scholarly journals Accumulation of phenolic compounds in the purple betony herb (Stachys officinalis L.) originated from cultivation

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bączek ◽  
Olga Kosakowska ◽  
Jarosław L. Przybył ◽  
Zenon Węglarz
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Mass ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
The Third ◽  
Yield And Quality

Summary Introduction: Purple betony (Stachys officinalis L., Lamiaceae) is a perennial of versatile medicinal usage. Nowadays, in Poland betony herb is collected exclusively from wild growing plants. Decreasing number of its natural sites results in lack of the herb supply and thus, in its limited usage. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the age of plant and term of raw material harvest on its yield and quality in cultivation conditions. Methods: The observations were carried out on 2- and 3-year-old plants. During vegetation the herb was collected for four times. The raw material was subjected to chemical analysis. Tannins (as pyrogallol equivalent) were determined according to Polish Pharmacopoeia, phenolic acids and flavonoids – by HPLC. Results: The mass of herb, both in the second and third year, had increased from the beginning of vegetation up to seed setting. The highest content of tannins was found in the herb collected at the vegetative stage of plant development (2.05% in the second and 2.91% in the third year). Four phenolic acids (chlorogenic, ferulic, caffeic and rosmarinic acids) and five flavonoid compounds (orientin, luteolin-7-glucoside, apigenin-7-glucoside, apigenin-3-glucoside, apigenin) were identified in the obtained raw materials. In these groups, the dominant compounds were caffeic acid and apigenin. The highest content of caffeic acid was found at the beginning of plant vegetation, whereas apigenin – at the stage of full blooming and seed setting. Conclusion: In cultivation conditions, purple betony produces high mass of herb which may be used as a valuable raw material in herbal industry.

scholarly journals Developmental and chemical characteristics of Melittis melissophyllum L. in limited access of sunlight

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Izabela Szymborska-Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Seed Setting ◽  
Southeastern Part ◽  
Full Sunlight ◽  
The Third ◽  
Chemical Evaluation ◽  
Quality Marker ◽  
Special Respect

SummaryIntroduction: Bastard balm grows in forests, in central and southeastern part of Europe. The herb of this species is rich in phenolics, mainly flavonoids, phenolic acids and coumarins. The plant is used in traditional European medicine, in digestive problems and for aromatizing tobacco and alcohol products.Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of shading on bastard balm development and the accumulation of phenolics in its herb, with special respect to coumarin as a quality marker of this raw material.Methods: The plants were cultivated in full sunlight, in 30% and 50% shade provided by shading nets. The herb was harvested from plants in the third year of vegetation, at four subsequent developmental stages and then subjected to chemical evaluation. In the raw material, the total contents of flavonoids, phenolic acids and coumarins was determined. The content of coumarin was analyzed using HPLC-DAD.Results: Plants grown in 30% shade produced the highest number of flowers and seeds. They produced the highest mass of herb at the beginning of the seed-setting stage. The plants grown in full sunlight revealed the highest content of flavonoids and phenolic acids, especially during flowering and at the beginning of the seed-setting stage. The mass of herb obtained by plants cultivated at deep (50%) shade was the lowest, however, the content of coumarin in these plants was the highest.Conclusion: The influence of shade on bastard balm was expressed by the herb mass and coumarin content increment. The plants thrived best in 30% shade, both in terms of flowering abundance and the mass of herb, whereas those from 50% shade were the richest in coumarin.

scholarly journals Intensification of the extraction process of phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus leaves

2021 ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
Oleksiy Andryushayev ◽  
Olena Ruban ◽  
Yuliia Maslii ◽  
Inna Rusak
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Acorus Calamus ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Ultrasonic Action ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Method Of Extraction ◽  
Temperature Time

The aim. To determine the intensified method of extraction of phenolic compounds from Acorus calamus leaves and optimal conditions for the process. Materials and methods. In order to develop the optimal intensified method of extraction samples were prepared in different conditions of raw materials-extractant ratio, temperature, time and multiplicity. As a raw materials spectrophotometrically pre-standardized Acorus calamus leaves were used. The extraction was carried out in a hermetically sealed ultrasonic extraction reactor PEX 1 (REUS, Contes, France). As the criteria of extraction efficiency were indicators of dry residue and total amount of flavonoids determined using methods described in State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine. The amount of flavonoids was determined spectrophotometrically on a certified device Specord 200 (Analytik Jena, Germany). Results. According to our research results it was found that ultrasonic action and addition of surfactant significantly improves the efficiency of the extraction process. The optimal conditions for the process were determined. Experimentally proved that the rational raw material-extractant ratio is 1:15. Comparative study of the extraction process with different temperatures showed that the highest amount of extractives is achieved at temperature 70 °C and 45 min of duration. The optimal extraction multiplicity is 3. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the intensified extraction method for Acorus calamus leaves – re-maceration with ultrasound – was established. The conducted researches allowed to develop the method of extraction, expedient in the conditions of the modern pharmaceutical industry.

scholarly journals The Impact of Processing Parameters on the Content of Phenolic Compounds in New Gluten-Free Precooked Buckwheat Pasta

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Oniszczuk ◽  
Kamila Kasprzak ◽  
Agnieszka Wójtowicz ◽  
Tomasz Oniszczuk ◽  
Marta Olech
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Free Phenolic Acids ◽  
The Impact

Buckwheat is a generous source of phenolic compounds, vitamins and essential amino acids. This paper discusses the procedure of obtaining innovative gluten-free, precooked pastas from roasted buckwheat grains flour, a fertile source of natural antioxidants, among them, phenolic acids. The authors also determined the effect of the extruder screw speed and the level of moisture content in the raw material on the quantity of free phenolic acids. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic acids in pasta was carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The chromatographic method was validated. For extracts with the highest total content of free phenolic acids and unprocessed flour from roasted buckwheat grain, the TLC-DPPH test was also performed to determine the antioxidant properties of the tested pasta. The level of moisture in the raw material had an impact on the content of phenolic acids. All pastas made from buckwheat flour moistened up to 32% exhibited a higher total content of free phenolic acids than other mixes moistened to 30 and 34% of water.

scholarly journals The effects of plant density and irrigation on phenolic content in cauliflower 

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Kałużewicz ◽  
Jolanta Lisiecka ◽  
Monika Gąsecka ◽  
Włodzimierz Krzesiński ◽  
Tomasz Spiżewski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Ferulic Acid ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Sinapic Acid ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Coumaric Acid

This study was conducted to study the influence of plant density and irrigation on the content of phenolic compounds, i.e., phenolic acids and flavonols in cv. ‘Sevilla’ cauliflower curds. Levels of phenolic acids and flavonols were in the range of 3.0–6.2 mg and 25.4–87.8 mg/100 g of dry weight, respectively, depending on plant density and irrigation. Of the phenolic acids, caffeic acid was detected in the highest amount, followed by p-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, gallic acid, and ferulic acid. Of the two flavonols detected, the levels of quercetin were higher than those of kaempferol. The content of the detected phenolic acids (with the exception of ferulic acid) and both flavonols increased with increasing plant density. Furthermore, the concentration of phenolic compounds (with the exception of ferulic acid) was significantly higher under irrigation.

scholarly journals An Introduction to the Foreign Trade of Mesopotamia In the Light of Cuneiform Documentation of the Third and Second Millennium BC.

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (120) ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Nawala A. Al-Mutawalli
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sheep Breeding ◽  
The Third ◽  
The People ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

Ancient Iraq is very well known as an agricultural economic country, especially, the middle and the southern parts of Mesopotamia, which was called “the Land of Sumer and Akkad “, it's a very rich agricultural country. Sumer's economy was based on agriculture, fishing, and cattle and sheep breeding. Lived on the products of the fertile, irrigated soil, and this situation was clearly reflected in the cuneiform texts unearthed from many sites from the third and second millennium BC. And due to the young geological composition of Mesopotamia, the alluvial plain of ancient Sumer lacked so much important raw materials, these of materials were needed by the craftsmen of Sumer and Akkad for the industry, works of art and daily life. These raw material were, deferent kinds of stone, timber, and metal, therefore, the need for these materials led to exchange what the people had from the agricultural production and industrial goods and material produced by the workshops of temple or palace, such as: animal hides, leather manufactures, wool, oil, cereals, dates, textile, wild and domesticated animals,…etc., also what not existing in the country ([i])   Leemans, W.F., "The Importance of Trade", Iraq-39, (1977), p. 4. Al-Hashimi, Rihdah Jawad, "Obsidian Stone and the Origin of Trade" Sumer-28, (1972), p. 203ff.

scholarly journals HPLC determination of phenolic compounds content in Parmelia sulcata and Parmelia vagans thalli

Pharmacia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 161-164
Author(s):  
O. A. Kyslychenko ◽  
Viktoriia V. Protska ◽  
Iryna O. Zhuravel
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Usnic Acid ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Parmelia Sulcata ◽  
Quantitative Content

The species of Parmelia genus have long been used in Indian folk medicine for the treatment of bronchitis, ulcers, furunculosis, cardiovascular diseases, urolithiasis, amenorrhea, and also at infectious and inflammatory diseases. In Ukraine, the most common lichens of the Parmelia genus are Parmelia sulcata Tailor and Parmelia vagans Nyl. At the same time, thalli of Parmelia genus lichens belong to the non-officinal and poorly studied types of raw material. The qualitative composition and the quantitative content of phenolic compounds in Parmelia sulcata and Parmelia vagans thalli was studied by HPLC. According to the results of the chromatographic analysis, salazinic, fumaroprotocetraric, usnic acids, chloratranorin and atranorin were identified in both types of raw material studied. In addition, protocetraric acid was identified in Parmelia sulcata thalli. According to the results of the experiment, the total content of identified phenolic compounds in Parmelia sulcata thalli was 2019.71±40.39 g/mol, and in Parmelia vagans thalli it comprised 1754.18±34.77 g/mol. In the thalli of both studied species of Parmelia genus, fumaroprotocetraric acid dominanted by the quantity. This substance was present in Parmelia sulcata thalli in the amount of 474.00±9.00 g/mol, and in Parmelia vagans thalli – 456.21±8.67 g/mol. In addition, a significant amount of chloratranorin (408.79±8.99 g/mol) was present in Parmelia sulcata thalli. Quite a high content of atranorin (393.34±8.65 g/mol) and usnic acid (375.31±7.53 g/mol) were defined in Parmelia vagans thalli. The results obtained can be used in the development of quality control methods for Parmelia sulcata and Parmelia vagans thalli, as well as medicines based on these types of raw materials.

scholarly journals Phenolic compounds and properties of antioxidants in grapevine roots (Vitis vinifera L.) under drought stress followed by recovery

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław Weidner ◽  
Monika Karolak ◽  
Magdalena Karamać ◽  
Ryszard Amarowicz
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Fresh Matter

Grapevine seedlings<em> Vitis vinifera</em> were grown in a greenhouse under optimum conditions (soil moisture ca 70%) and under drought stress (soil moisture ca 35%). In addition, some of the plants subjected to drought underwent subsequent regeneration under optimum conditions. Drought stress caused accumulation of total phenolic compounds in grapevine roots, which may indicate that these compounds play an important role in the adaptation of roots to growth under stress conditions. Phenolic acids found in the roots occurred in the ester-bound form only. p-coumaric acid was present in the highest concentrations (6.2 to 10.5 µg/g fresh matter). The content of ferulic acid was lower, ranging from 2.4 to 4.6 µg/g fresh matter. The lowest concentration in grapevine roots was achieved by caffeic acid (2.4 to 2.9 µg/g fresh matter). The levels of p-coumaric and ferulic acids in roots rose significantly under the drought stress, while the concentration of caffeic acid increased during the post-drought recovery period. This may suggest that some of the phenolic acids protect plants under stress conditions. All the extracts from grapevine roots had antioxidative properties, but the antiradical activity of the extracts obtained from roots subjected to drought stress was inferior to the control. The same extracts were also characterised by depressed reducing power. The results imply that tolerance of grapevine to soil drought may be associated with the value of antioxidative potential in root tissues of these plants.

scholarly journals SELECTION OF OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR ACCUMULATION AND EXTRACTION OF PHENOLIC COM-POUNDS FROM BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RAW MATERIALS OF IRIS L. REPRESENTATIVES

2020 ◽  
pp. 249-260
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Ivanovna Tikhomirova ◽  
Natal'ya Grigor'yevna Bazarnova ◽  
Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Bondarev ◽  
Yaroslava Viktorovna Ponomareva ◽  
Steniya Olegovna Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acids ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Axillary Shoots ◽  
Hydrolyzable Tannins ◽  
Mass Formation ◽  
Selection Of

For optimal accumulation of biomass and phenolic compounds (flavonoids, tannins, xanthones, hydroxycinnamic acids) from Iris sibirica and Iris spuria in tissue culture, it is desirable to use a medium containing 1.0 to 2.5 µm BAP. The high content of cytokinin caused a stressful situation, at the first stage of which there was a mass formation of adventitious and axillary shoots, then with an increase in the concentration of the hormone, the reproduction coefficient decreased, the plants stopped reproducing, stopped growing and died. In extreme conditions, phenolic compounds are spent on the performance of protective functions, in connection with which there was a drop in their overall level in the tissues of irises. For biotechnological raw materials of Iris L. representatives, the efficiency of subcritical sequential extraction was compared with traditional methods (in Soxlet type apparatus). In subcritical conditions have been removed more flavonoids and tannins: in fraction 96% ethanol of flavonoids and tannins – in 2 times; at a fraction of 60% ethanol flavonoids – 2 times, tanning – 3 times; at a fraction of the water of flavonoids in 3 times, tanning – 1.4 times. The water in the apparatus of soxlet extracted 1.3 times more hydroxycinnamic acids than in subcritical conditions. The ratio of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins tannins in aeroponic raw material of Iris sibirica L. varieties Sterkh traditional extraction was determined as 13 : 1, the extraction in subcritical conditions 8 : 1.

scholarly journals Free and bound phenolic acids in inflorescences and rhizomes with roots of Hieracium pilosella L. (Asteraceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-218
Author(s):  
Tadeusz Krzaczek ◽  
Monika Gawrońska-Grzywacz
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Hieracium Pilosella ◽  
Rp Hplc ◽  
Medicinal Properties

The analysis of the fractions of free and bound, liberated by hydrolysis, phenolic acids in the inflorescences and rhizomes with roots of <em>Hieracium pilosella</em> L. was conducted by 2D-TLC and RP-HPLC methods. In the inflorescences fourteen phenolic acids were found: chlorogenic, gallic, protocatechuic, homoprotocatechuic, caffeic, gentisic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, p-hydroxybenzoic, m-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, syringic, vanillic, ferulic and salicylic. In the rhizomes with roots nine phenolic acids were identified: chlorogenic, gallic, homoprotocatechuic, caffeic, gentisic, p- hydroxyphenylacetic, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic and vanillic. By means of the RP-HPLC method the contents of major acids were estimated which ranged from 0.01 mg% up to 139.50 mg%. Caffeic acid is the remarkably dominating constituent of both plant materials. Phenolic compounds may contribute to invasiveness and medicinal properties of this species.

scholarly journals Research of the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and iodine in chocolate using non-traditional raw materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
Yana Biletska ◽  
Olha Bilovska ◽  
Anna Krivtsova ◽  
Irуna Нuzhva ◽  
Alla Nekos
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soy Flour ◽  
Labor Intensity ◽  
Daily Amount

A study to determine the total content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and mass fraction of iodine in chocolate using non-traditional raw materials has been conducted. The object of the study was chocolate products, containing stevioside, erythrol, germinated soy flour, enriched with iodine. Carrying out this set of studies is important because it will determine the content of phenolic compounds, flavonoids and iodine in the developed chocolate. Based on the obtained patterns, it is possible to determine the percentage of satisfaction of the recommended daily requirement and to set the recommended amount of consumption of the developed product per day. As a result of research, it has been found, that the total content of phenolic compounds in the control type of chocolate per 198 mg of GA / 100 g of the initial raw material is less compared to the sample of chocolate, where non-traditional raw materials were used. The results of the study correlate with the results of determining the total content of flavonoids. The developed types of chocolate exceed control samples by 229 mg of C / 100 g of the initial raw material. That satisfies 88.6% of the recommended daily amount. It has been found, that the developed type of chocolate is a carrier of iodine in the amount of 63 μg / 100 g. In the control sample of chocolate there were found only traces of mass fraction of iodine. It has been determined, that the use of germinated soy flour, enriched with iodine in the amount of 10%, due to the reduction of cocoa mass satisfies 42% of the recommended daily amount of iodine for a woman aged 30… 40 years of average labor intensity. The obtained results are useful and important because they will allow to develop recommendations for the consumption of chocolate using non-traditional raw materials. What will affect the solution of an important social problem - maintaining high efficiency, confrontation with environmental factors under the pandemic due to the influx of test substances

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