scholarly journals Everyday life of local police officers in Kyiv region during the Nazi occupation (1941–1943)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Оleksii Hоncharenko ◽  
Oleksandr Potyl’chak

The purpose of the article is to identify the features of daily life of the local police officers of the Reichсommissariat Ukraine (hereinafter – the RCU), their socio-professional status. Research methods: analytical, synthetic, historical-chronological, comparative-historical, logical. Main results. The example of the RCU examines the problem of the daily life of local police officers in their everyday, social, professional and psychological dimensions. At the systemic level, the everyday aspects of daily routine of local police officers and their place in the system of social relations of that time are clarified. Typical models of behavior of policemen of RCU are distinguished in their relationships with local society. Examples of the participation of Ukrainian police officers both in persecution and in helping people who were victims of Nazi repression are given. The fact of increase of destructive phenomena in moral and psychological moods of local police officers of the RCU is established. Scientific novelty. For the first time the daily life of RCU police officers is analyzed in detail, their place in the system of social relations and model of behavior in the course of fulfilling their professional duties are determined. Practical importance. The study identifies typical social behavior patterns of persons who in occupation conditions were employed by local police and were directly accomplishing the goals and objectives of Nazi occupation policy. The originality of the study is based on the identification and analytical and synthetic processing of previously unknown archival sources of the Soviet special services. Type of article: research.


Author(s):  
Aleksandr Vasil'evich Zheltobryukh ◽  
Vitalii Nikolaevich Vinokurov

The research subject is social relations in the field of public order protection, ensuring social security and combating crime in an administrative area and the implementation of preventive measures by a local police officer. The authors focus on the factors and peculiarities of the supervised area and its population affecting the establishment and revisioning of the size and limits of an administrative area supervised by a local police officer, and on the amendments to the decree of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of March 29, 2019 No205 “On a local police officer service in an administrative area and organization of this service”. Based on the conducted analysis, the authors suggest, when defining the size and limits of an administrative area, taking into account the population density in the area in question, economic, geographic, national and demographic peculiarities on the territory, the criminological characteristics of the citizens, the number of citizens having a police record, the current operative situation, and the peculiarities of administrative organization of municipal entities. In the authors’ opinion, the resolution of this problem will have a positive effect on the work of police officers, and will help to equally and rationally distribute workload on local police officers thus raising the effectiveness of their service and improving the quality of preventive measures.   



2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Оleksii Hоncharenko

The purpose of the article is to identify the forms and means of social integration of former police officers of the Bila Tserkva Commissariat in the post-war Soviet society. Methods of research: analytical-synthetic, historical-chronological, comparative-historical, logical. Scientific novelty. Forms and methods of social integration of the former police commissioner of Bila Tserkva in the Soviet society for the first time are analyzed in detail. Practical importance. The study identifies typical models of social integration of people who, in the context of occupation from different circumstances, embarked on a betrayal path, but failed and tried to return to a peaceful life. The originality of the study is based on the identification and analytical and synthetic processing of previously unknown archival sources of the Soviet special services. Main results. The problem of social integration of former local police officers into post-war Soviet society is considered as an example of a separate administrative district of the Ukraine Reichskommissariat. At the system level, the forms and methods of social integration of people who, during the war, followed the instructions of the German authorities and carried out the main directions of the Nazi occupation policy are clarified. The typical behavior models of former police officers in the post-war period are highlighted. Examples of criminal proceedings against people who served in local law enforcement agencies of the Bila Tserkva gebitskommissariat are given. The facts of mistakes of the investigative Soviet special services of the NKDB and the KGB system are established. On the example of specific life destinies, the conclusion is drawn about the selectivity of the repressive measures against former police officers by Soviet law enforcement agencies. Article type: research.



Author(s):  
Daiva Milinkevičiūtė

The Age of Enlightenment is defined as the period when the universal ideas of progress, deism, humanism, naturalism and others were materialized and became a golden age for freemasons. It is wrong to assume that old and conservative Christian ideas were rejected. Conversely, freemasons put them into new general shapes and expressed them with the help of symbols in their daily routine. Symbols of freemasons had close ties with the past and gave them, on the one hand, a visible instrument, such as rituals and ideas to sense the transcendental, and on the other, intense gnostic aspirations. Freemasons put in a great amount of effort to improve themselves and to create their identity with the help of myths and symbols. It traces its origins to the biblical builders of King Solomon’s Temple, the posterity of the Templar Knights, and associations of the medieval craft guilds, which were also symbolical and became their link not only to each other but also to the secular world. In this work we analysed codified masonic symbols used in their rituals. The subject of our research is the universal Masonic idea and its aspects through the symbols in the daily life of the freemasons in Vilnius. Thanks to freemasons’ signets, we could find continuity, reception, and transformation of universal masonic ideas in the Lithuanian freemasonry and national characteristics of lodges. Taking everything into account, our article shows how the universal idea of freemasonry spread among Lithuanian freemasonry, and which forms and meanings it incorporated in its symbols. The objective of this research is to find a universal Masonic idea throughout their visual and oral symbols and see its impact on the daily life of the masons in Vilnius. Keywords: Freemasonry, Bible, lodge, symbols, rituals, freemasons’ signets.



2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7203
Author(s):  
Emanuele Giorgi ◽  
Lucía Martín Martín López ◽  
Rubén Garnica-Monroy ◽  
Aleksandra Krstikj ◽  
Carlos Cobreros ◽  
...  

COVID-19 forced billions of people to restructure their daily lives and social habits. Several research projects have focused on social impacts, approaching the phenomenon on the basis of different issues and scales. This work studies the changes in social relations within the well-defined urban-territorial elements of co-housing communities. The peculiarity of this research lies in the essence of these communities, which base their existence on the spirit of sharing spaces and activities. As social distancing represented the only effective way to control the outbreak, the research studied how the rules of social distancing impacted these communities. For this reason, a questionnaire was sent to 60 communities asking them to highlight the changes that the emergency imposed on the members in their daily life and in the organization of common activities and spaces. A total of 147 responses were received and some relevant design considerations emerged: (1) the importance of feeling part of a “safe” community, with members who were known and deemed reliable, when facing a health emergency; and (2) the importance of open spaces to carry out shared activities. Overall, living in co-housing communities was evaluated as an “extremely positive circumstance” despite the fact that the emergency worsened socialization.



2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dávid Hrabčák ◽  
Martin Matis ◽  
L’ubomír Doboš ◽  
Ján Papaj

In the real world, wireless mobile devices are carried by humans. For this reason, it is useful if mobility models as simulation tools used to test routing protocols and other MANET-DTN features follow the behaviour of humans. In this paper, we propose a new social based mobility model called Students Social Based Mobility Model (SSBMM). This mobility model is inspired by the daily routine of student’s life. Since many current social based mobility models give nodes freedom in terms of movement according to social feeling and attractivity to other nodes or places, we focus more on the mandatory part of our life, such as going to work and school. In the case of students, this mandatory part of their life is studying in university according to their schedule. In their free time, they move and behave according to attractivity to other nodes or places of their origin. Finally, proposed SSBMM was tested and verified by Tools for Evaluation of Social Relation in Mobility Models and compared with random based mobility models. At the end, SSBMM was simulated to examine the impact of social relations on routing protocols.



2020 ◽  
pp. 027507402098268
Author(s):  
Sunyoung Pyo

Controlling police officers’ discretionary behavior during public encounters has been an important issue in U.S. policing, especially following several high-profile police-involved deaths of racial minorities. In response, body-worn cameras (BWCs) were introduced to enhance police accountability by providing police managers an opportunity to monitor police–public encounters. Although many U.S. local police departments have now implemented BWC programs, evidence of program effects on daily police behavior has been limited. This study therefore focuses on whether officers’ arrest behavior changes when they perceive that BWCs are recording their interactions with the public. By conducting a difference-in-differences analysis using 142 police departments, I found that BWCs have negative and small treatment effects on arrest rates and null effects on the racial disparity between numbers of Black and White arrests. These findings imply that officers may become slightly more cautious in the use of arrests after wearing BWCs, but BWCs do not change their overall disparate treatment of Black versus White suspects. The results further indicate that the effects of BWCs on arrests are prominent in municipalities with high crime rates or a high proportion of non-White residents, which suggests that BWC programs demonstrate different effects according to the characteristics of communities served.



2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan José Bustamante ◽  
Eric Gamino

This article examines the use of a presumption of illegality by local police officers to enforce a deportation regime in the Northwest Arkansas region. We employed an integrated racialized legal violence model to understand the way officers and immigration authorities collaborate to screen immigrants’ legal status for deportation purposes. Rather than focusing on how collaborations operate from an institutional point of view, the article provided a detailed and rich experiential description of participants’ realities shaped by the interplay of migration policy and local police practices. We concluded that the screening tactics used by local police in the cases considered in this article reflect a form of racialized legal violence intended to enforce a deportation regime against unauthorized people of Latino origin from this Arkansas area.



2021 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
С.А. РОДОМАНСКАЯ

Актуальность данных исследований обусловлена недостаточной проработанностью механизма управления процессами в сфере обеспечения продовольственной безопасности территории, что значительно снижает эффективность их регулирования и приводит к нерациональному использованию ресурсов (природных, трудовых и др.), возникновению негативных последствий и угроз. В рамках данных исследований разработан управленческий цикл продовольственной безопасности территории в виде структурно-функциональной модели, которая, наряду с субъектным и объектным блоками, состоит из комплекса взаимосвязанных подсистем. Оценку регионального уровня продовольственной безопасности предполагается проводить с помощью общепринятых критериев и показателей самообеспеченности, независимости (зависимости), достаточности, доступности и качества продукции. Основу метода моделирования в цикле составляет неотъемлемая его часть – наличие условий проверки, что не только способствует изучению сложившейся ситуации в продовольственной системе, но и позволяет спрогнозировать развитие этой системы при заданных условиях в кратко-, средне- и долгосрочной перспективе. В статье определено основное содержание, смысл и функциональное назначение подсистем, которые в совокупности создают все предпосылки для проведения системного мониторинга, выработки управленческих решений, определения текущей ситуации в обеспечении продовольственной безопасности и возможной координации действий в сфере ее обеспечения. Разработанный цикл имеет практическую значимость при выборе взаимоприемлемых мер и действий по устранению или смягчению критических ситуаций в сфере продовольственной безопасности. В данном цикле для каждой подсистемы определена специфика географических знаний, объединенных пространственным аспектом исследования. В заключение отмечается, что логическая взаимосвязь подсистем в цикле позволила получить целостное представление о потребностях управления продовольственной системой территории в геоэкологических знаниях, которые имеют экспертное и предметное значение. The relevance of these studies is due to the insufficient elaboration of the mechanism for managing food processes in the field of ensuring food security of the territory, which significantly reduces the effectiveness of their regulation and, in turn, leads to the irrational use of resources (natural, labor, etc.) and the emergence of negative consequences and threats. Within the framework of these studies, a management cycle of food security of the territory has been developed in the form of a structural and functional model, which, along with the subject and object blocks, consists of a complex of interconnected subsystems. As a method for assessing conditions, the use of modeling and foresight methods, an integral assessment of the level of food security and methods of strategic planning, in particular the situational method of SWOT analysis, is proposed. The assessment of the level of food security at the regional level is supposed to be carried out using generally accepted criteria and indicators of self-sufficiency, independence (dependence), sufficiency, availability and quality of products. The basis of the modeling method in the cycle is its integral part – the presence of conditions for checking the situation, which contributes not only to the study of the current situation in the food system, but also makes it possible to predict the development of this system under given conditions in the short, medium and long term. The article defines the main content, meaning and functional purpose of the subsystems, which together create all the prerequisites for conducting system monitoring, developing management decisions to enhance food security resulting from the iterative food process, to determine the current situation in ensuring food security and possible coordination of actions in the sphere of ensuring food security. The developed cycle is of practical importance in choosing mutually acceptable measures and actions to eliminate or mitigate critical situations in the field of food security or to enhance food security. In this cycle, for each subsystem, the specificity of geographical knowledge of natural-social relations, united by the spatial aspect of the study, is determined. In conclusion, it is noted that the logical interconnection of subsystems in the cycle made it possible to obtain a holistic idea of ​​the needs of managing the food system of the territory in geoecological knowledge, which have expert and substantive significance.



2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-153
Author(s):  
عزمان عبد الرحمن

Fatwa is an explanation on Islamic ruling, which is needed by local society in facing new issues, as a solution in accordance with Shariah. It also plays a vital role to clarify the confusions and misunderstandings that happen in Muslim community. The solutions offered by Fatwa would satisfy the curiosity and internal feeling of Muslim in their daily life. This article will discuss the concept of fatwa and the challenges of its enforcement according to ‘The Administration of Islamic Law (Federal Territory) Act’. Besides, the writer would also identify the relevant authority body which has been given power by the aforementioned Act to enforce the issued fatwa. The article would try to reveal some problems and challenges in enforcing fatwa. Based on writer’s observation, the standard of fatwa enforcement in Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur is still below the normal level as it should to be. The number of officer in the Enforcement Division of Islamic Department is inadequate to make the fatwa as effective law. Hopefully, this article would give a clear picture to Muslim community on the reality of Fatwa enforcement in Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. Keywords :Flexibility, Zakat, Shariah, Contemporary, Asnaf ملخص تتميز الشريعة الإسلامية بالتكامل والشمول والرونة وصلاحيتها لأي زمان ومكان. والناس بحاجة إليها لتنظيم حياتهم وعلاقاتهم فيما بينهم وبالعالم من حولهم. وبإمعان النظر في هذا العصر يوجد أن هناك عدة مسائل وقضايا مستجدة حدثت ولم تكن موجودة في الاضي وهي بحاجة إلى بيان حكم الشريعة فيها وضبطها بقواعد. ونتيجة لهذا التطور السريع  من الأنظمة والأحكام -خاصة ما كان منها مبنيا ًفي حياة الناس، فإن كثيرا على العرف والصلحة- بحاجة إلى تديد. ومن بي تلك الأمور التي طرأ فيها كثير من الستجدات، مسألة الزكاة، التي هي ركن من أركان الإسلام المسة التي فرضها الله علينا في كتابه النزل على رسوله الأمي. وهناك العديد من القضايا العاصرة حول الزكاة وإدارتها وتنظيمها، خاصة ما يتعلق منها بجباية أموال الزكاة وصرفها والتي تتاج إلى بيان أحكامها وتفصيلها. ومنها قضية نقل الزكاة من بلد إلى بلد آخر حيث ظهرت هذه القضية بسبب وجود فائض في أموال الزكاة في بلد الزكي. ففي بعض الأحيان تبقى أموال للزكاة بعد أن قامت مؤسسة الزكاة بتوزيع جزء منها على الأصناف الثمانية كلها، فهل يتوجب على هذه الؤسسة في هذه الالة أن تقوم بتوزيع كل أموال الزكاة في بلد الزكي وذلك بإعطاء مبالغ كبيرة للمستحقي داخل البلد الذي تمت منه جباية الزكاة، أم يجوز لها أن تنقل بقية أموال الزكاة إلى بلد آخر حيث تعطى للمستحقي في ذلك  : َن ثلاثة مطالبِالبلد؟ هذا ما سيتم بيانه في هذا البحث الذي يتكون م الأول منها عن مفهوم نقل الزكاة، وثانيها عن حكم نقل الزكاة من بلد إلى بلد آخر. أما الثالث فعن فتاوى الفتي وآراء العلماء في حكم نقل الزكاة من بلد إلى بلد آخر كلمة الفتاحية : المرونة, الزكاة, الشريعة, المعاصرة, الأصناف



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