scholarly journals Geopsychology of instrumental aggression: daily concurrence of global terrorism and solar-geomagnetic activity (1970-2018)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-499
Author(s):  
Bryce Mulligan ◽  
Stanley Koren
Keyword(s):  
Geomagnetic Activity ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Human Aggression ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Instrumental Aggression ◽  
Promotional Effect ◽  
Contemporary Sample ◽  
Heterogeneity Of Variance

Formal scientific study of the geopsychology of human aggression dates back at least a century and has consistently demonstrated a positive association between solar-geomagnetic activity and aggressive behaviour. Advances in the theories, methodologies, and practical applications of geopsychology could therefore contribute to collective efforts to comprehend, to forecast, and to develop interventions for aggressive behaviours such as those seen in terrorism. This requires a rigorous and precise estimate of the magnitude of association between solar-geomagnetic activity and aggression using a representative, contemporary sample of strictly-operationalized behaviour. Here we show that days in recent history (1970-2018) with the lowest levels of instrumental human aggression (number of casualty-associated terrorism incidents) also had the lowest levels of solar and geomagnetic activity, and that stepwise increases in human aggression were mirrored by progressive increases in solar activity. We used Bayesian methods robust to outliers and heterogeneity of variance to analyze the most comprehensive and contemporary global database of terrorism incidents available, which included more than 106,000 unique instances of instrumental aggression spanning 48 years. We conclude that there is a small, nonzero promotional effect of solar-geomagnetic activity on terrorism-related aggression. This may reflect the fact that solar-geomagnetic activity serves as a zeitgeber that coordinates the expression of instrumental aggression across an aggregation of susceptible individuals. We propose that many behaviours – even instrumental acts such as terrorism which are presumed to involve a degree of planning and intention – may be subject to subtle geopsychological induction or suppression.

scholarly journals Barriers to the Practice of Sport and Physical Activity from the Perspective of Self-Determination Theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7665
Author(s):  
Daniel Gil-Píriz ◽  
Marta Leyton-Román ◽  
Sara Mesquita ◽  
Ruth Jiménez-Castuera
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Basic Psychological Needs ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Psychological Need ◽  
Academic Employment ◽  
Relationship Of

The practice of sport and physical activity can be hampered by the presence of amotivation, the frustration of basic psychological needs, and barriers to carrying out that practice. Based on the principles of self-determination theory (SDT), the objective of this study was to analyze the relationship of these variables and assess differences based on age, sex, residential independence, academic/employment situation, and prior sport and physical activity. The sample comprised 102 individuals, aged between 18 and 25 (M = 21.61; SD = 2.04), who completed the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire, the Frustration of Psychological Needs in Physical Exercise Scale, and the Self-Perceived Barriers of Physical Activity Questionnaire. Our results showed that participants had high values of controlled motivation, the frustration of the basic psychological need for competence, and high values for the barrier of obligations/lack of time. We found a significant and positive association between the frustration of the basic psychological need for competence and the barriers present in the practice of physical activity. Moreover, we found that women reported experiencing body image/anxiety as a barrier to practicing sport and physical activity more than men and individuals aged 22–25 years experiencing obligations/lack of time as a barrier more than the those aged 18 to 21 years. Practical applications were proposed to avoid the frustration of basic psychological needs, increase the most self-determined forms of motivation, and reduce barriers to the practice of sport and physical activity.

APPLYING THE PRODUCT PARTITION MODEL TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE CHANGE POINTS

2002 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 371-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. LOSCHI ◽  
F. R. B. CRUZ
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Change Point ◽  
Medical Diagnosis ◽  
Identification Problem ◽  
Change Points ◽  
Industrial Control ◽  
Partition Model ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Subject Areas

The multiple change point identification problem may be encountered in many subject areas, including disease mapping, medical diagnosis, industrial control, and finance. One appealing way of tackling the problem is through the product partition model (PPM), a Bayesian approach. Nowadays, practical applications of Bayesian methods have attracted attention perhaps because of the generalized use of powerful and inexpensive personal computers. A Gibbs sampling scheme, simple and easy to implement, is used to obtain the estimates. We apply the algorithm to the analysis of two important stock market data in Brazil. The results show that the method is efficient and effective in analyzing change point problems.

scholarly journals Bayesian Benefits for Binomial Applications in Practice

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Frank Tuyl ◽  
Peter Howley
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Prior Information ◽  
Statistical Software ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Bayesian Techniques ◽  
Bayesian Paradigm ◽  
The World ◽  
Binomial Parameter ◽  
Authentic Learning Experiences ◽  
The Bayesian Approach

Introduction: When it comes to the practice, and teaching, of statistics, the world has primarily focused on what is known as classical or frequentist methods, rather than Bayesian methods. Scope of the Study: This paper demonstrates some beneficial properties of Bayesian methods within the commonly practiced domain of inference by utilizing consultancy case studies, one concerning an unusual sample size question and one on the detection of mail items with high biosecurity risk material. Methods: We introduce through practical applications two more aspects of the Bayesian approach which we believe are invaluable to practitioners and instructors. Having in mind readers who may be less familiar with statistical software, we have added Excel instructions which are easy to translate for those who are familiar with any such software. Findings: These cases reflect two valuable aspects for both practitioners and instructors which are unique to the Bayesian paradigm. They are: 1. including prior information to improve inference and how to apply sensitivity analysis to this inclusion and 2. the effortless inference for functions of parameters, compared with frequentist approaches. These examples involving the binomial parameter have not been considered from this perspective before, are of significant practical value and thus benefit students and instructors of courses teaching Bayesian techniques and endeavoring to include authentic learning experiences.

scholarly journals Why optional stopping can be a problem for Bayesians

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rianne de Heide ◽  
Peter D. Grünwald
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Bayes Factor ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Psychonomic Bulletin ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Optional Stopping ◽  
Psychology Community ◽  
Severe Type ◽  
Parameters Of Interest

AbstractRecently, optional stopping has been a subject of debate in the Bayesian psychology community. Rouder (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review21(2), 301–308, 2014) argues that optional stopping is no problem for Bayesians, and even recommends the use of optional stopping in practice, as do (Wagenmakers, Wetzels, Borsboom, van der Maas & Kievit, Perspectives on Psychological Science7, 627–633, 2012). This article addresses the question of whether optional stopping is problematic for Bayesian methods, and specifies under which circumstances and in which sense it is and is not. By slightly varying and extending Rouder’s (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review21(2), 301–308, 2014) experiments, we illustrate that, as soon as the parameters of interest are equipped with default or pragmatic priors—which means, in most practical applications of Bayes factor hypothesis testing—resilience to optional stopping can break down. We distinguish between three types of default priors, each having their own specific issues with optional stopping, ranging from no-problem-at-all (type 0 priors) to quite severe (type II priors).

Ion Beam Induced Interfacial Reactions in Molybdenum Thin Films on Silicon

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 162-163
Author(s):  
L. J. Chen ◽  
L. S. Hung ◽  
J. W. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Ion Beam ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Microelectronic Devices ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Chemical Vapor Deposited ◽  
Atomic Mixing ◽  
Silicon Interface ◽  
Kinetics Of

When an energetic ion penetrates through an interface between a thin film (of species A) and a substrate (of species B), ion induced atomic mixing may result in an intermixed region (which contains A and B) near the interface. Most ion beam mixing experiments have been directed toward metal-silicon systems, silicide phases are generally obtained, and they are the same as those formed by thermal treatment.Recent emergence of silicide compound as contact material in silicon microelectronic devices is mainly due to the superiority of the silicide-silicon interface in terms of uniformity and thermal stability. It is of great interest to understand the kinetics of the interfacial reactions to provide insights into the nature of ion beam-solid interactions as well as to explore its practical applications in device technology.About 500 Å thick molybdenum was chemical vapor deposited in hydrogen ambient on (001) n-type silicon wafer with substrate temperature maintained at 650-700°C. Samples were supplied by D. M. Brown of General Electric Research & Development Laboratory, Schenectady, NY.

1250-kilovolt scanning transmission electron microscope

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 624-625
Author(s):  
T. Imura ◽  
S. Maruse ◽  
K. Mihama ◽  
M. Iseki ◽  
M. Hibino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Voltage Generator ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
New Applications ◽  
High Voltage Generator

Ultra high voltage STEM has many inherent technical advantages over CTEM. These advantages include better signal detectability and signal processing capability. It is hoped that it will explore some new applications which were previously not possible. Conventional STEM (including CTEM with STEM attachment), however, has been unable to provide these inherent advantages due to insufficient performance and engineering problems. Recently we have developed a new 1250 kV STEM and completed installation at Nagoya University in Japan. It has been designed to break through conventional engineering limitations and bring about theoretical advantage in practical applications.In the design of this instrument, we exercised maximum care in providing a stable electron probe. A high voltage generator and an accelerator are housed in two separate pressure vessels and they are connected with a high voltage resistor cable.(Fig. 1) This design minimized induction generated from the high voltage generator, which is a high frequency Cockcroft-Walton type, being transmitted to the electron probe.

Characterization of intergranular cuprous oxide in polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7-x

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 880-881
Author(s):  
Bradley L. Thiel ◽  
Chan Han R. P. ◽  
Kurosky L. C. Hutter ◽  
I. A. Aksay ◽  
Mehmet Sarikaya
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Cuprous Oxide ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Boundary Phase ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Transition Width ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
Superconducting Oxides

The identification of extraneous phases is important in understanding of high Tc superconducting oxides. The spectroscopic techniques commonly used in determining the origin of superconductivity (such as RAMAN, XPS, AES, and EXAFS) are surface-sensitive. Hence a grain boundary phase several nanometers thick could produce irrelevant spectroscopic results and cause erroneous conclusions. The intergranular phases present a major technological consideration for practical applications. In this communication we report the identification of a Cu2O grain boundary phase which forms during the sintering of YBa2Cu3O7-x (1:2:3 compound).Samples are prepared using a mixture of Y2O3. CuO, and BaO2 powders dispersed in ethanol for complete mixing. The pellets pressed at 20,000 psi are heated to 950°C at a rate of 5°C per min, held for 1 hr, and cooled at 1°C per min to room temperature. The samples show a Tc of 91K with a transition width of 2K. In order to prevent damage, a low temperature stage is used in milling to prepare thin foils which are then observed, using a liquid nitrogen holder, in a Philips 430T at 300 kV.

Resolution and measurement in the scanning electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 534-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Postek
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Instrument Resolution ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Better Than

The term ultimate resolution or resolving power is the very best performance that can be obtained from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) given the optimum instrumental conditions and sample. However, as it relates to SEM users, the conventional definitions of this figure are ambiguous. The numbers quoted for the resolution of an instrument are not only theoretically derived, but are also verified through the direct measurement of images on micrographs. However, the samples commonly used for this purpose are specifically optimized for the measurement of instrument resolution and are most often not typical of the sample used in practical applications.SEM RESOLUTION. Some instruments resolve better than others either due to engineering design or other reasons. There is no definitively accurate definition of how to quantify instrument resolution and its measurement in the SEM.

In situ TEM Studies of agglomeration of sub-nanometer Ru layers in Ru/C multilayers

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
Tai D. Nguyen ◽  
Ronald Gronsky ◽  
Jeffrey B. Kortright
Keyword(s):  
Layered Structure ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
In Situ Tem ◽  
Rayleigh Instability ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Diffraction Patterns

Nanometer period Ru/C multilayers are one of the prime candidates for normal incident reflecting mirrors at wavelengths < 10 nm. Superior performance, which requires uniform layers and smooth interfaces, and high stability of the layered structure under thermal loadings are some of the demands in practical applications. Previous studies however show that the Ru layers in the 2 nm period Ru/C multilayer agglomerate upon moderate annealing, and the layered structure is no longer retained. This agglomeration and crystallization of the Ru layers upon annealing to form almost spherical crystallites is a result of the reduction of surface or interfacial energy from die amorphous high energy non-equilibrium state of the as-prepared sample dirough diffusive arrangements of the atoms. Proposed models for mechanism of thin film agglomeration include one analogous to Rayleigh instability, and grain boundary grooving in polycrystalline films. These models however are not necessarily appropriate to explain for the agglomeration in the sub-nanometer amorphous Ru layers in Ru/C multilayers. The Ru-C phase diagram shows a wide miscible gap, which indicates the preference of phase separation between these two materials and provides an additional driving force for agglomeration. In this paper, we study the evolution of the microstructures and layered structure via in-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and attempt to determine the order of occurence of agglomeration and crystallization in the Ru layers by observing the diffraction patterns.

A New Detector System For The HB5 Stem Instrument

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
J.M. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Dark Field ◽  
Detector System ◽  
Electron Holography ◽  
Small Specimen ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Multiple Images ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Operational Modes

The HB5 STEM instrument at ASU has been modified previously to include an efficient two-dimensional detector incorporating an optical analyser device and also a digital system for the recording of multiple images. The detector system was built to explore a wide range of possibilities including in-line electron holography, the observation and recording of diffraction patterns from very small specimen regions (having diameters as small as 3Å) and the formation of both bright field and dark field images by detection of various portions of the diffraction pattern. Experience in the use of this system has shown that sane of its capabilities are unique and valuable. For other purposes it appears that, while the principles of the operational modes may be verified, the practical applications are limited by the details of the initial design.

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