Insight into Distribution and Switching of ReRAM Filaments Based on Variation Analysis of Memory Characteristics

2012 ◽  
Vol 1406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Kinoshita ◽  
Hayato Tanaka ◽  
Masataka Yoshihara ◽  
Satoru Kishida
Keyword(s):  
Memory Cell ◽  
High Resistance State ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Switching Cycle ◽  
Variation Analysis ◽  
Resistance State ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Memory Characteristics ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTA hypothesis that probability giving Δ(1/Vset) [= 1/Vset(n) - 1/Vset(n+1)] > 0, P[Δ(1/Vset) > 0], increases with increasing the number of filaments contained in one memory cell, Nfila, and decreases with increasing switching cycle, n, was made to validate a multi-filament model (MFM) as a mechanism causing the cycle to cycle dispersion of Vset in ReRAM. Here, Δ(1/Vset) is the difference between the inverse of set voltages after n-th and (n+1)-th reset processes. This in turn means that Vset will decrease with increasing Nfila and will increase with increasing n. In addition, another hypothesis that probability giving Δ(1/R) [= 1/Rn - 1/Rn+1] > 0, P[Δ(1/R) > 0], agrees with P[Δ(1/Vset) > 0] was made by incorporating the assumption that vset depends on d with the MFM. Here, Rn, vset, and d represent resistance in high resistance state after the n-th reset process, the set voltage of each filament, and the thickness of a gap between the electrode and the edge of the filament. The validity of these two hypotheses were confirmed by measuring the dependence of P[Δ(1/Vset) > 0], P[Δ(1/R) > 0], and the mean value of Vset, <Vset>, on both the length of the perimeter, L, and n of Pt/NiO/Pt structures to which filaments were introduced by etching the NiO layer.

Time Voltage Dependency in Resistance Switching TiO2

2012 ◽  
Vol 1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Nauenheim ◽  
Dominique Drouin ◽  
Rainer Waser ◽  
Andreas Ruediger
Keyword(s):  
Operation Time ◽  
Memory Cell ◽  
High Resistance State ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Resistance Switching ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Metal Insulator Metal ◽  
Resistance State ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Insight Into

ABSTRACTResistively switching TiO2 thin films show a multitude of resistance states, which are achieved during the programming and erasing of a memory cell. These resistance states depend on the applied voltage and the allowed current. Additionally, the operation time has a relevant influence on the adjusted resistance. This parameterization points out a potential application in future multi-level cell memory systems, but also determines the persistence of the non-volatile nature and provides an additional insight into the physics of the resistance switching. Our devices consist of metal-insulator-metal stacks made of Pt/TiO2/Ti/Pt, which are built up in crosspoint junctions. The maximum programming current and the maximum erase voltage amplitude were used to tune in the low resistance and high resistance state, respectively, in combination with the operation time. The corresponding dependencies were determined by quasi-static voltage sweeps, pulse bursts and single pulses of up to 4 V and down to 10 ns.

Seasonal trends in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater runoff in a subarctic catchment at Okstindan, Norway

2004 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Gurney ◽  
D.S.L. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Stable Isotopic Composition ◽  
Meltwater Runoff ◽  
Stable Isotopic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Δ18o And Δd

Seasonal variations in the stable isotopic composition of snow and meltwater were investigated in a sub-arctic, mountainous, but non-glacial, catchment at Okstindan in northern Norway based on analyses of δ18O and δD. Samples were collected during four field periods (August 1998; April 1999; June 1999 and August 1999) at three sites lying on an altitudinal transect (740–970 m a.s.l.). Snowpack data display an increase in the mean values of δ18O (increasing from a mean value of −13.51 to −11.49‰ between April and August), as well as a decrease in variability through the melt period. Comparison with a regional meteoric water line indicates that the slope of the δ18O–δD line for the snowpacks decreases over the same period, dropping from 7.49 to approximately 6.2.This change points to the role of evaporation in snowpack ablation and is confirmed by the vertical profile of deuterium excess. Snowpack seepage data, although limited, also suggest reduced values of δD, as might be associated with local evaporation during meltwater generation. In general, meltwaters were depleted in δ18O relative to the source snowpack at the peak of the melt (June), but later in the year (August) the difference between the two was not statistically significant. The diurnal pattern of isotopic composition indicates that the most depleted meltwaters coincide with the peak in temperature and, hence, meltwater production.

scholarly journals Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve as a Donor Source for Digital Nerve Grafting: A Concept Revisited

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1041-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Bekir Unal ◽  
Kemal Gokkus ◽  
Evrim Sirin ◽  
Eren Cansü
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cutaneous Nerve ◽  
Digital Nerve ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nerve Grafts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Time

Objective: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the availability of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) autograft for acute or delayed repair of segmented digital nerve injuries. Patients and Methods: 13 digital nerve defects of 11 patients; treated with interposition of LACN graft that harvested from ipsilateral extremity were included in the study. Mean follow up period was 35, 7 months. The mean time from injury to grafting is 53, 3 days. The results of the mean 2PDT and SWMT values of injured /uninjured finger at the end of follow up period were evaluated with Paired T test. The correlation between the defect length and the difference of 2PDT, SWMT values between the uninjured and injured finger at the end of follow up period; were evaluated with Pearson - correlation analysis. Results: The mean value of our 2PDT and SWMT results are ~5,923, ~3, 52, respectively in which can be interpreted between the normal and diminished light touch. The defect length and difference percentage of SWMT values is positively and significantly correlated statistically. Mean length of interposed nerve grafts was 18.5 mm. The age of the patient and the mean values of 2PDT and SWMT with the difference % of 2PDT and % of SWMT are not statistically correlated. Conclusion: Based on results regarding sensory regaining at recipient side and negligible sensory deficit at harvesting side, we suggest that lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve might be a valuable graft option for digital nerve defects.

scholarly journals True and Pseudo Cholinesterase levels in short and long-term of pesticides exposures

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
Mohammed Abdul Rahman ◽  
Raghunatha Rao D ◽  
Vasantha L
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Serum Cholinesterase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Chronic Poisoning ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Control

The present study is aimed to study and analyze the true and pseudo Cholinesterase levels in the subjects exposed to pesticides during short term by intentional or accidental intake and long term exposure due to their occupation were studied at Department of Biochemistry, SVS medical college and hospital mahbubnagar district. Whole blood cholinesterase levels and Pseudo cholinesterase levels were estimated. 150 people were taken as controls who had no medical illness and a total number of 300 cases of pesticide poisoning were selected, aged between 20 to 55 years, which consist of 150 acute poisoning and 150 chronic poisoning subjects in Mahbubnagar district, were taken as case study, the detailed case history and the type of organophosphorus pesticide taken were recorded. Mean and standard deviation (S.D) of all variables were calculated and compared with those of controls. Statistical significance was assessed and P-value <0.05 were considered significant.           During acute poisoning the mean value of Whole blood cholinesterase/True cholinesterase (U / L) in acute poisoning cases on first day was 1.267± 0.612 on 3th day was 1.651±0.647, on 7th day was 2.221±0.684 and at the end of 6 months was 3.970±0.404.The difference between the study group and control group (4.0 ± 0.39) was found to be statistically significant in1st, 3rd, 7th day but not significant at the end of 6 months. The mean value of serum cholinesterase/pseudo cholinesterase (U/L) in acute poisoning cases on first day was 2213.05 ± 1749.81, on 3th day was 2862.3 ± 2025.6, on 7th day was 4008.4 ± 2355.9 and at the end of 6 months was 7708.34 ± 880.72.The difference between the study group and control group (7991.97 ± 1276.5) was found to be statistically significant in1st, 3rd, 7th day but not significant at the end of 6 months. During chronic poisoning (exposure) the mean value of Whole blood cholinesterase (U/L) in controls is 4.0 ± 0.39 as compared to 3.019 ± 0.848 in cases of chronic poisoning. The difference between the study group and control group was found to be statistically significant. The mean value of serum cholinesterase/pseudo cholinesterase (U/L) in controls was 7991.97 ± 1276.5 as compared to 6214 ± 1189 in cases of chronic poisoning. The difference between the study group and control group was found to be statistically significant.

scholarly journals Microtubule minus-end stability is dictated by the tubulin off-rate

2019 ◽  
Vol 218 (9) ◽  
pp. 2841-2853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Strothman ◽  
Veronica Farmer ◽  
Göker Arpağ ◽  
Nicole Rodgers ◽  
Marija Podolski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
In Vitro Reconstitution ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Dynamic Organization ◽  
In Cells

Dynamic organization of microtubule minus ends is vital for the formation and maintenance of acentrosomal microtubule arrays. In vitro, both microtubule ends switch between phases of assembly and disassembly, a behavior called dynamic instability. Although minus ends grow slower, their lifetimes are similar to those of plus ends. The mechanisms underlying these distinct dynamics remain unknown. Here, we use an in vitro reconstitution approach to investigate minus-end dynamics. We find that minus-end lifetimes are not defined by the mean size of the protective GTP-tubulin cap. Rather, we conclude that the distinct tubulin off-rate is the primary determinant of the difference between plus- and minus-end dynamics. Further, our results show that the minus-end–directed kinesin-14 HSET/KIFC1 suppresses tubulin off-rate to specifically suppress minus-end catastrophe. HSET maintains its protective minus-end activity even when challenged by a known microtubule depolymerase, kinesin-13 MCAK. Our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms of minus-end dynamics, essential for our understanding of microtubule minus-end regulation in cells.

scholarly journals The Adequacy of the Independence of Markets Assumption in Interregional Competition Models

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140
Author(s):  
W. Lanny Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Agricultural Economics ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Demand Functions ◽  
Competition Models ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Reactive Programming ◽  
Programming Algorithms ◽  
Insight Into

An important function of agricultural economics is to determine the competitive potential for beginning or expanding production of a commodity in a specified area. This problem is approached through budgeting techniques and/or more sophisticated models such as linear or reactive programming. Many examples using LP or reactive programming algorithms are available. In two recent studies, reactive models were used to examine the market for potatoes and sweet cherries. These studies provided an insight into the relative competitive position among producing areas and among consuming centers. To reach a solution, the competitive assumption of LP or reactive models requires independence of supply functions for producing regions and demand functions for consuming markets. Thus, frequently the demand price for a given commodity in a market is estimated as a function of volume in that market and perhaps time, income or other variables. The resulting equation is used by inserting the mean value of all explanatory variables except volume, resulting in an equation that has price as a function of volume, plus a constant, and is compatible reactive programming.

scholarly journals Private Practice Pricing in the Birmingham Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
Anant Bakshi ◽  
Raeesa Khan ◽  
Bilal Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Dental Implants ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Dental Procedure ◽  
Dental Procedures ◽  
Dental Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Cost ◽  
Insight Into

This study was carried out to evaluate the difference in prices for dental treatments carried out privately in general dental practice within the Birmingham area. Ten different practices were chosen at random, which were spread across Birmingham, in order to get a better insight into the differences across the districts. Their prices for pre-determined dental procedures were procured off the practices’ respective websites or through telephoning. The findings of this study have shown a wide variation in prices for each dental procedure, with the greatest variation in prices between practices being £850 for dental implants. The procedures with the lowest average cost were fissure sealants at £23.14. The procedure with the highest average cost was dental implants at £2,261.11. This study also showed that as more dental treatment was required, the mean cost for the dental intervention increased, regardless of the tooth being treated.

scholarly journals III. On the uneliminated instrumental error in the observations of magnetic dip

1869 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 427-429
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Usual Method ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Single Reading ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Number Of Passes ◽  
Source Of Error ◽  
Complete Observation

A single reading of one end of a dipping-needle placed in a dip-circle provided with microscopes for observing is liable to a variety of instrumental errors, which are eliminated by taking the mean of the sixteen readings of the two ends in the eight different positions included in a complete observation. Nevertheless it is found that with the best modern instruments a mean value results from these sixteen observations different for each different needle, and that the difference between the results obtained with two different needles is not the same at all times. The irregularities in the values of the dip observed at Bombay with two needles of excellent character made by Barrow of London, led the author to investigate the effect of a hypothetical irregularity in the shape of the axle of the needle, such that a section of the axle by a plane perpendicular to its axis would be elliptical instead of circular in form. Another source of error, which was brought to the notice of the Royal Society many years ago in a paper published in the Proceedings, is the displacement of the centre of gravity of the needle from the centre of the axle, combined with inequality in the magnetization of the needle when the poles are direct and reversed. Experience has led the author to the conclusion that the usual method of magnetization, by a definite number of passes of the same pair of bar-magnets, communicates magnetism to the needle very unequally when the one end of the needle is made north and when the other end is made north. Consequently it is advisable to investigate the effects of ellipticity of the axle and of displacement of the centre of gravity at the same time, which the author proceeds to do.

Effect of Erythropoietin on Platelet Function and Glycoprotein Expression in Patients with MDS.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 3993-3993
Author(s):  
Fotis F.I. Girtovitis ◽  
Dimitrios D. Bougiouklis ◽  
Michel M.P. Makris ◽  
Elefteria E. Pithara ◽  
Pantelis P.E. Makris
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Human Recombinant Erythropoietin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Aim: We decide to study the effect of erythropoietin on the platelet function and glycoproteins expression in patients (pts) with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). All patients suffered from primary MDS but none of them received any special treatment. From our study pts that suffered from diseases or they were receiving medication that affect the function of platelets were excluded. Furthermore pts with platelet count&lt;50,000/μl were excluded also because we were unable to check the aggregation of platelets. Material: 41 subjects were studied, 15 normal subject (10 men and 5 women mean age 66,6±14 years old)and 26 pts (17 men and 9 women with mean age70,9±7,4 years old) suffered from all types of MDS according to FAB criteria (9 with RA, 3 with RARS, 7 RAEB, 4 with CMML and 3 with RAEB-t). We divided them in 2 groups: 1st - 7 Pts receiving human recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) with mean dose 30.000 iu subcutaneous weekly and 2nd - 19 without rEPO. Methods. 1- The platelet function was studied in Platelet Ionized Calcium Aggregometer (PICA) using Ristocetin, ADP, Collagen and Adrenalin as stimulators. 2- The expression of platelet glycoproteins (GPIb, IX, IIb, IIIa and P-selectin) was studied using the flow cytometry and special monoclonal antibodies. This way the percentage of glycoprotein expressed in platelet membrane and MFI were estimated. We performed the statistical analysis of our results using the t-test with common standard deviation.. Results: our results concerning the aggregation test and flow cytometry are presented in tables 1,2 and 3. From the study of our results we can see that while the decrease of aggregation between the patients under EPO and normal subjects is statistically non significant (p&lt;0.1)the decrease of the corresponding values between the pts that did not received EPO and normal subjects was statistically very significant for all stimulators (p &lt;0,001). pts under EPO show an important increase of platelet expressing GPIIb percentage grater than the expressed percentage of patients without EPO (60% vs. 46,1% correspondingly, p&lt;0.001). The difference of expressed MFI was not statistically significant. Conclusion: The findings of our study show us that erythropoietin improves the function of platelets in patients with MDS, probably through the increase of platelet percentage which express glycoproteins. Table 1 Comparison of the mean value of aggregation between the groups Table 2 Comparison of the mean values of the platelets expressing corresponding glycoproteins percentage between the groups Table 3 Comparison of the mean value of MFI between the groups

Influence of SiO2 Layer on Resistive Switching Properties of SiO2/CuXO Stack Structure

2011 ◽  
Vol 687 ◽  
pp. 106-111
Author(s):  
Chih Yi Liu ◽  
Yu Chen Li ◽  
Chun Hung Lai ◽  
Shih Kun Liu
Keyword(s):  
Resistive Switching ◽  
High Resistance State ◽  
Switching Behavior ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Dc Voltage ◽  
Si Substrates ◽  
Non Volatile Memory ◽  
Resistance State ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Switching Characteristics

CuxO and SiO2thin films were deposited using a radio-frequency magnetron sputter on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates to form SiO2/CuxO/Pt and CuxO/Pt structures. The current-voltage characteristics were measured by DC voltage sweeping using a tungsten (W) probe. The two structures needed a large voltage to initiate the first resistive switching; this sweep was called the forming process. Afterwards, the resistances of the two structures could be switched reversibly between the low-resistance-state (LRS) and high-resistance-state (HRS) by applying a DC voltage. The conduction mechanisms of the LRS and the HRS were dominated by Ohmic conduction. Structures with non-destructive readout characteristics and long retention time were suitable for use in non-volatile memory. The difference between resistive switching in W-probe/SiO2/CuxO/Pt and W-probe/CuxO/Pt structures was investigated. The additional SiO2layer decreased the switching voltages and currents; this should be due to the presence of pinholes within the SiO2layer. The influence of SiO2thickness on the resistive switching characteristics was also investigated. The switching voltages and currents, except the forming voltage, decreased as the thickness of SiO2decreased. The conducting filament model with a thermochemical reaction was suggested to best explain the resistive switching behavior that was observed.

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