A review on the clinical trials of repurposing therapeutic drugs, mechanisms and preventive measures against SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleazer U. Ikonne ◽  
Victor O. Ikpeazu ◽  
Ositadinma C. Ugbogu ◽  
Okezie Emmanuel ◽  
Ikechukwu P. Nwakuche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Professionals ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Great Caution ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Endocytic Pathways

Abstract Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmittable pathogenic viral infection that causes a disease known as COVID-19. It is a pandemic and public health challenge ravaging the world today. Unfortunately, with the daily increase of infected individuals, there is no known drug approved for the treatment of COVID-19. However, there are therapeutic drugs with the potentials to inhibit endocytic pathways, suppress ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase activities, and reduce the replication of SARS-CoV-2. These drugs modifications are aimed at reducing inflammation, time of recovery, and number of deaths. This review is aimed at providing updated information on the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, preventive measures and therapeutic drugs used against SARS-CoV-2. The finding of this review revealed that some of these drugs are transmembrane protease, serine 2, and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitors with the capacity to block the entrance/replication of SARS-CoV-2 in a host cell and therefore, may be promising in preventing the spread and mortality of SARS-CoV-2. However, these drugs may cause detrimental health effects such as toxic and non-efficacy issues. Therefore great caution should be employed by health professionals when prescribing these drugs to COVID-19 patients.

The Comparison of Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection between Pediatric and Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milad Zandi ◽  
Saber Soltani ◽  
Mona Fani ◽  
Haniye Shafipour ◽  
Samaneh Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The World ◽  
Smoking Susceptibility ◽  
The Relationship

SARS-CoV-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the recent pandemic in the world. It has been recently recognized as a challenge for public health and a significant cause of severe illness in all age groups. Young children and older people are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, children usually present mild symptoms compared to adult patients. The relationship between age, severity, and COVID-19 transmission is compared to determine whether there is any reasonable relationship between age and COVID-19. It should be mentioned that some risk factors may increase the probability of developing severe COVID-19 by advancing age, such as pathophysiological changes in the respiratory system, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression in the nasopharynx, and smoking. Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection is independent of age, but the mortality rate of COVID-19 depends on age.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
T. N. Bilichenko
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Research Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Course Outcomes ◽  
Official Sources

An analysis of epidemiology coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Russia and the world was carried out to identify the main factors contributing to morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of the disease. Statistical data were used from official sources (Rospotrebnadzor, WHO, US CDC, China NHC, ECDC, DXY). Research information from different countries about the course, outcomes, spread, and risk factors of the disease is presented.The study of epidemiology, risk factors, causes of increased incidence of COVID-19, mortality rate is of great importance for assessing the effectiveness of preventive measures.

scholarly journals Structural Dissection of Viral Spike-Protein Binding of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 to the Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as Cellular Receptor

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Deborah Giordano ◽  
Luigi De Masi ◽  
Maria Antonia Argenio ◽  
Angelo Facchiano
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Cellular Receptor ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The World ◽  
Silico Analysis

An outbreak by a new severe acute respiratory syndrome betacoronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) all over the world. Immediately, following studies have confirmed the human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a cellular receptor of viral Spike-Protein (Sp) that mediates the CoV-2 invasion into the pulmonary host cells. Here, we compared the molecular interactions of the viral Sp from previous SARS-CoV-1 of 2002 and SARS-CoV-2 with the host ACE2 protein by in silico analysis of the available experimental structures of Sp-ACE2 complexes. The K417 amino acid residue, located in the region of Sp Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD) of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, showed to have a key role for the binding to the ACE2 N-terminal region. The R426 residue of SARS-CoV-1 Sp-RBD also plays a key role, although by interacting with the central region of the ACE2 sequence. Therefore, our study evidenced peculiarities in the interactions of the two Sp-ACE2 complexes. Our outcomes were consistent with previously reported mutagenesis studies on SARS-CoV-1 and support the idea that a new and different RBD was acquired by SARS-CoV-2. These results have interesting implications and suggest further investigations.

scholarly journals Can Levamisole be used in the treatment of COVID-19 patients presenting with diarrhea?

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (08) ◽  
pp. 844-846
Author(s):  
Oğuz Abdullah Uyaroğlu ◽  
Gülay Sain Güven ◽  
İbrahim Güllü
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Glandular Cells ◽  
A Cell

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first identified in Wuhan, China, on Jan 7, 2020. Over the following months, the virus rapidly spread throughout the world. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can involve the gastrointestinal tract, including symptoms like nausea, vomiting and diarrhea and shedding of the SARS-CoV-2 in feces. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein, which has been proven to be a cell receptor for SARS-CoV-2, is expressed in the glandular cells of gastric, duodenal, and rectal epithelia, supporting the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the host cells. According to the literature, rates of COVID-19 patients reporting diarrhea were between 7 - 14%. Diarrhea in the course of COVID-19 disease can cause dehydration and hospitalization. Although no antiviral drug was specifically designed for the treatment of diarrhea, several molecules could have beneficial effects by reducing viral replication. In this letter, we discussed the Levamisole, which is an anthelmintic agent with immunomodulatory effects, could be used effectively both for antiviral therapy and especially in COVID-19 patients with diarrhea.

scholarly journals Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the complement system, the kallikrein-kinin system, type-2 diabetes, interleukin-6, and their interactions regarding the complex COVID-19 pathophysiological crossroads

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 147032032097909
Author(s):  
Martijn Hoevenaar ◽  
Dolf Goossens ◽  
Janne Roorda
Keyword(s):  
Cell Entry ◽  
Pharmacological Intervention ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
System Type ◽  
The World ◽  
Kallikrein Kinin System ◽  
The Complement System

Because of the current COVID-19-pandemic, the world is currently being held hostage in various lockdowns. ACE2 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell-entry, and is at the very center of several pathophysiological pathways regarding the RAAS, CS, KKS, T2DM, and IL-6. Their interactions with severe COVID-19 complications (e.g. ARDS and thrombosis), and potential therapeutic targets for pharmacological intervention, will be reviewed.

scholarly journals Renaming dementia – an East Asian perspective

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 885-887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Fung Kum Chiu ◽  
Mitsumoto Sato ◽  
Ee Heok Kua ◽  
Min-Soo Lee ◽  
Xin Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Dementia Patients ◽  
Severe Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Number Of Individuals

Worldwide, the number of individuals with dementia is growing in an epidemic manner, with an estimated 35.6 million people affected in 2010 (Prince et al., 2013). With the population aging in Asia, dementia care will become a major public health challenge in this region in the coming decades. Over half of the patients with dementia in the world will live in Asia by 2030. In China alone, a recent review of dementia studies showed that there were 9.2 million dementia patients in 2010 (Chan et al., 2013). These figures are staggering. In many Asian countries, dementia is regarded as a shameful illness, and the local terms for dementia are derogatory. Dementia carries a stigma that may lead to patients’ reluctance in seeking treatment and delay in diagnosis. In addition, local names for dementia frequently conjure up pictures of severe stage of dementia, and may lead to therapeutic nihilism, discouraging mental health professionals from working with elderly patients with dementia. As Asia faces the challenges of a rapidly aging population and provisions of care for growing number of dementia patients, change in local names for dementia has become an issue of attention.

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection of Mice Transgenic for the Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Virus Receptor

2006 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 1162-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chien-Te K. Tseng ◽  
Cheng Huang ◽  
Patrick Newman ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
Krishna Narayanan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Sars Coronavirus ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

ABSTRACT Animal models for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus infection of humans are needed to elucidate SARS pathogenesis and develop vaccines and antivirals. We developed transgenic mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, a functional receptor for the virus, under the regulation of a global promoter. A transgenic lineage, designated AC70, was among the best characterized against SARS coronavirus infection, showing weight loss and other clinical manifestations before reaching 100% mortality within 8 days after intranasal infection. High virus titers were detected in the lungs and brains of transgene-positive (Tg+) mice on days 1 and 3 after infection. Inflammatory mediators were also detected in these tissues, coinciding with high levels of virus replication. Lower virus titers were also detected in other tissues, including blood. In contrast, infected transgene-negative (Tg−) mice survived without showing any clinical illness. Pathologic examination suggests that the extensive involvement of the central nervous system likely contributed to the death of Tg+ mice, even though viral pneumonia was present. Preliminary studies with mice of a second lineage, AC63, in which the transgene expression was considerably less abundant than that in the AC70 line, revealed that virus replication was largely restricted to the lungs but not the brain. Importantly, despite significant weight loss, infected Tg+ AC63 mice eventually recovered from the illness without any mortality. The severity of the disease that developed in these transgenic mice—AC70 in particular—makes these mouse models valuable not only for evaluating the efficacy of antivirals and vaccines, but also for studying SARS coronavirus pathogenesis.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and Liver injury: hepatology perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 01-04
Author(s):  
Irami Filho
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Injury ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Protein S ◽  
Clinical Syndrome ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2

SARS-CoV-2, a severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by Coronavirus 2, discovered in 2019 in China, is responsible for the current pandemic declared by the WHO since March 2020. The clinical syndrome caused by Covid-19 has a broad spectrum of severity. The most common clinical manifestations are fever, dry cough, dyspnea, fatigue, and anosmia. The virus binds to receptors for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ECA2) and serine protease TMPRSS2 for protein S initiation, which are expressed not only in the lungs but also in the liver, colonic, esophageal and biliary epithelial cells. In this context, the liver is a potential target for COVID-19 infection. Liver damage occurs during the course and treatment of viral infection in patients with or without previous liver disease. Therefore, the characteristics of liver injury associated with COVID-19 were reviewed based on research related, in the context of the pandemic.

scholarly journals COVID-19 During Development: A Matter of Concern

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Paulo Jacinto Saavedra ◽  
Kelly Valério Prates ◽  
Gessica Dutra Gonçalves ◽  
Silvano Piovan ◽  
Paulo Matafome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
Converting Enzyme ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
The World ◽  
Phases Of Development ◽  
Critical Phases ◽  
The Individual

A new infectious disease, COVID-19, has spread around the world. The most common symptoms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are cough and fever, but severe cases can develop acute respiratory distress syndrome. The main receptor for SARS-CoV-2 in human tissue is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and the lungs, heart, and kidneys are the most affected organs. Besides the inflammatory process and tissue damage, the presence of a cytokine “storm” has been related to a higher mortality rate. Other infectious viral diseases, such as Zika, chikungunya, and influenza, were associated with complications in pregnant women, such as growth restriction, malformation, preterm birth, low birth weight, miscarriage, and death, although they can also cause developmental disorders in infants and adolescents. Evidence points out that stressors during pregnancy and infancy may lead to the development of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, we hypothesize that COVID-19 infection during the critical phases of development can program the individual to chronic diseases in adulthood. It is important that COVID-19 patients receive proper monitoring as a way to avoid expensive costs to public health in the future.

scholarly journals Zika Virus: A Current Public Health Challenge in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonam Yangchen Bhutia
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
A Current

Zika virus disease (ZiV), a mosquito borne re-emerging disease in India transmitted by a vector aedes with an agent flavivirus in Brazil 2015 has spread to various parts of the countries where WHO has declared it as a global health concern. India with a favourable climate and geographical location with increase distribution of aedes species can result into increase outbreak of Zika virus diseases along with malaria, japanese encephalitis, chikungunya, dengue and scrub typhus in the future. This review states on current global incidence of Zika, epidemiology, mode of transmission, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, treatment and its preventive measures and the threats and challenges of Zika virus disease in India.

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