Detection of enterotoxigenic genes inStaphylococcus aureusisolated from bulk tank cow’s milk samples in the Czech Republic

The study examines an analysis and evaluation of iodine content in raw cow’s milk in three regions of the Czech Republic between the years 2008 and 2018. Bulk milk samples were collected at dairy farms situated in South Bohemia, Central Bohemia, and the Vysočina Region. Iodine in milk was determined on the basis of alkaline ashing, using the spectrophotometric method according to Sandell-Kolthoff. The highest mean iodine content was measured in 2009 (485.5 ± 408.2 μg/l) and the lowest in 2016 (169.2 ± 71.7 μg/l). Since 2010 there has been a gradual decline of iodine concentration, from 479.5 ± 304.9 μg/l in 2010 to 231.2 ± 63.5 μg/l in 2018. A similar decreasing tendency was recorded in all the monitored regions. The percentage of samples containing iodine above 500 μg/l was on the decrease (37% in 2009; 0% in 2016–2018) and less than 80 μg/l (8% in 2009; 0% in 2017–2018). The current state corresponds to the requirements for iodine content in milk for human consumption. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous iodine content checks in milk and the related adjustments of iodine supplementation to the feeding rations of dairy cows.

Download Full-text

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and M. a. avium detected by culture, IS900 and IS901 highly sensitive PCR in bulk tank milk from dairy herds in the Czech Republic between 2002 and 2004

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/179/2008-cjfs ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 27 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 372-378 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

I. Slaná ◽

M. Bartoš ◽

P. Roubal ◽

V. Babák ◽

I. Pavlík

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Bulk Tank Milk ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Highly Sensitive ◽

Bulk Tank ◽

Cattle Farms

In this study, the possible presence was monitored of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium (MAA) by means of culture examination and PCR in 251 bulk tank milk samples from dairy herds in the Czech Republic between 2002 and 2004. The detection of MAP and MAP DNA in repeatedly collected bulk tank milk (BTM) samples from the selected cattle farms (seven farms) was the second purpose of the study. By culture, MAP was detected in 5 (2.0%) and MAP DNA in 85 (33.9%) of the total of 251 BTM samples. MAA was detected by culture and by PCR in 1 (0.4%) of the 251 BTM samples. This study demonstrates the presence of MAP and MAA in dairy herds in the Czech Republic.

Download Full-text

Microbiological quality of raw milk in the Czech Republic

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/25/2016-cjfs ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (No. 3) ◽

pp. 189-196 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Bogdanovičová Kateřina ◽

Vyletělová-Klimešová Marcela ◽

Babák Vladimír ◽

Kalhotka Libor ◽

Koláčková Ivana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

E Coli ◽

Goat’S Milk ◽

Goat's Milk ◽

Campylobacter Spp

The microbiological and hygienic quality of cow’s, goat’s and sheep’s milk in the Czech Republic was evaluated. Milk (230 samples) was collected on 41 farms and investigated from May 2012 to October 2014. Milk was analysed for the presence of selected groups and types of bacteria: mesophilic microorganisms (total plate count – TPC), enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Listeria monocytogenes. Besides these indicators and pathogenic agents, somatic cell count was determined as one of the indicators of mammary gland health in cows. TPC ranged between 8.3 × 102 and 1.2 × 109 CFU/ml and somatic cells between 1.6 × 104 and 6.8 × 106 cells/ml. The presence of E. coli was confirmed in 86.3% of samples and the colony counts ranged from 1.0 × 101 to 4.0 × 106 CFU/ml. The presence of verotoxigenic E. coli was confirmed in 3 samples (1.3%) (cow’s milk 0%; goat’s milk 6.3%; sheep’s milk 4.4%). The presence of S. aureus was confirmed in 29.1% of the samples (cow’s milk 26.9%; goat’s milk 34.4%; sheep’s milk 39.1%), but the numbers were very low (< 5.0 × 102 CFU/ml). L. monocytogenes was confirmed in 3 examined samples (1.3%) (cow’s milk 0.6%; goat’s milk 3.1%; sheep’s milk 4.4%). Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. were not detected in any of the samples tested.

Download Full-text

Mycobacterium avium Subspecies paratuberculosis Cultured from Locally and Commercially Pasteurized Cow's Milk in the Czech Republic

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.71.3.1210-1214.2005 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 1210-1214 ◽

Cited By ~ 110

Author(s):

Wuhib Y. Ayele ◽

Petra Svastova ◽

Petr Roubal ◽

Milan Bartos ◽

Ivo Pavlik

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Mycobacterium Avium ◽

Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis ◽

Raw Milk ◽

The United States ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Fecal Culture ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Culture Positive

ABSTRACT Between November 2002 and April 2003, 244 bottles and cartons of commercially pasteurized cow's milk were obtained at random from retail outlets throughout the Czech Republic. During the same period, samples of raw milk and of milk that was subsequently subjected to a minimum of 71.7°C for 15 s in a local pasteurization unit were also obtained from two dairy herds, designated herds A and B, with low and high levels, respectively, of subclinical Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection, and from one herd, herd C, without infection. Infection in individual cows in each herd was tested by fecal culturing. Milk samples were brought to the Veterinary Research Institute in Brno, Czech Republic, processed, inoculated onto Herrold's egg yolk slants, and incubated for 32 weeks. Colonies were characterized by morphology, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, mycobactin J dependency, and IS900 PCR results. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was cultured from 4 of 244 units (1.6%) of commercially pasteurized retail milk. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis was also cultured from 2 of 100 (2%) cartons of locally pasteurized milk derived from infected herds A and B and from 0 of 100 cartons of milk from uninfected herd C. Raw milk from 1 of 10 (10%) fecal culture-positive cows in herd A and from 13 of 66 (19.7%) fecal culture-positive cows in herd B was culture positive for M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. These findings confirm that M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis is present in raw milk from subclinically infected dairy cows. The culture of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the Czech Republic from retail milk that had been pasteurized locally or commercially to the required national and European Union standards is in agreement with similar research on milk destined for consumers in the United Kingdom and the United States and shows that humans are being exposed to this chronic enteric pathogen by this route.

Download Full-text

ICP-MS Analysis of Trace Element Concentrations in Cow’s Milk Samples from Supermarkets in Istanbul, Turkey

Biological Trace Element Research ◽

10.1007/s12011-019-01708-4 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 193 (1) ◽

pp. 166-173 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Devrim Saribal

Keyword(s):

Trace Element ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Element Concentrations ◽

Ms Analysis ◽

Icp Ms

Download Full-text

Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.87.4.439 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 87 (4) ◽

pp. 439-444

Author(s):

Patrick S. Clyne ◽

Anthony Kulczycki

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Infant Colic ◽

Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

Download Full-text

Occurrence of enterococci in mastitic cow’s milk and their antimicrobial resistance

Journal of Veterinary Research ◽

10.2478/jvetres-2019-0014 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

pp. 93-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Hanna Różańska ◽

Aleksandra Lewtak-Piłat ◽

Maria Kubajka ◽

Marcin Weiner

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Enterococcus Faecalis ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

High Rate ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Predominant Species ◽

Peptone Water ◽

Mastitic Milk

Abstract Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate the occurrence of enterococci in inflammatory secretions from mastitic bovine udders and to assess their antimicrobial resistance. Material and Methods: A total of 2,000 mastitic milk samples from cows were tested in 2014–2017. The isolation of enterococci was performed by precultivation in buffered peptone water, selective multiplication in a broth with sodium azide and cristal violet, and cultivation on Slanetz and Bartley agar. The identification of enterococci was carried out using Api rapid ID 32 strep kits. The antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated using the MIC technique. Results: Enterococci were isolated from 426 samples (21.3%). Enterococcus faecalis was the predominant species (360 strains), followed by E. faecium (35 isolates), and small numbers of others. The highest level of resistance was observed to lincomycin, tetracycline, quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid), erythromycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and tylosin. Single strains were resistant to vancomycin and ciprofloxacin. All isolates were sensitive to daptomycin. E. faecalis presented a higher level of resistance in comparison to E. faecium, except to nitrofurantoin. Conclusion: The results showed frequent occurrence of enterococci in mastitic cow’s milk and confirmed the high rate of their antimicrobial resistance.

Download Full-text

Findings of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus in livestock

Czech Journal of Food Sciences ◽

10.17221/209/2009-cjfs ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 27 (Special Issue 2) ◽

pp. 36-41

Author(s):

Z. Šťástková ◽

S. Karpíšková ◽

R. Karpíšková

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Meca Gene ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Genes Encoding ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Bulk Tank

The aim of our study was to determine the occurrence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at dairy farms in the Czech Republic. Altogether 1061 samples from 95 farms were examined. The samples analysed were milk (individual and bulk tank milk samples), animal swabs and swabs from the farm environment. In total, 299 S. aureus isolates were obtained, of which 23 were MRSA. These MRSA isolates originated from three farms (13 isolates from farm A and 5 isolates from each of farms B and C). All MRSA isolates carried the mecA gene while none of them carried the genes for PVL, TSST-1 and exfoliatins. Only the isolates from goat farm C were positive for the genes encoding enterotoxins. By SCCmec typing, the strains were classified as community-associated MRSA carrying SCCmec IV or V. This study revealed that animals can be an important source of methicillin resistant staphylococci and represent a potential hazard of further spread.

Download Full-text

Practical application of the progesterone P4 rapid test in cow’s milk for early pregnancy detection

Veterinarska stanica ◽

10.46419/vs.52.3.3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Blerta Mehmedi ◽

Rreze M. Gecaj ◽

Taulant Kastrati ◽

Miklós Heltai ◽

Luigj Turmalaj

Keyword(s):

Early Detection ◽

Artificial Insemination ◽

Early Recognition ◽

Correct Diagnosis ◽

Rapid Test ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Practical Application ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Fertility Management

Pregnancy diagnosis is an essential part of fertility management in cattle. Early detection of pregnancy 21 days after artificial insemination (AI) allows for early recognition and rebreeding of non-pregnant animals with a minimum delay, which benefits the economic interest for farmers. Rapid progesterone P4 tests are widely used in fertility management strategies, yet there is limited data about the efficiency of tests for P4 measurements in cow’s milk. By measuring P4 concentrations in the milk of different breeds: Red Holstein, Black-Holstein, Simmental, and local crossbreeds, this study aimed to assess the practical application and efficiency of an early and rapid pregnancy detection test from cow’s milk. The study was conducted in 2017–2018 and milk samples were taken from animals at day 21 after artificial insemination (AI) to diagnose pregnancy. The test indicated that of the total cows (n=400) included in this study, 69% were pregnant and 31% were not pregnant, as interpreted based on the P4 Rapid (Ridgeway Science UK) test results. Accuracy of the early diagnosis was verified 60 days after AI (without further AI of cows) by rectal palpation. Based on this examination, 263 (66%) cows were diagnosed as pregnant, while 14 (34%) were diagnosed as non-pregnant. The highest accuracy in pregnancy detection was found in the local crossbreeds and the Simmental breed, with 97% correct diagnosis of cows, followed by Red Holstein with 94% and Black Holstein with an accuracy of 90%. This study showed that the use of progesterone P4 rapid tests in milk samples is an effective, fast and accurate method for the early detection of pregnancy in cows, with an accuracy rate of 90 to 97% based on cattle breed.

Download Full-text

Longitudinal Analysis of the Microbiological Quality of Raw Cow's Milk Samples Collected from Three Small Family Dairy Farms in Mexico Over a 2-Year Period

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-155 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 82 (12) ◽

pp. 2194-2200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

DIANA RIOS-MUÑIZ ◽

JORGE F. CERNA-CORTES ◽

CATALINA LOPEZ-SAUCEDO ◽

ERIKA ANGELES-MORALES ◽

MIRIAM BOBADILLA-del VALLE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Cow’S Milk ◽

Cow's Milk ◽

E Coli ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Three Samples ◽

Raw Cow’S Milk

ABSTRACT In Mexico, the total milk production that family dairy farms (FDF) contribute is ca. 35%, but this milk is not evaluated for microbiological quality. Forty percent of the milk and dairy products consumed by Mexicans is unpasteurized. In total, 24 raw cow's milk samples from three FDF (one sample per each season from each FDF for two sequent years) were characterized for the presence of food quality indicator organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium spp., by standard procedures. Escherichia coli presence was also evaluated by a direct count method and diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) by molecular methods. On the basis of Mexican guidelines for raw milk entering production, 42% of samples exceeded the aerobic mesophilic bacteria limits. A total of 83% raw milk samples were positive for total coliforms, 54% for fecal coliforms, and 46% for E. coli. Forty-three E. coli isolates were selected and characterized for the presence of 11 DEC loci; of theses, 40 isolates were negative for all DEC loci, and 3 isolates, all collected from the same sample, were Shiga toxin 2 (stx2) positive and O157 antigen negative, and one stx2 isolate was resistant to 6 of the 16 antibiotics tested. None of the 24 raw milk samples were positive for Salmonella enterica, L. monocytogenes, or staphylococcal enterotoxin. S. aureus was isolated from nine samples, of which only three samples harbored resistant isolates. From three samples, four nontuberculous mycobacterial isolates were recovered (Mycobacteroides chelonae, Mycobacteroides porcinum, and two Mycobacteroides abscessus). All four isolates produced biofilm and had sliding motility, and three isolates (M. porcinum and two M. abscessus) were resistant to the two antibiotics tested (clarithromycin and linezolid). FDF provide raw milk to a large proportion of the Mexican population, but its consumption could be harmful to health, emphasizing the need to implement national microbiological quality guidelines for raw milk intended for direct human consumption. HIGHLIGHTS

Download Full-text