Σχολαστικός. Remarques sur le sens du terme à Byzance (IVe–XVe siècles)

2016 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Loukaki
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Education System ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Classical Antiquity ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Human Type ◽  
The Social ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
Legal Advisor

AbstractThe Greek word scholastikos as a human attribute appears continuously from classical antiquity to modern times. However, over the centuries, the term took various nuances, which are associated with respective activities, the participation in public life and the social status of the persons qualified as scholastikoi. In the article, starting with Axel Claus’ conclusions in his doctoral thesis (Cologne 1965) as well as the exploitation of new evidences concludes that from the 3rd until the 7th century AD the number of people known as scholastikoi is particularly high. These people were well educated with rhetoric and legal knowledge. The term did not designate a specific profession, though often during this period a scholastikos gathered the characteristics of a jurist in today’s sense; he was an advocate, legal advisor, teacher of law, judge, notary, etc. Although he was not directly related to the education system as a teacher or professor of rhetoric, occasionally a scholastikos could have been, under certain circumstances, a private teacher of grammar (grammarian). During the middle and late Byzantine period, the attribute scholastikos for a person is found in very few and isolated cases (Arethas’ letters to Niketas David Paphlagon, Ecloga privata aucta, Alexiad, Nikephoros Gregoras to Theodoros Metochites and Thomas Magistros, Life of saint Athanasios of Meteora). It is clear that scholastikos, as a human type with the characteristics outlined above, did not disappear, but the term was no longer used in this context. According to the rare available evidence, most of the authors used the term in its ancient Greek meaning, associating it mainly with education, teachers and letters in general.

Hermeneutics as a methodology of sociohumanities

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-93
Author(s):  
Donii N. Ye. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Society ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Social Space ◽  
Abstract Theory ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Text Interpretation ◽  
Historical Monuments ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scientific Fields

The author of the article draws attention to the fact that the relevance of the research is due to the need to describe hermeneutics as a method of humanitarian knowledge and methodology that is most often used in the sociohumanities, as well as the fact about the borer of XX-XXI centuries which raised to a new level of humanitarian knowledge under the slogan of anthropological appeal. The purpose of the research is to identify the main specific features of hermeneutic methodology in the space of sociohumanities. The results of the study. The method of hermeneutics unfolds gradually and among the practical and theoretical needs that influenced its development are: the demands of ancient Greek society; transformation of Christianity into the dominant religion; separation in modern times, in independent scientific fields, politics, economics, psychology, etc.; demand for translations from classical dead languages into living languages of literary, philosophical and historical monuments; actualization of interest in history, linguistics in connection with the awareness of the importance of preserving the authority of humanitarian knowledge. It is also noted that the method of hermeneutics received a powerful impetus for the further “occupation” of new areas due to the transformation of social space into an information society, where communication and dialogue began to determine the success of the results of such interaction. Conclusion. At the time of its origin, hermeneutics was presented as the art of interpreting and understanding texts, and over time it became seen as a variant of the search for truth and a scientific method. Tracing the development of hermeneutics, it is indicated that hermeneutics has never been an abstract theory, but has always accompanied the social activities of people to find solutions to life’s issues. The special popularity of hermeneutics is that it is recognized as an effective universal sociohumanitarian methodology, which is associated with: 1) understanding as comprehension of the studied objects – processes, objects and actions and various texts; 2) interpretation, the task of which is to help understand the text and its value; 3) application as a condition that the distance between the situation of text creation and the time of its interpretation is overcome due to the efforts of the interpreter. Key words: understanding, hermeneutics, text, interpretation, sociohumanities, interpreter, application.

Ovid: A Very Short Introduction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Llewelyn Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Roman World ◽  
The Social ◽  
Subsequent Literature ◽  
The Middle Ages

Ovid: A Very Short Introduction discusses Ovid’s poetry, and the social and cultural context in which it was written. No poet of the Graeco-Roman world has had a deeper impact on subsequent literature and art than Ovid. But he was also a man of his time, and while the poetry he wrote still speaks to us today, it channels the cultural and political upheavals that Rome in his day was experiencing: its public life under Rome’s first emperor Augustus, changing sexual mores, religion, literary debt to Greece, and urban landscape. This VSI introduces Ovid’s poetry on love, heroic women, metamorphosis, Roman festivals, and his own exile by Augustus. It also explores his immense influence on later literature and art, an uninterrupted popularity through the Middle Ages and into modern times. Artists as diverse as Chaucer, Goethe, and Dali are all his heirs. But it focuses on his own poetry. Ovid was the wittiest, most inventive, and least deferential of Roman poets, his poetry a scintillating combination of high intellect and mischief.

The Right-Left Division of South Indian Society

1970 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 779-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda E. F. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Economic Organization ◽  
Social Correlates ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Economic Principle ◽  
South Indian ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Right

AbstractWhat were the reasons for the development of a right-left division of South Indian castes? Why has this division become less of a focus of rivalry in modern times? This article uses observations collected in the Coimbatore region of Madras State between 1964 and 1966 to suggest that this earlier opposition expressed a fundamental economic principle: the distinction between castes who held direct or indirect rights in land and those who were primarily dependent on renumeration for specific professional services. This contrast was expressed symbolically by the use of the terms “right” and “left,” and in day-to-day activity by the opposition of instrumental to ritualistic values in the evaluation of social status. Use of the terms right and left had gradually become outmoded, due to substantial changes in economic organization. The social correlates of this earlier opposition, however, have continued to endure in certain regions. It is hypothesized that this persistence of social contrasts is related to the absence of Brahmans as an important land-owning group in such areas.

Cross-space Consumption among Undocumented Chinese Immigrants in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhou ◽  
Xiangyi Li
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Social Value ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Currency Exchange ◽  
The Social ◽  
International Migrants

We consider cross-space consumption as a form of transnational practice among international migrants. In this paper, we develop the idea of the social value of consumption and use it to explain this particular form of transnationalism. We consider the act of consumption to have not only functional value that satisfies material needs but also a set of nonfunctional values, social value included, that confer symbolic meanings and social status. We argue that cross-space consumption enables international migrants to take advantage of differences in economic development, currency exchange rates, and social structures between countries of destination and origin to maximize their expression of social status and to perform or regain social status. Drawing on a multisited ethnographic study of consumption patterns in migrant hometowns in Fuzhou, China, and in-depth interviews with undocumented Chinese immigrants in New York and their left-behind family members, we find that, despite the vulnerabilities and precarious circumstances associated with the lack of citizenship rights in the host society, undocumented immigrants manage to realize the social value of consumption across national borders and do so through conspicuous consumption, reciprocal consumption, and vicarious consumption in their hometowns even without being physically present there. We conclude that, while cross-space consumption benefits individual migrants, left-behind families, and their hometowns, it serves to revive tradition in ways that fuel extravagant rituals, drive up costs of living, reinforce existing social inequality, and create pressure for continual emigration.

Doing Bodhisattva’s Work

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 4-32
Author(s):  
Le Hoang Anh Thu
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Ho Chi Minh City ◽  
Class Identity ◽  
The Social

This paper explores the charitable work of Buddhist women who work as petty traders in Hồ Chí Minh City. By focusing on the social interaction between givers and recipients, it examines the traders’ class identity, their perception of social stratification, and their relationship with the state. Charitable work reveals the petty traders’ negotiations with the state and with other social groups to define their moral and social status in Vietnam’s society. These negotiations contribute to their self-identification as a moral social class and to their perception of trade as ethical labor.

Attention Sustainability Impact on Social Status in the Class

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Stanislava Varadinova
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
School Dropout ◽  
Learning Material ◽  
Early School ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way ◽  
Positive Environment

The attention sustainability and its impact of social status in the class are current issues concerning the field of education are the reasons for delay in assimilating the learning material and early school dropout. Behind both of those problems stand psychological causes such as low attention sustainability, poor communication skills and lack of positive environment. The presented article aims to prove that sustainability of attention directly influences the social status of students in the class, and hence their overall development and the way they feel in the group. Making efforts to increase students’ attention sustainability could lead to an increase in the social status of the student and hence the creation of a favorable and positive environment for the overall development of the individual.

STUDI TATA RUANG RUMAH TINGGAL SUKU TALANG MAMAK (Spatial Study Talang Mamak Tribe House)

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 97
Author(s):  
Gun Faisal ◽  
Dimas Wihardyanto
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Theory Method ◽  
The Core ◽  
Grounded Theory Method ◽  
Hunting And Gathering ◽  
The Social ◽  
Open Coding ◽  
Household Activities ◽  
Axial Coding

The Talang Mamak tribe, one of Indonesian tribe, still practices the hunting and gathering of natural produce despite the fact that among them have chosen to settle permanently and doing farming activities. The aim of this research is to study the characteristics of the Talang Mamak house. The method used in this research is grounded theory method, based on the open coding, axial coding as well selective coding techniques. The method used to find the variation layout of the houses and then evaluate the characters and concept of the layouts. The conclusion of this study is that the core of the Talang Mamak house is based on the connectivity of four rooms namely: Ruang Haluan, Ruang Tangah, Ruang Tampuan and Pandapuran. The house has an open layout where all daily household activities are done without barriers. The social status of the owner is identified by houses furniture and staf

Myriad Aspects of Secular Thinking on Malayali Cuisine

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-206
Author(s):  
SAJITHA M
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Civilized Society

Food is one of the main requirements of human being. It is flattering for the preservation of wellbeing and nourishment of the body.  The food of a society exposes its custom, prosperity, status, habits as well as it help to develop a culture. Food is one of the most important social indicators of a society. History of food carries a dynamic character in the socio- economic, political, and cultural realm of a society. The food is one of the obligatory components in our daily life. It occupied an obvious atmosphere for the augmentation of healthy life and anticipation against the diseases.  The food also shows a significant character in establishing cultural distinctiveness, and it reflects who we are. Food also reflected as the symbol of individuality, generosity, social status and religious believes etc in a civilized society. Food is not a discriminating aspect. It is the part of a culture, habits, addiction, and identity of a civilization.Food plays a symbolic role in the social activities the world over. It’s a universal sign of hospitality.[1]

“The Pain Of Protagonists” Inselected Novels Of Anita Nair

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
R. CELIN DIANA
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Social Convention ◽  
Indian Women ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
The Social ◽  
Pain And Suffering ◽  
Simple Life

MRS. R. CELIN DIANA A female is God's lovable creature to balance man. She is mentally and physically weak through creation itself, but she express her feelings unexpectedly in the battle against her. She is even spoiled for that. A women’s picture is a central theme to literature writings around the globe. The writings of Anita Nair is concerned with man, females, nature, true life, and social convention. She explores the existential struggle of her protagonists in most of her novels. Nair describes particularly, how Indian women are exploited, abused, marginalized even in the modern times both by individuals and by the society. Apart from the society women are tossed even by her family members. Anita Nair emphasizes the need for creating awareness in women. Her female protagonists are conscious of the injustice in marriage brought to them.Probably, the protagonists of Nair’s novels denies to flow along the current.  They seem to be adamant or aggressive, but the fact is that they underwent much pain and suffering. Apart from the pain the protagonists are the losers of life, respect, family, dignity and everything. This paper is an effort to bring to light the pathetic conditions of the protagonists,and to study the social, family and economic picture of women's suffering in life. Though the protagonist characters are brave, they seem pathetic and losers of a common simple life, they dream to live. Anita Nair defines circumstances or occurrences that harm or kill characters due to the aggressive nature of characters in her novels.

THE SITUATION IN THE EEDUCATION SYSTEM OF THE SOUTHERN REGIONS OF UZBEKISTAN IN 20-30 YEARS OF XX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Jummagul Abdurakhmanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Public Life ◽  
Communist Ideology ◽  
Ideological Influence

The article examines the situation in the education system of the southern regions of Uzbekistan in the 1920s-1930s, as well as the introduction of the ideological influence of councils based on communist ideology on education, which was a part of public life

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