Public Parks from Private Lands

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Alice Watt ◽  
David Lowenthal
Keyword(s):  
Park Management ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
History Of ◽  
Privately Owned

This chapter explores the history of making parks from privately owned lands, a process that at first relied on donations from states or wealthy individuals, but gradually involved the direct purchase of land. Parks are often celebrated as “belonging to the American public,” but in many cases, they belonged to someone else first. The chapter thus considers the implications of making parks from private lands. After all, these places come with their own history, and often with residents and their own uses for and meanings of the land, which do not generally fit well with the simplified “empty scenic nature” model of park management.

scholarly journals Reported Neighborhood Traffic and the Odds of Asthma/Asthma-Like Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Multi-Racial Cohort of Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Sarah Commodore ◽  
Pamela L. Ferguson ◽  
Brian Neelon ◽  
Roger Newman ◽  
William Grobman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Child Health Outcomes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Sectional Analysis

Asthma in children poses a significant clinical and public health burden. We examined the association between reported neighborhood traffic (a proxy for traffic-related air pollution) and asthma among 855 multi-racial children aged 4–8 years old who participated in the Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) cohort. We hypothesized that high neighborhood traffic density would be associated with the prevalence of asthma. Asthma/asthma-like symptoms (defined as current and/or past physician diagnosed asthma, past wheezing, or nighttime cough or wheezing in the past 12 months) was assessed by parental report. The relationship between neighborhood traffic and asthma/asthma-like symptoms was assessed using logistic regression. The prevalence of asthma/asthma-like symptoms among study participants was 23%, and 15% had high neighborhood traffic. Children with significant neighborhood traffic had a higher odds of having asthma/asthma-like symptoms than children without neighborhood traffic [adjusted OR = 2.01 (95% CI: 1.12, 3.62)] after controlling for child’s race-ethnicity, age, sex, maternal education, family history of asthma, play equipment in the home environment, public parks, obesity and prescribed asthma medication. Further characterization of neighborhood traffic is needed since many children live near high traffic zones and significant racial/ethnic disparities exist.

scholarly journals FROM THE HISTORY OF THE OPENING OF VLADIKAVKAZ RAILWAY

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Ф.С. Киреев
Keyword(s):  
Educational Institutions ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Railway Network ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
History Of ◽  
Privately Owned

В статье анализируются причины строительства Владикавказской железной дороги и механизм сооружения этой важной железнодорожной артерии. Актуальность темы анализа истории развития железнодорожной сети Северо-Кавказского региона определяется необходимостью подробного изучения проблем ее социально-экономического развития. Строительство Ростово-Владикавказской железной дороги также является примером государственно-частного сотрудничества, которое хорошо себя оправдало. Дорога была построена полностью за счет средств акционеров, среди которых были как крупные промышленники, так и простые обыватели. Находясь в частной собственности, Владикавказская железная дорога хорошо функционировала и развивалась. При этом государство получило важную транспортную артерию, имевшую большое экономическое и военно-стратегическое значение. Немаловажным было и то, что за счет Владикавказской железной дороги был построен ряд социальных объектов – больницы, учебные заведения. В статье также показана заинтересованность общественности Владикавказа и региона в целом в строительстве железной дороги. Различные варианты прокладки пути, строительства станций широко обсуждались как специалистами, так и простыми горожанами. В итоге был выбран наиболее оптимальный путь и месторасположения станции Владикавказ. В свое время, благодаря открытию Владикавказской железной дороги, был дан заметный импульс дальнейшему развитию торговли и промышленности на Северном Кавказе. Последующее расширение транспортных артерий уже в наши дни может существенно оживить экономику Кавказа и России в целом, а также внести свой вклад в деле развития туризма в регионе. В связи с этим и необходимо анализировать историю строительства Владикавказской железной дороги и перенимать лучший опыт прошлого. The article analyzes the reasons for constructing Vladikavkaz railway and the mechanism of constructing this important railway artery. The topic relevance of studying the history of the railway network in the North Caucasus is determined by the necessity for further problem research of its socio-economic development. In its time Vladikavkaz railway had a huge impact on the development of trade and industry in the North Caucasus. The construction of the Rostov-Vladikavkaz railway is also an example of public-private cooperation, which has paid off well. The road was built entirely at the expense of shareholders, among whom were both large industrialists and ordinary people. Being privately owned, the Vladikavkaz railway functioned and developedwell. At the same time, the state acquired an important transport artery of great economic and military-strategic importance. It was also important that a number of social facilities were built at the expense of the Vladikavkaz railway - hospitals, educational institutions. The article also shows the interest of the public in Vladikavkaz and the region as a whole in the construction of the railway. Various options for laying the track, building stations were widely discussed by both specialists and ordinary citizens. As a result, the most optimal route and location of the Vladikavkaz station were chosen. Further expansion of transport arteries today can significantly revive the economy of the Caucasus and Russia as a whole, as well as contribute to the development of tourism in the region. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the history of constructing Vladikavkaz railway and adopt the best experience of the past.

Electrifying Kyoto: Business and Politics in Light and Power, 1887–1915

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 952-970
Author(s):  
CHENXIAO XIA
Keyword(s):  
Electric Utility ◽  
Government Relations ◽  
Business And Politics ◽  
Japanese City ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hydraulic Station ◽  
Electric Light ◽  
The Government ◽  
The City ◽  
Privately Owned

The city of Kyoto witnessed Japan’s first public-owned electric utility and first hydraulic station for general supply, and was the first Japanese city in which every household became electrified. Behind these achievements, the interaction between the privately owned Kyoto Electric Light Company and the government-owned Kyoto Municipal Electric Works were important. By exploring their origin, collusion, competition, and demarcation between them from 1887 to 1915, this article addresses business–government relations in the history of Japanese electrification through the case of Kyoto.

scholarly journals A French King and a Magic Ring: The Girolami and a Relic of St. Zenobius in Renaissance Florence

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 434-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally J. Cornelison
Keyword(s):  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Devotional Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Renaissance Florence ◽  
Magic Ring ◽  
Privately Owned

In 1482, the episcopal ring of St. Zenobius, patron of the Florentine see, was sent from Florence to France in the hope that it would cure the ailing King Louis XI. This secondary relic belonged to the Girolami, a banking and mercantile family that claimed to be related to the saint. The present study examines the use of St. Zenobius’ ring as a means of international and local diplomatic exchange. In addition, it traces the history of the Girolami's patronage of St. Zenobius’ cult and relics, places it within the context of contemporary devotional practices, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the patronage of privately-owned relics in Renaissance

Conclusion and Epilogue

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirwin R. Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
University Students ◽  
Puerto Rican ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
Joint State

This concluding chapter explores the legacy of anarchism in Puerto Rico. While anarchist agitation and organizing came to an end in the early 1920s, individual anarchists continued to write to anarchist publications in New York and Havana. In addition, the global economic recession that began in 2008, coupled with efforts by the Puerto Rican government and the Universidad de Puerto Rico to impose new fees on university students in 2010, gave birth to new interest in anarchism on the island as anarchist groups took to the internet, the cafés, and the university grounds. They began working with other groups in cross-sectarian alliances, offering classes on anarchism, reviving anarchist theatre, and drawing attention to the ravages of joint state–corporate attempts to seize private lands. In short, these new Black Flag Boricuas were resurrecting in the present the very history of anarchist agitation and antiauthoritarianism developed a century earlier.

Peasants and the Law: a History of Land Tenure and Conflict in the Huasteca

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frans J. Schryer
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Mexican Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rural Mexico ◽  
The Law ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
Privately Owned

The Huasteca, a region with a semi-tropical climate and abundant vegetation, has become one of the most violent and conflict-ridden parts of rural Mexico. Starting in the mid-1970s, a series of land invasions involving mainly Nahuatl-speaking Indian peasants broke out in the district of Huejutla in the northeastern portion of the state of Hidalgo (also known as the Huasteca Hidalguense). Militant agrarian peasants, who cut fences, confiscated coffee orchards and ripped out cultivated grasses, justified their use of direct action both in terms of Mexico's agrarian code and Nahuatl notions of village boundaries; similarly, local landowners appealed to their rights as property owners and the legal system in general in order to persuade law enforcement agents to evict peasant intruders and have them arrested. Many poor peasants, who live in usually cohesive communities, also became bitterly divided over whether or not they should join in land invasions, and some people on both sides took the law into their own hands and meted out their own version of justice through abductions, corporal punishment and even executions. The resulting violence and political turmoil culminated in the expropriation, by the Mexican government, of 18,000 hectares of privately owned land and the implementation of a programme of social reform.

scholarly journals Farm Forestry in Agricultural Southern Ontario, ca. 1850-1940: Evolving Strategies in the Management and Conservation of Forests, Soils and Water on Private Lands

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Bowley
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Farm Forestry ◽  
Private Lands ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Public Property ◽  
Scientific Agriculture ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Privately Owned

Early settlers in southern Ontario aspired to become prosperous land-owning farmers; they began by cutting trees. Within a few decades, wind and water, unimpeded by forest cover, devastated soil and crops. Farmers were encouraged by groups such as the Ontario Fruit Growers’ Association to reforest some of their land. Farm forestry, as part of scientific agriculture, had a strong beginning in the early 1900s with the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, but that movement was poorly supported until the 1930s, when the relationship between deforestation and water supplies reached a crisis. The Ontario Conservation and Reforestation Association (OCRA) and the Ontario Crop Improvement Association (OCIA) were created in agricultural southern Ontario in 1937-8 after a disastrously hot dry summer. Each organization interpreted the conservation of natural resources in profoundly different ways: the OCRA as a movement to create forest resources on public property, and the OCIA as management of privately-owned farmlands to improve crop production.

scholarly journals Beginnings of Landscape Architecture in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 115-127
Keyword(s):  
Professional Education ◽  
Landscape Architecture ◽  
Professional Preparation ◽  
University Education ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Professional Discipline ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
Architecture Profession

The article describes the period from the end of the nineteenth century to the 1950's. It presents the achievements of the pioneers of Polish landscape architecture, associated with various aspects of the design, planning and protection of the landscape, in addition to professional education. In the majority of European countries, the development of landscape architecture as a separate profession is dated to the interbellum period. In Poland there is currently no doubt as to the fact that landscape architecture is an independent professional discipline. However, several decades ago this topic was the subject of spirited discussion among Polish specialists, which took place on the pages of specialist periodicals. The discussions that took place at the time between outstanding garden planners, practitioners, scientists, didactic and popularizes who came from various different fields concerned the profession and the preparation of specialists, in addition to the name itself. One of the pioneers – Zygmunt Hellwig, wrote: "I believe that the shaping of the landscape is an art and science that is currently completely independent, one that has grown equally well from the foundations of horticulture, architecture and a number of similar disciplines, one that can absolutely no longer fit within the framework of the professional preparation and qualifications of an architect-builder."(1935). The landscape architecture profession developed very dynamically. Significant projects, now considered icons, were being developed, e.g. Żelazowa Wola, a monument park dedicated to Chopin or Skaryszewski Park in Warsaw. At horticultural fairs one of the more important sections was garden planning, where individual cities prided themselves in their achievements in the design of public parks. University education started to be provided in this speciality. Franciszek Krzywda-Polkowski, who had obtained an education in architecture, was the first to introduce landscape architecture to a university curriculum and organised and supervised the Landscape Architecture and Park Science Division at the University of Life Sciences starting from 1928. He also taught at the Warsaw University of Technology. His diploma candidates, Alina Scholtz and Gerard Ciołek, made significant contributions to the development of landscape architecture in Poland. A. Scholtz, an outstanding designer, became one of the founding members of the International Federation of Landscape Architecture (IFLA) in 1948. G. Ciołek was the creator of the Polish school of the revalorisation of historical garden layouts. His comprehensive scientific works on the history of garden design had a pioneering character. He is the author of the fundamental work Ogrody polskie (1954).

PERBANDINGAN TAMAN TRADISIONAL ISLAMIK, BARAT DAN MODEN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
FAZLENA ABD. RAHIM ◽  
MOHD YAZID MOHD YUNUS ◽  
MOHAMED MOHAMED TOLBA SAID
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Local Context ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Cultural Images ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
User Friendly

Kajian ini membincangkan perbezaan prinsip, konsep dan reka bentuk taman Islamik dan barat dari era tradisional hingga moden. Kurangnya rujukan mengenai prinsip taman Islamik di Malaysia telah menyebabkan kurangnya kefahaman terhadap reka bentuk taman Islamik yang sebenar yang mempunyai kualiti fungsi dan nilai estetik. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki kualiti taman awam di Malaysia berdasarkan prinsip taman Islamik yang mesra pengguna dan menampilkan imej budaya setempat dalam konteks bandar moden. Selain itu, bagi membuktikan bahawa taman barat diadaptasi daripada tamadun Islam. Objektif kajian ini adalah meneroka prinsip, konsep dan ciri taman Islamik yang dinyatakan di dalam Al Quran, hadis, sejarah taman tradisional Islamik dan barat serta model taman Islamik moden. Kaedah kualitatif yang melibatkan penerokaan teori telah digunakan untuk membina rumusan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan integrasi prinsip taman Islamik dengan persekitaran iklim tempatan, teknologi moden dan menampilkan imej budaya setempat menyumbang dalam penghasilan taman yang lebih berfungsi, mesra pengguna, unik, mempunyai identiti tersendiri dan bernilai estetik. Dapatan kajian ini memberi kefahaman maksud, konsep dan tujuan aplikasi reka bentuk taman Islamik moden yang boleh diterapkan untuk membentuk ruang awam yang berjaya dan lebih menarik dalam konteks tempatan di Malaysia.   This study discusses the differences of the principles, concepts and designs of Islamic and western gardens from the era of history to modernity. The lack of Islamic garden principles references in Malaysia has led to a lack of understanding of the design of an authenticity of Islamic park, which has a quality of function and aesthetic value. This study aims to improve the quality of public parks in Malaysia based on the Islamic garden principles, which is user friendly and feature the local cultural images in the context of modern cities. Besides, to prove that western gardens are adapted from Islamic civilization. The objective of this study is to identify the principles, concept and characteristics of the Islamic garden as stated in the Quran, hadith, the history of the Islamic and western traditional gardens and models of Islamic and western gardens in modern era. Qualitative methods involving theoretical exploration have been used to build conclusions. The results show that the integration of Islamic garden principles with the local climate, modern technologies and featuring local cultural images contributes to the production of a more functional, user-friendly, unique, have its own identity and aesthetic value. The findings of this study provide an understanding of the meaning, concept and purpose of the modern Islamic garden design application that can be applied to create a successful and more attractive public space in the local context of Malaysia.

Guide to the Sources for the History of the Nations

Itinerario ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
M.P. Roessingh
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Technical Committee ◽  
Documentary Sources ◽  
National Archives ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Manuscript Collections ◽  
Privately Owned ◽  
Relevant Material

In 1958, Unesco and the International Council on Archives (ICA) decided to anticipate the needs of historical research in the newly emancipated Third World by creating the Guide to the Sources for the History of the Nations. This was intended to make accessible the documentary sources for the history of Latin America, Africa, Asia and Oceania preserved in Europe and the United States. An International Technical Committee was set up, consisting of representatives from the various national archives. This Committee formulated specifications for the preparation of the guides. In each national volume, sources were to be described according to the individual repository, and, within each repository, by grouping or series. According to the nature of each group, descriptions will concentrate on the speciality and functions of the organisation producing the records or on the subjects which can be studied with their help. To this are added data about the size of the archives, the available inventories or other entries and their value. The guides will also include privately-owned archives (family and business archives), manuscript collections in libraries, maps and plans, iconographic materials, sound archives and microfilms. In describing maps and iconographic materials, emphasis will be laid on MSS and printed material from before 1700. It is not intended to replace the existing inventories, catalogues or indexes (printed or not), but to provide a first entry to the sources, with a maximum of information in a condensed and usable form. In several cases, however, summary listing of source material will be unavoidable, for instance when relevant material in a collection of individual documents or in a map collection has never been adequately described.

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