scholarly journals Tourist Activity of Senior Citizens (60+) Residing in Urban and Rural Areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Omelan ◽  
Robert Podstawski ◽  
Marek Raczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Senior Citizens ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Permanent Residence

AbstractThe objective of this study was to analyze the influence of place of permanent residence (urban or rural) on the tourist activity of senior citizens (60+) of different socioeconomic statuses. The study involved 380 senior citizens (305 female and 75 male) aged 60 years and older who were permanent residents of the region of Warmia and Mazury, Poland. In this group, 244 subjects resided in urban areas and 136 participants were rural dwellers. The respondents were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their socioeconomic status (place of permanent residence, age, gender, educational attainment, financial status, membership in senior organizations, marital status, and professional activity) and tourist activity. A significance test of two structure coefficients (α=0.05) was applied. Factors such as gender, professional activity, and marital status were not related with the travel propensity of seniors from different groups (urban and rural), but were significant when rural residents were compared with urban dwellers. Seniors residing in urban areas of Warmia and Mazury, Poland, were significantly more likely to travel for leisure than those residing in rural areas. The tourist activity of seniors decreased significantly (p<0.05) with the age (60-74 years) and financial status of rural residents. The travel propensity of elderly people increased significantly (p<0.05) with educational attainment and membership in senior organizations. The study revealed considerable differences in the socioeconomic status and social characteristics of seniors residing in rural and urban areas, and those variations significantly influenced their propensity for travel: urban residents traveled more frequently than rural residents. It can be concluded that place of residence was a crucial factor determining the tourist behavior of senior citizens, and urban dwellers were more likely to travel.

scholarly journals UNE ETUDE DES DETERMINISMES A LA BASE DE L’ECHEC SCOLAIRE LE CAS DES PAYS DU TIERS MONDE(1)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. K. Nzunga
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Third World ◽  
Efficient Solution ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Third World ◽  
Culture Of Origin

Fare has been established as a major issue, in primary and secondary schools within the Third World countries. This work sets out to reveal the possible determinants of this phenomenon. A comparison between performance in the rural areas and the urban areas has produced a lot of data on the determinants of school failure and repetition. The researcher seeks to establish the link between failure and the level of intelligence of the learners, the language of instruction, the financial status of the family and the culture of origin. The researcher hopes that by so doing, it would be easier to find a practical and efficient solution, to this problem, which is a great stambling block in the Third World countries.

Status and disparities of diabetes among urban and rural residents aged 40 years and older: insight from a population-based study in northeast China, 2017–2019

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-213755
Author(s):  
Liying Xing ◽  
Yuanmeng Tian ◽  
Li Jing ◽  
Min Lin ◽  
Zhi Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Haemoglobin A1c ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
High Prevalence

ObjectivesTo evaluate the up-to-date epidemiology of diabetes in northeast China.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted between September 2017 and March 2019 using a multistage, stratified and cluster random sampling method. 18 796 participants (28.9% urban and 71.1% rural) aged ≥40 years were enrolled. Diabetes and pre-diabetes were diagnosed according to the history, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and glycosylated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels.ResultsThe prevalence of diabetes was 17.1%, higher in urban than in rural residents (20.2% vs 15.8%, p<0.001). Meanwhile, the prevalence of pre-diabetes was 44.3%, higher in rural than in urban areas (49.4% vs 31.8%, p<0.001). The overall FPG and HbA1c were 6.10±1.94 mmol/L and 5.59%±1.08%. The FPG level was higher in rural area than in urban areas (6.15±1.83 mmol/L vs 5.97±2.18 mmol/L, p<0.001). Among participants with diabetes, 47.5% were aware of their diabetes condition; 39.5% were taking antidiabetic medications and 36.8% of people had their diabetes controlled. The awareness and treatment rates in rural areas were lower than those in urban areas (47.3% vs 57.5%, 34.4% vs 49.5%, p<0.001). Patients with diabetic, especially those in rural areas, tended to have multiple risk factors including hypertension (71.7%), overweight or obesity (69.6%) and dyslipidaemia (52.8%).ConclusionA considerable burden of diabetes was observed in northeast China, with high percentage of untreated diabetes, high prevalence of pre-diabetes, high overall FPG level and multiple uncontrolled risk factors in patients with diabetics. Therefore, region-specific strategies on prevention and management of diabetes should be emphasised.

Evaluation of access to electricity and the socioeconomic effects in rural and urban expanses of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toluwalope Ogunro ◽  
Luqman Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Government ◽  
Electricity Access

PurposeRecently, multidimensional aspects of poverty has been increasingly focused on which includes education, economy and health, while access to modern energy such as stable electricity is also one of the possible solution; thus, this article aims to divulge the relation between access to electricity and progression in socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria in an attempt to propose a sustainable framework for access to electricity.Design/methodology/approachDemographic and health survey data are collected using four categories of model of questionnaires. A standard questionnaire was designed to gather information on features of the household's dwelling element and attributes of visitors and usual residents between the 2018 period. Biomarker questionnaire was used to gather biomarker data on men, women and children. Logistic model estimation technique was employed to estimate the socioeconomic factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria.FindingsThese studies discovered that there are diverse set of factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria especially in the rural areas. However, respondent residing in rural areas are still largely deprived access to electricity; most importantly, households with no access to electricity are more likely to use self-generating sets as revealed. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that the higher the level of your education and wealth, the higher the likelihood of having access to electricity in Nigeria. These factors included political will to connect the rural areas to the national grid, development of other infrastructures in those deprived areas and others.Practical implicationsThe problem confronting access to electricity in Nigeria has three components. The first is the significance of those deprived access to electricity in the rural areas and the physical resources needed to connect them to the national grid. The second is the political willingness of the government to have equitable distribution of public goods evenly between rural and urban areas especially on electricity access which will go a long way in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The third is lack of robust national development plans and strategy to tackle the problems facing electricity access in Nigeria.Social implicationsAs the rate of socioeconomic status/development increases, access to electricity is anticipated to rise up in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe findings can be used by the policy makers to address problems facing access to electricity in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic status and survival among older adults with dementia and depression

2014 ◽  
Vol 204 (6) ◽  
pp. 436-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoling Chen ◽  
Zhi Hu ◽  
Li Wei ◽  
Kenneth Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundPeople from lower socioeconomic groups have a higher risk of mortality. The impact of low socioeconomic status on survival among older adults with dementia and depression remains unclear.AimsTo investigate the association between socioeconomic status and mortality in people with dementia and late-life depression in China.MethodUsing Geriatric Mental Status – Automated Geriatric Examination for Computer Assisted Taxonomy (GMS-AGECAT) we interviewed 2978 people aged ⩾60 years in Anhui, China. We characterised baseline socioeconomic status and risk factors and diagnosed 223 people with dementia and 128 with depression. All-cause mortality was followed up over 5.6 years.ResultsIndividuals with dementia living in rural areas had a three times greater risk of mortality (multivariate adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 2.96, 95% CI 1.45–6.04) than those in urban areas, and for those with depression the HR was 4.15 (95% CI 1.59–10.83). There were similar mortality rates when comparing people with dementia with lowv.high levels of education, occupation and income, but individuals with depression with lowv.high levels had non-significant increases in mortality of 11%, 50% and 55% respectively.ConclusionsOlder adults with dementia and depression living in rural China had a significantly higher risk of mortality than urban counterparts. Interventions should be implemented in rural areas to tackle survival inequality in dementia and depression.

scholarly journals The Influence of Information Services on Public Transport Behavior of Urban and Rural Residents

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5454
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhou ◽  
Jiahui Liang ◽  
Xiangfeng Ji ◽  
Caitlin Cottrill
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Transport Behavior ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Rural and urban areas are mainly connected by public transport in China. The characteristics of the trips of local residents in rural and urban areas are different; therefore, the demand for public transport information services is different. Based on the revealed data, a structural equation model is applied to examine the critical factors affecting the behavior of urban and rural residents in choosing public transport in the Beidaihe District, Qinhuangdao City, China. The effect of information service factors on public transport behavior of urban and rural residents is obtained. The influence level of public transport information service on public transport behavior of urban and rural residents before and during travel is discussed. This study provides valuable insights to improving public transport services between urban and rural areas of China, which can attract more residents to use public transport and promotes sustainable development between urban and rural areas.

scholarly journals Influences of Building Characteristics and Attitudes on Water Conservation Behavior of Rural Residents

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7620
Author(s):  
Yan Liu ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Han Zhao ◽  
Yibin Ao ◽  
Linchuan Yang
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Conservation Behavior ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Building Characteristics

Urbanization promotes the development of human civilization but brings great challenges, such as air pollution, lack of water resources, and environmental damage, to the natural environment. Water conservation effectively alleviates the lack of water resources. Existing studies mostly focus on water conservation behavior in urban areas and overlook rural areas. This study takes rural residents in Chengdu as the research object and selects four villages to conduct empirical research and fill this research gap. A total of 165 valid questionnaires are collected after face-to-face interviews. First, descriptive analysis is used to analyze the current situation of rural residents’ water conservation behavior. Second, exploratory factor analysis and the binary logistic regression model are used to explore the relationship between building characteristics, water conservation attitudes, and water conservation behavior. The results show that (1) the rural residents’ water conservation attitude plays an important role in water conservation behavior; “environmental values” is the most significant factor, followed by “saving money and joint participation;” (2) rural building characteristics such as layout of the kitchen and shower facilities significantly affect the water conservation behavior of rural residents. Based on the analysis, several suggestions are made for building a new water-saving rural area in Chengdu, such as strengthening the publicity and education of water-saving behavior and subsidizing water-saving facilities. This research provides a theoretical basis for local government departments to formulate relevant policies and serves as a valuable reference for the protection of water resources in other rural areas.

scholarly journals A STUDY ON PERSONALIZED BANKING SERVICES - A STEP TOWARDS RURAL DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
S. S. Mallikarjuna Prasanna
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Bank Branches ◽  
Personalized Services ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rural Dwellers

Ever since the country gained independence, the Government of India has taken a plethora of measures for the development of rural areas along with the urban areas. This is perceptible from the first Five-year plan to the latest schemes announced by the Government, which distinguishably emphasize on rural development and enhancing farmers’ income & welfare. To achieve these aims, RBI gives directives to banks for development of rural areas and for opening of bank branches in these areas. Personalized services targeted for the rural residents will make them active participants in the banking sector and they will contribute towards the growth of the economy. The objective of this research paper is to understand the preference of personalized services by bank customers residing in different areas of the Mysore and Tumkur. More than half of the population in Karnataka is residing in rural areas. The results of the study reveal that the urban bank customers have more preference for personalized services as compared to their rural counterparts and there is need to motivate the rural dwellers for utilizing more personalized banking services for their own development and for the development of the economy.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Maternal Education against Low Birth Weight Deliveries: Blacks’ Diminished Returns

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. p1
Author(s):  
Shervin Assari
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Economic Disparities ◽  
Blacks And Whites

Background: Racial and economic disparities in low birth weight (LBW) deliveries is among the most well-established differences between Blacks and Whites. As LBW is an established risk factor for chronic diseases such as asthma and diabetes, it is particularly important to understand drivers of racial and economic disparities in LBW deliveries in urban areas. Aims: Built on the Minorities’ Diminished Returns framework, which argues that educational attainment generates fewer positive health outcomes for Black than White Americans, we conducted this study with three aims: 1) to test the association between mothers’ educational attainment and LBW of babies born in urban areas, 2) to compare Blacks and Whites for the effect of mothers’ educational attainment on LBW, and 3) to test whether LBW is predictive of future chronic diseases 15 years later. Methods: Data came from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being / included a random sample of births in cities larger than 200,000 population. For the aims 1 and 2, we analyzed data of 2,922 births to Black (n = 2,146) or White (n = 776) mothers. For aim 3, we analyzed data of a subsample of 1,604 Black or White newborns who were followed to age 15. The presence or absence of chronic diseases was determined at age 15. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Maternal educational attainment was inversely associated with LBW overall. We, however, found a significant interaction between maternal educational attainment and race, suggesting that the inverse association between maternal education and LBW is weaker for Black than White babies. At the same time, LBW increased the odds of chronic disease 15 years later. Conclusions: Diminished returns of maternal educational attainment contribute to racial disparities in LBW, which in turn contributes to future racial inequalities in chronic diseases in urban settings. That is, smaller protective effects of maternal education on reducing LBW for Black than White children contribute to the high prevalence of chronic diseases among adolescents in urban settings. Health disparities are not just due to racial differences in socioeconomic status but also diminishing returns of socioeconomic status indicators such as education for racial and ethnic minorities. Research should study contextual factors that reduce Blacks’ ability to translate their human capital to health outcomes in urban settings.

scholarly journals Recursive Path Model for Health Literacy: The Effect of Social Support and Geographical Residence

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Bíró ◽  
Ferenc Vincze ◽  
Gabriella Mátyás ◽  
Karolina Kósa
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Health Literacy ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Path Model ◽  
Determinants Of Health ◽  
Sociodemographic Variables ◽  
Permanent Residence ◽  
Improve Health ◽  
Recursive Path

Background: The public health relevance of health literacy is highlighted by the fact that its higher levels can improve health outcomes and reduce health inequities. In order to design effective interventions for improving health literacy, the relationship between health literacy and other factors such as sociodemographic variables, subjective health and social support must be understood.Objective: Our aim was to test a socioecological model of the determinants of health literacy with a special focus on the effect of residence. Our study investigated geographical differences regarding the levels of health literacy and its determinants as this was not investigated before in European nationwide surveys.Methods: Data was collected by a polling company in a sample (n = 1,200) of the Hungarian adult population nationally representative by age, gender, and permanent residence in 2019 January. The questionnaire included items on sociodemographic data, subjective well-being, social support, and two health literacy scales. A recursive path model was used to outline the mediating effect of social support between sociodemographic variables and health literacy where both direct and indirect effects of the explanatory variables and multiple relationships among the variables were analyzed simultaneously. Multiple-group analysis was applied to the three pre-set categories of permanent residence (capital city, urban and rural).Results: There was no statistically significant difference by residence regarding levels of health literacy. Social support and educational attainment were the most important determinants of health literacy after adjusting for the effect of other sociodemographic variables. However, the magnitude of effect of social support and educational attainment is different between types of settlements, the strongest being in rural areas.Conclusion: Social support seems to mediate the effect of socioeconomic position on health literacy which could be taken into account when designing interventions to improve health literacy, especially in rural areas. Further studies would be needed especially in rural communities to see whether improvement of social support could be utilized in projects to increase the level of health literacy.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Status in Relation to Stunting and Motor Skill Development of Toddlers in Urban and Rural Areas

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-347
Author(s):  
Syifa F Syihab ◽  
Mesa Rahmi Stephani ◽  
Isti Kumalasari ◽  
Adang Suherman
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Exact Methods ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Motor Skill Development ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The development of child motor skills is closely related to nutritional status. Stunted children generally experience delays in motor development. The objective was to determine the relationship between stunting, socioeconomic status, and children’s motor skill development. This research was conducted in 2018 using a cross-sectional method. Respondents were 80 children aged 48-60 months in urban and rural areas of West Java. The researcher used a simple random technique data collection on anthropometric, socioeconomic, and motor skills development. Then it was analyzed using chi-square and Fisher exact methods. The researcher used a simple random technique data collection on anthropometric, socioeconomic, and motor skills development. Then it was analyzed using chi-square and Fisher exact methods. We found that stunting prevalence in rural areas was higher than in urban areas. As much as 30 % of children in rural areas and only 12.5 % of children in urban areas were categorized as stunted. There is no significant association between stunting with the family’s socioeconomic status and motor skill development. The weight for the age variable showed a significant association with stunting. Children who are malnourished have a stunting risk of 10.9 times greater than normal children (OR 10.9 p < 0.001).

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