Development of LPE process for fabrication of coated conductors

2000 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teruo Izumi ◽  
Natsuro Hobara ◽  
Toru Izumi ◽  
Katsuya Hasegawa ◽  
Masahiko Kai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Coated Conductors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lower Growth Temperature ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACTRecent Progress of development for coated conductors by the LPE technique was reviewed. Double layered LPE films were applied to the growth on metal substrates. In both cases of MgO- and NiO- buffers, the constructions were succeeded to grow on Hastelloy and Ni tapes, respectively. In the case of the MgO-buffer, the problem, which is the melting back of the 1st LPE layer during dipping for the growth of the 2nd LPE layer, was found. The problem was solved by means of the selection of the materials for each LPE layer to introduce the difference in the growth temperature for the 1st and the 2nd layers. The lower growth temperature for the 1st LPE layer than that for 2nd one is effective to avoid the problem. On the other hand, the double layered LPE films on Ni tapes revealed Tc of 85K. Concerning the long tape processing, the high growth rate of 1≈ was confirmed even without rotation using the long tape apparatus.

scholarly journals Low-temperature and ammonia-free epitaxy of GaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Maria Tobaldi ◽  
Valentina Triminì ◽  
Arianna Cretì ◽  
Mauro Lomascolo ◽  
Stefano Dicorato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Chemical Vapour ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Wide Band ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Organic Chemical ◽  
High Electron ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Green Approach

Wide band gap semiconductors are very attractive because of their broad applications as electronics and optoelectronics materials − GaN-based materials being by far the most promising. For the production of such nitride-based optical and power devices, metal-organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) is routinely used. However, this has disadvantages, such as the large consumption of ammonia gas, and the need for high growth temperature. To go beyond such a limit, in this study we successfully developed a remote plasma assisted MOCVD (RPA-MOCVD) approach for the epitaxial growth of high-quality GaN/AlGaN heterostructures on 4H-SiC substrates. Our RPA-MOCVD has the advantages of lower growth temperature (750 °C) compared to conventional MOCVD route, and the use of a remote N2/H2 plasma instead of ammonia for nitrides growth, generating in situ the NHx (x = 0−3) species needed for the growth. As assessed by structural, morphological, optical and electrical characterisation, the proposed strategy provides an overall cost-effective and green approach for high-quality GaN/AlGaN heteroepitaxy, suitable for high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) technology.

scholarly journals The workers of the Donbas coal mines in the post reform period

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
І.В. Довжук
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Donets Basin ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Intensive Development

The article deals with the problems of providing labor in the coalmines of the Donets Basin in the post reform period. Attention is drawn to the use of female and child labor in the production process, and the conditions under which this happened are being ascertained. It is noted that the intensive development of the coal industry in the 1880-1890s led, on the one hand, to a high growth rate in the number of workers employed in coal mining, and on the other, it exacerbated the deficit of this category of workers. Gradually, with the development of industry in the region, a constant contingent of miners took shape.  As a result, the so-called mining families began to form in the coal industry of Donbass, which later became a tangible source of replenishing the ranks of workers.

scholarly journals Culture Growth of the Cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. in Various Salinity and Light Regimes and Their Influence on Its Phycocyanin and Other Pigments Content

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Hotos
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Total Carotenoids ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
High Illumination ◽  
Culture Growth ◽  
Chlorophyll A Content

A strain of the filamentous non N-fixing cyanobacterium Phormidium sp. isolated from the Messolonghi (W. Greece) saltworks, was cultured in the laboratory at 6 different combinations of salinity (20-40-60 ppt) and illumination (low-2000 lux and high-8000 lux). At salinities of 60 and 40 ppt and in high illumination (XL-8000 lux) the growth rate (μmax) presented the highest values (0.491 and 0.401 respectively) compared to the corresponding at 20 ppt (0.203). In general and at all salinities, the higher illumination (XL) gave the highest growth rates and shorter dublication time (tg) in comparison to the lower illumination (L). On the contrary, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin and allophycocyanin production was extremely increased in the lower illumination (L) in all salinities, from ~14fold at 40 and 60 ppt to 269fold at 20 ppt of those corresponding to higher illumination (XL). Similar analogies were also recorded for the other two billiproteins. Chlorophyll-a content was also higher in lower illumination at all salinities in contrast to total carotenoids that did not exhibit such a pattern. The high growth rate and high phycocyanin content along with the rapid sedimentation of its cultured biomass can set this marine Phormidium species as a promising canditate for mass culture.

The effect of low sludge age on wastewater fractionation (SS, SI)

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Haider ◽  
K. Svardal ◽  
P.A. Vanrolleghem ◽  
H. Kroiss
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Lower Maximum ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Activated Sludge Systems ◽  
Raw Wastewater

In lab-scale experiments at the 2-stage activated sludge pilot plant of Vienna's central WWTP it is shown that the wastewater soluble COD concentration, which is inert to a sludge with SRT < 1 d (SIA) is about double compared to the SI concentration in sludge with SRT > 10 d (SIB). Unexpectedly the ratio of SIA/SIB is independent of the sludge age between SRTs of 0.4 and 1.0 days. The difference between the two SI fractions is soluble COD that is readily biodegradable by the sludge with SRT > 10 d. However, it is degraded at a lower maximum growth rate. These results comply with earlier results gained with different methods and at different WWTPs. It is hypothesised that very low sludge ages result in a selection of fast growing bacteria, which can utilise only part of the SS in the raw wastewater. The other part of SS therefore remains in the wastewater and can thus be utilised for enhanced denitrification in the second stage. It is still unknown beyond which sludge age the soluble inert COD SIA starts to decrease, finally reaching the value SIB for low loaded systems (SRT > 5 days). From this point on SI and SS are assumed only to depend on the wastewater composition and not on the sludge age. The assumption of the Activated Sludge Model No.1 that the biodegradable fractions can be modelled as a single substrate and by a single removal kinetic (one Monod term) appears not to be applicable for low sludge ages. Some suggestions for mathematical modelling, design and operation of 2-stage activated sludge systems are given.

On Stabilization of 3C-SiC Using Low Off-Axis 6H-SiC Substrates

2012 ◽  
Vol 717-720 ◽  
pp. 193-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valdas Jokubavicius ◽  
Björn Lundqvist ◽  
Philip Hens ◽  
Rickard Liljedahl ◽  
Rositza Yakimova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Growth Process ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Potential Method ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Heteroepitaxial Growth ◽  
Bulk Properties ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Sublimation Growth

Heteroepitaxial growth of 3C-SiC on 0.8 and 1.2 degree off-oriented 6H-SiC substrates was studied using a sublimation growth process. The 3C-SiC layers were grown at high growth rates with layer thickness up to 300 µm. The formation and the quality of 3C-SiC are influenced by the off-orientation of the substrate, the growth temperature (studied temperature range from 1750 °C to 1850°C), and the growth ambient (vacuum at 5*10-5mbar and nitrogen at 5*10-1mbar). The largest domains of 3C-SiC and the lowest number of double positioning boundaries were grown using nitrogen ambient and the highest growth temperature. The combined use of low off-axis substrate and high growth rate is a potential method to obtain material with bulk properties.

scholarly journals Heterophyllous Shoots of Japanese Larch Trees: The Seasonal and Yearly Variation in CO2 Assimilation Capacity of the Canopy Top with Changing Environment

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1278
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kitaoka ◽  
Qu Laiye ◽  
Yoko Watanabe ◽  
Makoto Watanabe ◽  
Toshihiro Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Change ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Japanese Larch ◽  
Leaf Mass Per Area ◽  
Larix Kaempferi ◽  
Yearly Variation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Assimilation Capacity

Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi = L. leptolepis) is often characterized by its high growth rate with heterophyllous shoots, but the functional differences of heterophyllous shoots still remain unclear. Recently, abrupt high temperature and drought during spring induced high photosynthetic rate via change in leaf morphology of the deciduous habit. In order to reveal the photosynthetic characteristics of both short and long-shoot needles of sunny canopy of the larch trees using a canopy tower, we calculated the seasonal change of gas exchange characters and leaf mass per area (LMA) and foliar nitrogen content (N) of heterophyllous needles: short and long-shoot needles over 3 years. No marked difference in light-saturated photosynthetic rates (Psat) was observed between short and long shoots after leaf maturation to yellowing, although the difference was obvious in a specific year, which only shows that seasonal change in temperature and soil moisture determines the in situ photosynthetic capacity of needles. The large annual and seasonal variations in Psat in both shoots were found to be mainly determined by climatic variations, while shoot types determined the strategy of their photosynthetic N utilization as well as the stomatal regulation.

scholarly journals Combinations of Blue and Red LEDs Increase the Morphophysiological Performance and Furanocoumarin Production of Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Érica Letícia Gomes Costa ◽  
Fernanda dos Santos Farnese ◽  
Thales Caetano de Oliveira ◽  
Márcio Rosa ◽  
Arthur Almeida Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Stem Elongation ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Nodal Segments ◽  
Primary Metabolism ◽  
Lower Growth

Brosimum gaudichaudii is a plant species with medicinal relevance due to its furanocoumarin accumulation. The accumulation of these compounds in the root promotes predatory extractivism, which threatens the conservation of the species. In addition, little is known about the conditions for culturing of this species in vitro. The present study aimed to investigate how the application of different spectra of LEDs (white, blue, red, and combinations of blue and red at 1:1 and 3:1 ratios) can impact the morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of B. gaudichaudii under different in vitro conditions. To evaluate the production of furanocoumarins in its leaves, which are easy-to-collect perennial organs, we cultured nodal segments in 50-mL tubes with MS medium under 100 μmol m−2 s−1 light and a photoperiod of 16 h for 50 days. We then submitted the seedlings biometric, anatomical, biochemical, and physiological evaluations. The different spectral qualities influenced several characteristics of the seedlings. Plants grown under red light showed greater stem elongation and larger and thinner leaves, strategies aimed at capturing a higher ratio of radiant energy. Exposure to the blue/red ratio of 1:1 induced increases in the concentration of the furanocoumarin psoralen, probably due to the diversion of carbon from primary metabolism, which resulted in lower growth. Cultivation under blue light or blue:red light at 3:1 triggered anatomical and physiological changes that led to higher production of secondary metabolites in the leaves, and at the 3:1 ratio, the seedlings also had a high growth rate. These results highlight the fundamental role of light in stimulating the production of secondary metabolites, which has important implications for the production of compounds of interest and indirect consequences for the conservation of B. gaudichaudii.

Social Indicators: A Comparison Among Selected Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-144
Author(s):  
Badar Alam Iqbal ◽  
Mohd Nayyer Rahman ◽  
Munir Hasan
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
High Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

The difference between growth and development is not subtle but substantially huge and the gap is ever increasing. The dividing line is social indicators. Countries witnessing high growth rates for decades are not equal performers in development when social indicators are observed. India is an emerging economy on the one hand and a developing on the other hand but a lower income country as per World Bank statistic. While India holds economic indicators that appears to be promising to the world and investors that is not the case with social indicators. The present study is an attempt to critically review the social indicators for India and to trace the trajectory of fall or growth in such indicators while comparing with selected countries.

LPE Growth of Textured KNbO3 Film Using SrTiO3 Substrate and V2O5 Flux

2006 ◽  
Vol 11-12 ◽  
pp. 109-112
Author(s):  
T. Hibino ◽  
Kenichi Kakimoto ◽  
Hitoshi Ohsato
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Phase Diagram ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Surface Morphology ◽  
Liquid Phase Epitaxy ◽  
Growth Temperature ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Lower Growth ◽  
Lower Growth Temperature

KNbO3 thin films were grown on (100) and (110) SrTiO3 substrates by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique. The film orientation and surface morphology were characterized by XRD and AFM, respectively. The limited phase diagram of K2O-Nb2O5-V2O5 system was prepared by DTA measurement to investigate the effect of V2O5 flux on the LPE growth of KNbO3 film. The use of V2O5 flux enhanced a film growth rate at lower growth temperature.

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