strength development and controlling the time required to reach the final shrinkage and maximum swell stage.

scholarly journals A Step by Step Methodology for Building Sustainable Cementitious Matrices

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Styliani Papatzani ◽  
Kevin Paine
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Silica Fume ◽  
Carbon Footprint ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Current State ◽  
First Time

In an effort to produce cost-effective and environmentally friendly cementitious binders. mainly ternary (Portland cement + limestone + pozzolanas) formulations have been investigated so far. Various proportions of constituents have been suggested, all, however, employing typical Portland cement (PC) substitution rates, as prescribed by the current codes. With the current paper a step by step methodology on developing low carbon footprint binary, ternary and quaternary cementitious binders is presented (PC replacement up to 57%). Best performing binary (60% PC and 40% LS (limestone)) and ternary formulations (60% PC, 20% LS, 20% FA (fly ash) or 43% PC, 20% LS 37% FA) were selected on the grounds of sustainability and strength development and were further optimized with the addition of silica fume. For the first time a protocol for successfully selecting and testing binders was discussed and the combined effect of highly pozzolanic constituents in low PC content formulations was assessed and a number of successful matrices were recommended. The present paper enriched the current state of the art in composite low carbon footprint cementitious binders and can serve as a basis for further enhancements by other researchers in the field.

scholarly journals Quantitative Description of External Force Induced Phase Transformation in Silicon–Manganese (Si–Mn) Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) Steels

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 3781
Author(s):  
Zhongping He ◽  
Huachu Liu ◽  
Zhenyu Zhu ◽  
Weisen Zheng ◽  
Yanlin He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Trip Steel ◽  
Retained Austenite ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
High Strength ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Transformation Induced Plasticity ◽  
Trip Steels

Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steels with silicon–manganese (Si–Mn) as the main element have attracted a lot of attention and great interest from steel companies due to their low price, high strength, and high plasticity. Retained austenite is of primary importance as the source of high strength and high plasticity in Si–Mn TRIP steels. In this work, the cold rolled sheets of Si–Mn low carbon steel were treated with TRIP and Dual Phase (DP) treatment respectively. Then, the microstructure and composition of the Si–Mn low carbon steel were observed and tested. The static tensile test of TRIP steel and DP steel was carried out by a CMT5305 electronic universal testing machine. The self-built true stress–strain curve model of TRIP steel was verified. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the phase transformation energy of retained austenite and the work borne by austenite in the sample during static stretching were calculated. The work done by austenite was 14.5 J, which was negligible compared with the total work of 217.8 J. The phase transformation energy absorption of retained austenite in the sample was 9.12 J. The role of retained austenite in TRIP steel is the absorption of excess energy at the key place where the fracture will occur, thereby increasing the elongation, so that the ferrite and bainite in the TRIP steel can absorb energy for a longer time and withstand more energy.

scholarly journals Early strength development in cement-treated sand using low-carbon rapid-hardening cements

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 1200-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ganapathiraman Vinoth ◽  
Sung-Woo Moon ◽  
Juhyuk Moon ◽  
Taeseo Ku
Keyword(s):  
Strength Development ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Rapid Hardening ◽  
Early Strength

scholarly journals The Alternatives to Traditional Materials for Subsoil Stabilization and Embankments

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 3018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Vukićević ◽  
Miloš Marjanović ◽  
Veljko Pujević ◽  
Sanja Jocković
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Natural Materials ◽  
Positive Effects

Major infrastructure projects require significant amount of natural materials, often followed by the soft soil stabilization using hydraulic binders. This paper presents the results of a laboratory study of alternative waste materials (fly ash and slag) that can be used for earthworks. Results of high plasticity clay stabilization using fly ash from Serbian power plants are presented in the first part. In the second part of the paper, engineering properties of ash and ash-slag mixtures are discussed with the emphasis on the application in road subgrade and embankment construction. Physical and mechanical properties were determined via following laboratory tests: Specific gravity, grain size distribution, the moisture–density relationship (Proctor compaction test), unconfined compressive strength (UCS), oedometer and swell tests, direct shear and the California bearing ratio (CBR). The results indicate the positive effects of the clay stabilization using fly ash, in terms of increasing strength and stiffness and reducing expansivity. Fly ashes and ash-slag mixtures have also comparable mechanical properties with sands, which in combination with multiple other benefits (lower energy consumption and CO2 emission, saving of natural materials and smaller waste landfill areas), make them suitable fill materials for embankments, especially considering the necessity for sustainable development.

scholarly journals Composition and Technological Properties of Clays for Structural Ceramics in Limpopo (South Africa)

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 700
Author(s):  
Lawrence Diko-Makia ◽  
Rofhiwa Ligege
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Structural Ceramics ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Clayey Silt ◽  
Firing Techniques ◽  
And Chemical Properties

This study evaluated the potential of raw clays from the Mukondeni region for structural ceramics and pottery based on traditional firing techniques. Physical properties were identified by particle size distribution, consistency limits, and clay activity. Mineralogical and chemical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Extruded clay bodies were fired at 900 °C. Technological characteristics were measured by weight loss (WL), bulk density (BD), dry linear shrinkage (DLS), fired linear shrinkage (FLS), water absorption (WA), and flexural strength (FS). The clays were low in <2 µm fractions (≤19%) and of medium to high plasticity with a clayey silt texture. Smectite was the dominant clay mineral while quartz and feldspar were major non clay minerals. The most abundant oxides were SiO2 (63.57–68.73%), Al2O3 (13.9–15.61%), and Fe2O3 (4.86–6.18%), whereas K2O, CaO, MgO, Na2O, TiO2, and P2O5 were depleted. Characterization based on the clay workability chart, Winkler’s diagram, and compositional ternary diagrams revealed acceptable extrusion properties and suitability for structural ceramics and earthenware. The clays showed acceptable WL, BD, LS, and WA, but unsatisfactory FS (≤1.08 MPa). Low mechanical strength was attributed to presence of smectites and inert nature of feldspar at 900 °C. Beneficiation through mixing with carbonate-rich raw materials is recommended.

scholarly journals Strength and Pore Structure Development of High-Plasticity Clay Treated with MK-Blended Cement

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Qian Guo ◽  
Mingli Wei ◽  
Haochen Xue ◽  
Changhui Gao ◽  
Guangyin Du
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Unconfined Compressive Strength ◽  
Structure Refinement ◽  
Structure Evolution ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
High Plasticity Clay

This paper focuses on the strength development and pore structure evolution of high-plasticity clay mixtures treated with metakaolin- (MK-) blended ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The unconfined compressive strength (fcu) of treated soil mixtures is measured to study the effect of MK replacement. The microstructural study is carried out by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the MK replacement led to the decrease of unconfined compressive strength of OPC-treated soil mixture cured for 28 days, but the influence on 7 days strength was negligible. However, the MK addition also enhanced the unconfined compressive strength significantly. The MK addition provided more cementitious products by secondary hydration and pozzolanic reaction, which would give rise to a notable filling effect by turning the large pores (1 to 10 μm) into smaller ones (0.1 to 1 μm). However, the MK replacement led to a decrease of cementitious products due to the lack of calcium hydroxide (CH) in soil mixture, and thus the effect on pore structure refinement was reduced. Nevertheless, the presence of MK enhanced the unconfined compressive strength cured for 7 days, due to the high reactivity of MK with CH.

scholarly journals Electrochemical Evaluation of Galvanized Steel and AISI 1018 as Reinforcement in a Soil Type MH

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angel Baltazar-Zamora ◽  
Laura Landa-Ruiz ◽  
Yazmin Rivera ◽  
René Croche
Keyword(s):  
Soil Classification ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Cell Potential ◽  
Linear Polarization Resistance ◽  
Fine Soil ◽  
Corrosion Evaluation ◽  
Steel Bars ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Electrochemical Evaluation

This work presents the electrochemical evaluation of bars of Galvanized Steel and AISI 1018 with 3/8” and ½” of diameter, this bars are commonly used for the construction of elements based on Soils Mechanically Reinforced (SMR), the bars were buried in a fine soil predominant in the region of Xalapa City, Ver., México, soil classified in the USCS (Unified Soil Classification System) as a high plasticity silt (MH). Corrosion evaluation was conducted by monitoring the corrosion potential Ecorr and corrosion rate, Icorr, using techniques half-cell potential according to the standard ASTM C-876-15 and Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR), respectively. The experimental setup simulates the real conditions when the steel is used as reinforcement in structures of SMR, where they remain buried throughout the useful life of the structure. The results of the first 110 days of exposure show that the Galvanized Steel bars have a better corrosion performance compared to the AISI 1018 steel regardless of their diameter.

scholarly journals Geotechnical Characteristics of Benin Formation, Owerri Imo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
O. E Agbasi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Maximum Dry Density ◽  
Geotechnical Characteristics ◽  
Road Projects ◽  
Niger Delta Basin

A good road network consists of a constant stretch of asphalt laid down for a smooth ride. The spot in the smooth ride on the pavement is commonly referred to as "pavement failure." Soil type, load bearing capacity of materials, zone of vulnerability, resistance to permeation, compressibility, shrinkage limit, and other details are frequently required in order to construct a very good and solid foundation for the planned bridge site. In Nigeria, numerous factors contribute to the failure of road construction projects. They are primarily insufficient research on subgrade and other pavement materials (sub-base and base courses) prior to the start of road projects; flawed engineering, including a poor drainage system and supervision throughout road construction; and shoddy workmanship that was superimposed with asphaltic concrete to improve strength. Within the Niger Delta basin, the study area is located between latitude 5.485°N and longitude 7.035°E. The Benin Formation underpins the study area. It is composed primarily of friable sands, conglomerates, very coarse sandstone, and isolated gravel units, as well as intercalation of Pliocene to Miocene shale/clay lenses. Natural Moisture Content (NMC), Linear Shrinkage (LS), Particle Size Distribution, and California Bearing Ratio were among the laboratory tests performed on samples collected at failed and stable sections of some selected road segments (CBR). When compared to the stable sections, the NMC along the failed sections was on the high side (ranging from 13.11 percent to 26.89 percent) (ranging from 11.11 percent to 16.40 percent). The majority of the tested soils passed the 0.075mm sieve with a percentage greater than the Federal Ministry of Works and Housing's maximum of 35% for subgrade materials. The maximum dry density (MDD) for the samples at failed and stable sections was 1550 kg/m3 to 1860 kg/m3; 1650 kg/m3 to 1980 kg/m3; and the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) was 8.30% to 20.30%. The soaked CBR values ranged from 2 to 17 percent, while the unsoaked values ranged from 4 to 25 percent.

STRENGTH CHARACTERISTIC OF BROWN KAOLIN TREATED WITH LIQUID POLYMER ADDITIVES

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aminaton Marto ◽  
Sanjay Boss ◽  
Ahmad Mahir Makhtar ◽  
Nima Latifi
Keyword(s):  
Soil Stabilization ◽  
Soil Improvement ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Construction Operations ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Liquid Polymer ◽  
Strength Improvement ◽  
Polymer Stabilizers

Kaolin deposits are considered to have poor engineering characteristics, exhibiting expansive properties, high plasticity, poor workability, and low shear strength. This may cause severe damage to civil engineering structures and facilities. Hence, these soils must be treated prior to construction operations, so that desired properties can be achieved. SS 299 is a liquid polymer stabilizers used as a compaction aid or a stabilizer for soil improvement. Yet, it is not used as a common approach when comes to soil stabilization due to its uncertainties in strength improvement when mixed with soils. As a result, laboratory testing programs were conducted to study the strength development of brown kaolin when treated with the liquid polymer with 3 %, 6 %, 9 %, 12 % and 15 % of soil’s dry mass. The result indicated that the increase in the percentage of SS 299, increases the unconfined compression strength. The maximum value of the unconfined compressive strength of 385 kPa was observed at 15 % SS 299 content, cured at 28 days, which was twice the strength of the untreated brown kaolin. The increment of strength was really steep for the first 7 days but the rate decreased thereafter. The optimum content of liquid polymer SS 299 was found as 12 %.

Strength Development in Cement Admixed Fine-Grained Dredged Marine Soils

2015 ◽  
Vol 802 ◽  
pp. 272-276
Author(s):  
Amira Azhar ◽  
Chee Ming Chan
Keyword(s):  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Effect Of Water ◽  
Curing Period ◽  
Binder Ratio ◽  
High Plasticity Clay ◽  
Water Binder Ratio

Dredged marine soils (DMS) are considered as wastes and are currently not being recycled. Solidification of DMS needs to be undertaken before the materials can be reused.This study focused on the development of strength of three solidified fine-grained DMS which are high plasticity clay (CH), high plasticity silt (MH) and low plasticity silt (ML) admixed with cement and bottom ash. This paper discussed the effect of water-binder ratio and curing period on the strength development of the solidified DMS. The results show that the strength increased with prolonged curing. The strength increased when the water-binder ratio was decreased. CH samples with water-binder (w/b) ratio =1 has the highest strength that are up to 4.7 MPa. Optimal w/b ratio for solidified DMS is w/b=3.

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