scholarly journals Net energy and protein utilization in fish by introducing the objective criteria ` Clarc of energy distribution ` and ` Clarc of protein transformation `

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 334-338
Author(s):  
D. Penkov ◽  
T. Hubenova ◽  
A. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Net Cages ◽  
Weight Gain Percentage ◽  
Carp Fish

AIM: To introduce the indicators Clarc of energy distribution (CED) and Clarc of protein/amino acid transformation (CPT) and adapt the methodology for their calculation in aquaculture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 50-day experiment was carried out with juvenile carp fish (C. carpio L.) reared in net cages. The following characteristics were reported: fodder (nutritional) coefficient, digestible energy, and crude protein intake per unit of weight gain, percentage of the boneless fillet, the chemical composition of the fillet. The methodology for calculating the respective Clarcs was described. RESULTS: The following values ​​of the newly introduced indicators were established: Clarc of energy distribution (CED) – 0.0866 (8.66%); Clarc of protein transformation (CPT) – 0.1052 (10.52%).

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SOURCE AND LEVEL OF NITROGEN ON THE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM STOVER BY YANKASA RAMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192
Author(s):  
F. OLALERU ◽  
T. A. ADEGBOLA
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Designed Experiment ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

The effects of cotton seed cake (CSC) or urea in supplying either 12% or 16% crude protein on sorghum stover utilization by Yankasa rams was studied for twelve weeks, using a 2 x 2 factorially designed experiment. Nutrient intake, digestibility, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored. In vitro volatile fatty acid (VFA) and ammonia-nitrogen (NH,-N) concentrations were also determined. The result of the study indicated that the source and/or level of nitrogen (or crude protein) significantly (P<0.05) affected crude protein intake (CPI), digestible crude protein intake (DCPI) and in vitro NH,-N concentration. Total feed intake, live weight gain (LWG), FCR and DCPI were significantly (P<0.05) affected by source x level interaction. Acid detergent fibre (A DF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) intakes, CP, ADF and NDF digestibilities, digestible ADF and NDF intakes, stover intake and in vitro VFA concentration were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by either main effects of CP source and level or their interaction. The rams on the 16% CSC and 12% urea ration gained more weight and had lower FCR than those on the 12% CSC and 16% urea. The 16% CSC ration gave the best result in terms of sorghum stover supplementation. The 12% urea treatment which also had a good result in terms of weight gain and FCR could also be recommended for use.

A study of protein requirements of housed Scottish Blackface ewes during late pregnancy

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. H. McClelland ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

SUMMARYIn-lamb ewes were given 38, 58 and 82 g of digestible crude protein daily at a constant energy intake of 1600 kcal ME per head daily during the last 6 weeks of gestation. There were no significant differences between treatments in live-weight gain of the ewes, lamb birth weight or ewe net body-weight change (the difference between live-weight gain over the experimental period and live-weight loss at lambing).Digestibility coefficients for the diet components and nitrogen balances were determined on three ewes per treatment during weeks 15-16 and 19·20 of gestation. No differences in the apparent digestibility of the diet components were observed between the two periods. The apparent digestibility of crude protein increased significantly (P > 0·001) with increase in crude protein intake. A significant linear relationship (P<0·01) was found between digestible crude protein intake and nitrogen retention; daily N retention increased by 0·19 g per kg W0·73 for every 1 g per kg W0·73 of apparent digested nitrogen intake per day.

scholarly journals Net energy levels of reduced crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets for heavy pigs

2017 ◽  
Vol 205 ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cintia Fracaroli ◽  
Dani Perondi ◽  
Luan Sousa dos Santos ◽  
Welex Cândido da Silva ◽  
Alini Mari Veira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Amino Acid ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein

scholarly journals Diet selection in sheep: the ability of growing lambs to select a diet that meets their crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) requirements

1993 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
J. D. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Se 33 ◽  
Selection Of

To test the proposition that sheep are able to select a diet that meets their crude protein (N × 6.25; CP) requirements, feeds L, A, B, C and H with the same energy content (11 MJ metabolizable energy/kg feed) but different CP contents (78, 109, 141, 172 and 235 g CP/kg fresh feed respectively) were formulated. In addition, feed U, which was feed L plus 21.4 g urea/kg (CP content 132 g/kg), was also made. The feeds were offered ad lib. either singly (n 4 per treatment) or as a choice between feed H and another feed (pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH; n 9 per feed pair) to individually penned Suffolk × Scottish mule wether lambs, over the live-weight range 25–45 kg. On the single feeds the rates of live-weight gain were 273, 326, 412, 418, 396 and 407 g/day (SE of difference (SED) 34; P < 0.01) and protein (excluding wool) gain were 27, 32, 44, 45, 41 and 39 g/d (SED 4; P < 0.001) for feeds L, A, B, C, H and U respectively. When sheep were given a choice between a feed below (L or A) and a feed above their CP requirements (H; as judged by the single-feeding treatments) the CP concentration selected was not different between the two pairs: 131 (SE 4) v. 133 (SE 4) g CP/kg feed for pairs LH and AH respectively. On the choices BH and CH (a choice between two feeds above requirements) the feed lower in CP was constantly preferred (874 (SE 33) and 910 (SE 33) g feed B and C respectively per kg total feed intake; CP selected was 157 and 178 g CP/kg respectively). However, this was not the case with the UH choice on which sheep consumed only 599 (SE 61) g feed U/kg total feed intake, resulting in a selection of a higher CP in their diet (173 g CP/kg). The live-weight gains of the animals given a choice between two feeds were 416, 387, 415, 410 and 383 g/d (SED 37) and protein gains were 45, 40, 46, 50 and 43 (SE 7) for pairs LH, AH, BH, CH and UH respectively, which were comparable with the best performance achieved on a single feed. The results suggest that sheep were able to select a diet that meets their CP requirements and avoid, at least to a certain extent, excess of protein intake. It is also possible that sheep discriminate against a property of feed U, such as an excess of urea, when this feed is paired with a feed high in CP.

scholarly journals PERKEMBANGAN GONAD DAN PERTUMBUHAN IKAN NILEM BETINA ALL FEMALE HASIL FERTILISASI JANTAN NEOMALE

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jojo Subagja ◽  
Deni Radona ◽  
Anang Hari Kristanto
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Fish Sample ◽  
Female Fish ◽  
Net Cages

Dalam memenuhi kebutuhan produksi diperlukan ketersediaan induk betina yang unggul. Pembentukan all female berasal dari pemijahan jantan fungsional (aplikasi hormon metil testosteron) hasil secara pool gamet dengan betina normal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi perkembangan gonad dan pertumbuhan ikan nilem betina (all female) hasil fertilisasi jantan fungsional (neomale). Pemeliharaan ikan uji all female dilakukan dalam jaring polyetilene berukuran 2 m x 2 m x 2 m dengan kepadatan 60 ekor di Instalasi Penelitian Toksikologi dan Lingkungan Budidaya Cibalagung Bogor. Selama enam bulan pemeliharaan ikan diberi pakan komersil berupa pelet dengan kandungan protein 28% sebanyak 5% dari bobot total dengan frekuensi tiga kali sehari (pagi, siang, dan sore). Pengamatan pertumbuhan dan pengambilan sampel ikan untuk materi histologi dilakukan setiap bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ikan all female dapat tumbuh dan berkembang normal. Secara statistik pertumbuhan ikan all female berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dibandingkan dengan kontrol, dengan nilai panjang (14,2 ± 2,35 cm), bobot (28,9 ± 2,24 g), dan pertumbuhan bobot relatif (58,79%). Pada perkembangan kematangan gonad ikan all female masuk pada tingkat III dan IV dengan nilai IGS sebesar 20,2% serta tidak ditemukan gonad intersex.In order to supply sufficient seed for grow out industry, the availability of female broodstock takes the priority in hatchery operations. In order to reach that objective, all female seed batch for potential future broodstock could be produced by breeding functional males (induced with methyl testosterone hormone application) with a pool gametes of normal females. This study was aimed to evaluate the gonadal development and growth of all female Bonylip barb produced from fertilization of neomale and normal females. All the females were reared in polyethylene net cages (2 m x 2 m x 2 m in size) with a stocking density of 60 individuals/cage. The trial was conducted at the Cibalagung Toxicology and Environmental Research Station, Bogor. The fish were reared for six months and fed three times daily with commercial pellets (crude protein of 28%) as much as 5% of the total weight. Observations on the growth and fish sample collections for histology analysis were conducted every month. The results showed that all female fish were able to grow and develop normally. Statistically, the growth of all female was significantly different (P<0.05) compared to the control, with the length size of 14.2 ± 2.35 cm and weight of 28.9 ± 2.24 g and relative weight gain of 58.79%. In terms of gonadal development, all female fish reached stage III and IV with IGS value of 20.2% and no inter-sex gonad observed.

Interactions among tannins, supplementation and polyethylene glycol in goats given oak leaves: effects on digestion and food intake

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Silanikove ◽  
N. Gilboa ◽  
Z. Nitsan
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein

AbstractEffects were studied on food intake and diet apparent digestibility of giving to goats once daily a basal diet rich in tannin from inclusion of leaves of Quercus calliprinos either supplemented with a high carbohydrate or a high protein food. Also interactions with polyethylene glycol (PEG) were investigated. The results of the present work confirmed our presumption that the content of tannin in some Mediterranean browse is so high that it may negatively affect the utilization of protein in supplementary foods. Neutralizing the tannins with once-daily provision of PEG proved to be an effective means of preventing the negative effect. Providing 10 g/day PEG to goats given Quercus calliprinos leaves ad libitum and supplemented with 300 g/day concentrates containing 160 g crude protein per kg DM increased digestible crude protein intake by 50 g/day. When the concentrate food was given to goats, leaf dry-matter intake decreased significantly (from 664 to 565 g/day) and the goats lost weight rapidly. Therefore, supplementing tannin-rich leaves with concentrate food is recommended only if done in combination with PEG. High protein supplementation increased leaf (from 664 to 844 g/day) and digestible protein intakes (from 4·8 to 92·3 g/day) but a considerable portion of the protein supplementation was wasted due to interaction with tannins. PEG may allow economies in the use of such high-cost foods due to the greater efficiency of protein utilization (digestible crude protein intake increased from 92·3 to 122 g/day) of the supplementary food and to increased intake and protein utilization of the basal leaf diet (from 844 to 1023 g/day).

scholarly journals Use of Agriculture Byproduct and Swamp Grass as Matterial for Ammoniation of Total Mixed Fiber in Ration on Ballinese Cattle Performance

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
A. Imsya ◽  
Muhakka Muhakka ◽  
F. Yossi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Native Grass ◽  
Daily Body Weight

ABSTRACT. This study was design to evaluated about  the using of total mixed fiber ammoniation  (TMFA) in ration on Ballinese beef performance. This study used an experimental method with Completely Randomized Design  (CRD) consisting of 4 types of treatmentt ration based on TMFA  usage level and 3 replications. The treatmentts were  R1 = 60% native grass (Control), R2 = 20% TMFA + 40% native grass, R3 = 40% TMFA + 20% native grass, R4 = 60% TMFA. The ration is added  with a 40% concentrate to obtain 100% ration. The comparison between forage and concentrate is 60:40. Parameters measured in vivo are performance   (ration intake, dry matter intake, crude protein intake, daily body weight gain and  ration efficiency).  The results showed that treatmentt significantly influenced (P <0.05) on  ration intake, dry matter intake, daily body weight gain and ration efficiency, but the treatmentt unsignificantly influenced (P>0.05) on crude protein intake. It can be concluded that the use of 60% TMF ammoniation in the ration shows the best result, that is  ration intake 6.89 kg/head/day, dry matter intake 6.25 kg / head / day, daily weight gain 0.47 kg / head / day and efficiency of ration 7.42%.Pemanfaatan Hasil Samping Pertanian dan Rumput Rawa  sebagai Bahan Amoniasi Total Mixed Fiber  (TMF) dalam Ransum Terhadap Performa Sapi BaliABSTRAK. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi pemanfaatan amoniasi Total Mixed Fiber (TMFA) dalam ransum terhadap performa sapi Bali. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari R1= 60% rumput Raja (control),   R2 = 20% TMFA + 40% rumput Raja, R3 = 40% TMFA + 20% Rumput Raja, R4 = 60% TMFA.  Ransum ditambah 40% konsentrat untuk memperoleh 100% ransum. Perbandingan hijauan dan konsentrat adalah 60:40. Parameter yang diukur adalah konsumsi ransum, konsumsi bahan kering, konsumsi protein kasar, pertambahan bobot badan dan efisiensi ransum. Hasil penelitian  menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0.05) terhadap konsumsi ransum, konsumsi bahan kering, pertambahan bobot badan dan efisiensi ransum, namun perlakuan tidak memberi pengaruh yang nyata (P>0.05) terhadap konsumsi protein. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah  pemakaian amoniasi TMF 60% dalam ransum memberikan hasil terbaik dengan konsumsi ransum 6.89kg/ekor/hari, konsumsi bahan kering 6.25/kg/ekor/hari, pertambahan berat badan 0.47kg/ekor/hari dan efisiensi ransum 7.42%.

Studies on protein utilization by ewes during lactation

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Four Levels

SUMMARYA total of 64 Border Leicester × Greyface ewes were offered eight diets comprising four levels of digestible crude protein and two levels of metabolizable energy (ME) intake during gestation. After parturition the ewes on each gestation treatment were offered a high or low level of ME intake at a constant level of crude protein intake. Nitrogen balances were carried out on all ewes during weeks three and four of lactation.Digestibility coefficients and output of nitrogen in the milk measured during the lactation balance periods were not significantly affected by the gestation treatments. Body nitrogen balance during lactation was significantly affected by the level of protein offered during gestation.Empirical equations relating digestible crude protein intake and ME intake to milk nitrogen production and body nitrogen balance indicated that a digestible crude protein intake of 7·9 g/kg W0·75 per day and a ME intake of 220 kcals/kg W0·75 per day resulted in the production of 0·70 g milk nitrogen per kg W0·75 or approximately 100 g of milk per kg W0·75. The corresponding level of body nitrogen retention was 0·162 g/kg W0·75 per day and showed no consistent trend due to level of protein intake during gestation.

A study of protein utilization by weaned lambs

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
T. J. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter

SUMMARYFifty weaned store lambs approximately 7-month-old were used in an experiment designed to assess their protein requirements and utilization. At the beginning of the experiment a random sample of 10 animals were slaughtered and their loin joints analysed. The remaining 40 were allocated at random to four dietary treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4) comprising four crude protein intakes at a constant energy intake. The experiment was divided into two periods. During period 1 (48 days) the dietary crude protein intakes were 58 (T1), 111 (T2), 170 (T3), and 198 (T4) g/day with a mean digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of 578 g/day. During period 2 (55 days) the corresponding crude protein intakes were 89, 157, 215, 251 and the DOMI was 678 g/day.Digestibility and nitrogen balance trials were carried out on two animals from each treatment in period 1 and on six animals on each treatment in period 2. At slaughter the loin joints from five animals on each dietary treatment were chemically analysed.The only significant effect on live-weight gain of varying protein intake was a lower gain on the lowest protein intake (T1) in period 1. It was estimated that the optimum ratio of digestible protein intake (g) to digestible energy intake (meals) for live-weight gain in period 1 was approximately 30 : 1 and in period 2 approximately 21 : 1. There was a significant increase in killing-out percentage with increasing crude protein intake. The digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen increased with increasing crude protein intake. There was a significant quadratic relationship between the apparently digested nitrogen intake in g/day (X) and nitrogen retained in g/day (Y). The regression equation wasY= −0·008X2+ 0·537X+ 0·682Liver copper levels decreased with increasing crude protein con-centration in the diets.

Foliage of the tree legumes gliricidia, leucaena, and sesbania as supplement to napier grass diets for growing goats

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. van Eys ◽  
I. W. Mathius ◽  
P. Pongsapan ◽  
W. L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Napier Grass ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Protein Utilization ◽  
Tree Legumes ◽  
Legume Trees ◽  
Growing Goats

SummaryThree experiments were conducted to determine the value of foliage from three tropical legume trees as low level protein supplements to napier grass diets for growing ‘Kacang’ goats. The average crude protein concentration in the napier grass was 12%.Napier grass and foliage of the legume trees Gliricidia maculata, Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania grandiflora were subjected to in situ microbial fermentation and subsequent treatment with acid-pepsin solution. The levels of N solubilized after 2 h incubation were 46 and 43% for napier grass and sesbania respectively, which were higher (P < 0·05) than those for gliricidia and leucaena (27%). Rates of protein disappearance between 2 and 24 h incubation in the rumen averaged 2·6%/h for the legumes and 1·0%/h for napier grass. The proportion of water-insoluble, rumendegradable protein from the legumes was larger (P < 0·05) than that from napier grass.Napier grass intake by goats supplemented with gliricidia or leucaena at 15% of the dry-matter intake from napier grass was lower (P < 0·05) than that of controls receiving no legume supplement. Napier grass intake did not differ between controls and sesbania-supplemented goats. There was no difference among diets in total dry-matter intake, intake of cell wall constituents or digestibility. Average daily gain for control goats was – 1 g/day as compared with 21 g/day for supplemented goats.The feeding of formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal (F-SBM) as a supplement to either napier grass or napier grass–legume diets increased (P < 0·05) intake of dry matter and weight gain of goats. Napier grass intake of animals supplemented with only F-SBM was higher (P < 0·05) than that of control animals. The efficiency of N utilization from F-SBM was higher than that in the legumes, but replacement of legumes by F-SBM above 4% F-SBM feeding had no effect on weight gain or efficiency of utilization.It was concluded that napier grass of 6–8 weeks' regrowth with 12% crude protein did not provide sufficient protein for growing goats owing to inefficient protein utilization. The increase in efficiency of protein utilization on supplemented diets is mainly associated with the larger proportion of water insoluble, rumen degradable protein and possibly acid-pepsin soluble protein in tropical tree legumes.

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