CONTROL OF Vibrio alginolyticus INFECTION IN ASIAN SEA BASS Lates calcarifer USING AMBON BANANA PLANT POWDER Musa paradisiacal THROUGH THE FEED

Asian sea bass is one of economically important commodities in aquaculture. However, its culture often challenged by vibriosis infection which resulted in lower production. The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the ambon banana plant powder application in feed as an effort to control the disease caused by Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Asian sea bass with total length of 7.48 ± 0.45 cm. Five different treatments were applied in this experiment, i.e. positive control, negative control, prevention, curative, and antibiotic application. The challenge test is carried out on the 15th day. Challenge test was performed with intramuscularly injection of V. alginolyticus at the cell density of 106 CFU/fish. The results showed the amount of feed consumption after the challenge test was highest in the curative and antibiotic control. However, these results were not significantly different (P>0.05) among preventive and curative treatments but were significantly different from controls (P<0.05). Fish treated with supplemented feed showed the highest total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, hemoglobin, respiratory burst, and lysozyme activity compared to controls. IL-1b gene expression increased after the challenge test with the highest level of expression in the curative treatment. It can be concluded that the administration of ambon banana plant powder (3 g/100 g diet) could control of V. alginolyticus infection in Asian sea bass and resulted 70.00% survival rate on prevention and 83.33% on curative treatments.

Download Full-text

APLIKASI SINBIOTIK UNTUK PENCEGAHAN INFEKSI INFECTIOUS MYONECROSIS VIRUS PADA UDANG VANAME (Litopenaeus vannamei) (Synbiotic Application for Prevention of Infectious Myonecrosis Virus Infection in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei))

Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan - Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.21157/j.ked.hewan.v10i2.5041 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 121-127

Author(s):

Widanarni Widanarni ◽

Sukenda Sukenda ◽

Ghita Ryan Septiani

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Litopenaeus Vannamei ◽

Ipomoea Batatas ◽

Challenge Test ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

White Shrimp ◽

Infectious Myonecrosis Virus ◽

Synbiotic Supplementation

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary synbiotic at different giving frequencies on growth, immune responses, and resistance of white shrimp infected by infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV). Synbiotic used in this study was combination of probiotic Vibrio alginolyticus SKT-b and prebiotic oligosaccharides extracted from sweet potatoe (Ipomoea batatas L). Doses of probiotic and prebiotic used were 1% and 2% (w/w), respectively. The white shrimps (0.493±0.035 g) were divided into five treatments consisting of A and B (without supplementation of synbiotic: (A) positive control; (B) negative control), C (daily synbiotic supplementation), D (twice a week synbiotic supplementation), and E (weekly synbiotic supplementation). After 30 days of feeding trial, white shrimps were infected by IMNV (except negative control). The results showed that daily growth rate of white shrimp on all synbiotic treatments (C, D, and E) ranged from 6.93±0.025-6.97±0.019% and had higher values than controls (A and B) (P<0.05). Meanwhile, feed conversion value in C and D (1.54±0.142 and 1.58±0.117) were lower than controls (P<0.05). Supplementation of synbiotic with different frequencies also affected survival rate of white shrimp after the challenge test with IMNV; daily synbiotic supplementation (C) resulted in a 50% higher survival rate than positive control (P<0.05). This was associated with immune responses parameters values of synbiotic treatment (before and after the challenge test) which were better than positive control. In conclusion the addition of synbiotic in feed resulted in higher growth performances, immune responses,and resistance of white shrimp to IMNV infection.

Download Full-text

Efektivitas ekstrak metanol batang pisang mauli 100%padapenyembuhan luka punggung mencit (Mus musculus)ditinjau dari jumlah sel radang (Effectiveness of 100%extract of Mauli Banana stem to healing process of mice’s (Mus musculus)back from the perspective of the number of inflamed cell)

Journal of Dentomaxillofacial Science ◽

10.15562/jdmfs.v13i1.384 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 33

Author(s):

Maharani Laillyza Apriasari ◽

Amy Nindia Carabelly ◽

Gusti Febby Aprilia

Keyword(s):

Mus Musculus ◽

Healing Process ◽

Negative Control Group ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Group ◽

Banana Plant ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Stem Extract ◽

Banana Stem

Banana plant especially its trunk contains many kinds of fitokimia such as saponin, flavonoid, and tannin whichfunction as antibiotic and fasten the healing process. Mauli banana stem extract is often used by the people in HuluSungai Utara Banjarmasin Province to fasten healing skin injury. The purpose of this research is to histopathologicallyexamine the effectiveness of Mauli Banana stem extract to the healing process of the mice’s back (Mus musculus)onthe 3rd day. This purely true experimental research with post test only with control design used 27 mices which weredivided to 3 groups. Treatment group was given methanol extract of mauli banana stem whose average scores ofneutrofil and macrofag are representatively 2.333 and 1; negative control group was given aquadest with its averageneutrofil and macrofag scores are representatively 1.055 dan 1.678; and positive control group was given standardmedicine which contained Aloe veraextract with its average neutrofil and macrofag scores are representatively 1.066dan 1.667. The result of Kruskall-Wallis and Mann-Whiney showed a significant difference between treatment groupand negative control group. It can be concluded that the extract methanol of mauli banana stem on the healing processof injury to mancit’s back histopathologically influences the decreasing acute inflamed (neutrofil) cell and theincreasing chronic inflamed (macrophage) cell on the third day. In this case the extract of mauli banana stem ismedically potential to fasten the healing process of injury.

Download Full-text

Penggunaan Kulit Nanas Fermentasi dalam Ransum yang Mengandung Gulma Berkhasiat Obat Terhadap Lemak dan Kolesterol Ayam Broiler

Jurnal Agripet ◽

10.17969/agripet.v15i1.2287 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 20-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Wasir Ibrahim ◽

Rita Mutia ◽

Nurhayati Nurhayati

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chicken ◽

Liver Weight ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Pineapple Peel ◽

Fat Level ◽

Range Test

(Use of Fermented Pineapple Peel in the Ration Containing Medicinal Weeds on Fat and Cholesterol of Broiler Chicken) ABSTRACT. The objective of the experiment was to determine the effect of using fermented pineapple peel in the ration containing medicinal weeds on fat and cholesterol broiler chicken. The experiment was designed into completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments consisted of P0 = 0% of fermented pineapple peels meal (FPPM) in ration containing 0% medicinal weed (MW), positive control). P1 = 0% of fermented pineapple peels meal (FPPM) in the ration containing 2 % medicinal weed (MW), negative control). P2 = 7,5% of FPPM in the ration containing P1. P3 = 15% of FPPM in the ration containing P1. P4 = 22,5% of FPPM in the ration containing P1. Two hundred 2 days old male broiler chicken were used in this study and kept for 42 days. The parameters were feed consumption, liver weight, bile volume, meat fat level, and meat and blood cholesterol. The observed data were analyzed by Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS 16.0) and significant effect among treatments were tested by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results of thus study showed that the treatments were significant effect (P 0.05) on feed consumption, meat fat of thigh. but were not significant effect (P 0.05) on liver weight, bile volume, meat fat level and meat and blood cholesterol. It is concluded that use of fermented pineapple peel in the ration improved fat and cholesterol on broiler chicken.

Download Full-text

Efek penggunaan tepung umbi dan kulit bawang putih (Allium sativum Linn) sebagai feed additive terhadap penampilan produksi ayam petelur

Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan ◽

10.21776/ub.jiip.2018.028.03.02 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 192

Author(s):

Maria Karolina Deko ◽

Irfan H. Djunaidi ◽

M. Halim Natsir

Keyword(s):

Allium Sativum ◽

Laying Hens ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Organic Additive ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Feed Additive ◽

Egg Mass ◽

Feed Conversion

This study aims to evaluate the effect of giving Garlic and Allium sativum (TUKBP) Flour as feed additives on various levels of feeding in feed consumption, Hen Day Production (HDP), egg mass, feed conversion and Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC) in laying hens. A total of 320 laying hens strain Isa Brown produced by PT. Charoen Pokphand aged 30 weeks, divided into 8 treatments and 4 replications each replication using 10 chickens. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Eight treatment groups were as follows: basal feed + 0% TUKBP as negative control feed (P0), basal feed + virginiamycin antibiotic 0.015% as positive control (P1), and basal feed + TUKBP 0.25% (P2), 0, 50% (P3), 0.75% (P4), 1.00% (P5), 1.25% (P6) and 1.50% (P7). Data were analyzed using ANOVA test, if there were significant differences between treatments continued with Duncan's Multiple Range test. The results showed that feed with the addition of TUKBP can improve the appearance of laying hens, although it has not matched the feed with the addition of antibiotics. The use of TUKBP to the level of 1.50% in feed does not cause negative effects for laying hens. Administration of TUKBP at 1.00% level (P5) is able to replace synthetic antibiotics or as organic additive feeds in laying chicken feed.

Download Full-text

The effect of fermented pineapple peels in a diet that contains medicinal weeds on the performance broiler

International Conference on Agriculture and Applied Science ◽

10.25181/icoaas.v1i1.2070 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

W Ibrahim ◽

Nurhayati Nurhayati ◽

R Mutia ◽

M Hilmi

Keyword(s):

Broiler Chicken ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Randomized Design ◽

Pineapple Peel ◽

Completely Randomized Design ◽

Range Test

This study aimed to determine the effect of using fermented pineapple peel in the ration containing medicinal weeds on broiler chicken performance. The experiment was designed into a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and five replicates. Treatments consisted of P0 = 0% of fermented pineapple peels meal (FPPM) in ration containing 0% medicinal weed (MW), positive control). P1 = 0% of fermented pineapple peels meal (FPPM) in the ration containing 2 % medicinal weed (MW), negative control). P2 = 7.5% of FPPM in the ration containing 2 % medicinal weed (MW). P3 = 15% of FPPM in the ration containing 2 % medicinal weed (MW). P4 = 22,5% of FPPM in the ration containing 2 % medicinal weed (MW). Two hundred two days of male broiler chicken were used in this study and kept for 42 days. The parameters were feed consumption, average daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, slaughter weight. The observed data were analyzed by statistical product and service solution (SPSS 16.0), and Duncan's multiple range test tested significant effects among treatments. Results showed that the fermented pineapple peel meal up to 15% with other medicinal weeds was not influenced the broiler chicken performance.

Download Full-text

Efficacy of GP-11 KHV DNA Vaccine in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) through Feed by Different Frequency of Administration

Omni-Akuatika ◽

10.20884/1.oa.2020.16.1.768 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Ahmad Beni Rouf ◽

Sri Nuryati ◽

Sukenda Sukenda ◽

Alimuddin Alimuddin

Keyword(s):

Dna Vaccine ◽

Common Carp ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Challenge Test ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Lysozyme Activity ◽

Post Vaccination ◽

Koi Herpesvirus ◽

Vaccine Treatment

GP-11 KHV DNA vaccine is a vaccine that can be used to induce immunity against the KHV virus (Koi herpesvirus). Vaccination through feed is an alternative way of administering vaccines. The study aimed to examine the effect of giving KHV GP-11 DNA vaccine through feed with different frequencies to KHV infection. The frequency of vaccine administration is GP-11 vaccination once a week; GP-11(1x), GP-11 vaccination twice a week; GP-11(2x), GP-11 vaccination three times a week; GP-11(3x), GP-25 vaccinations three times a week; GP-25(3x), negative control (without KHV test) and positive control (KHV tested). The fish were kept for 28 days after vaccination and then continued with the KHV challenge test for 28 days. The weight of carp ranges from 13.82±2.37 g maintained with a density of 15 fish/aquarium. The results showed that vaccine treatment was able to induce an immune response as indicated by the number of white blood cells, lysozyme activity and post-vaccination antibody titer showed a significant effect compared to controls. Likewise, after the challenge test, supported by IFNγ and IgM gene expression parameters after the challenge test showed the highest value of vaccine treatment rather than control. The efficacy of vaccine was showed by RPS value (%) in each vaccine treatment obtained GP-11(1x) value of 44.7±3.7a, GP-11(2x) of 78.9±18.2b, GP-11(3x) 85.6±12.6b and GP-25(3x) 79.5±18.1b. It was concluded that administering the GP-11 vaccine frequency 2 times a week provides protection as strong as giving a vaccine frequency 3 times a week.Keywords: common carp, DNA vaccine, frequency of administration, koi herpesvirus

Download Full-text

Effect of localised antibiotic infusions applied to the teat-canal and teat sinus at drying-off on mastitis in the dry-period and at calving

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029901005064 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 551-558 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

MURRAY W. WOOLFORD ◽

JOHN H. WILLIAMSON ◽

TONY M. DAY ◽

S. JANE LACY-HULBERT ◽

HAROLD V. HENDERSON

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Treatment ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Dry Period ◽

Intramammary Infection ◽

Streptococcus Uberis ◽

Antibiotic Control ◽

Teat Canal

An experiment using three New Zealand herds and a total of 632 cows, examined the effect of localised prophylactic treatments with antibiotic at drying-off on the incidence of new intramammary infection during the dry period and at calving. Antibiotic was infused either into the teat canal (0·22 g of dry-cow formulation) or the teat sinus (3·1 g of lactating-cow formulation) of uninfected quarters to eliminate any bacteria present in these locations at the last milking of lactation. These treatments were compared with a negative control (nil treatment) and a positive antibiotic control (infusion of 3·6 g of dry-cow formulation). All antibiotic formulations used the same active ingredient, sodium cloxacillin. No significant reduction in new dry period clinical mastitis was observed for the two localised treatments whereas the positive control treatment achieved 100% reduction in new clinical mastitis compared with untreated control quarters. A 41% reduction (P<0·05) in new Streptococcus uberis infections at calving was associated with the teat canal antibiotic treatment, compared with an 82% reduction (P<0·001) for the positive antibiotic control. Both localised treatments showed a reduced incidence of new intramammary infection (P<0·001) when pooled across periods and pathogens. Teats receiving either the teat canal antibiotic treatment or a full infusion of long acting dry-cow antibiotic had a lower incidence of open teat canals (P<0·05) at 3 weeks after drying-off.

Download Full-text

Immune response and growth of Lates calcarifer fed on hydrolized protein-supplemented diet

Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia ◽

10.19027/jai.13.179-188 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 179

Author(s):

Romi Novriadi ◽

Tinggal Hermawan ◽

, Ibtisam ◽

, Dikrurrahman ◽

Muh Kadari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Growth Performance ◽

Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽

Challenge Test ◽

Relative Weight ◽

Sea Bass ◽

Protein Hydrolysates ◽

Control Group ◽

Lates Calcarifer ◽

Asian Sea Bass

ABSTRACT This experiment was aimed to investigate the effects of protein hydrolysates on growth performance and immune response of the Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer Bloch. The experiment was performed in two different rearing period, namely nursery and grow out by using completely randomized design. Experimental fish were fed with three types of diets and each treatment was repeated three times: a local commercial diet (control), coated or not, with 2%, and 3% of protein hydrolysates. Challenge test was performed with Vibrio parahaemolyticus at a density of 105 sel/mL by using immersion method. The results showed that the the neutrofil, leukocyte and monocyte of the fish fed on protein hydrolisates were significantly higher than those non-supplemented group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the lymphocyte on the fish treated with hydrolisates showed no difference amongst treatments (P<0.05). The growth performance of Asian sea bass fed on protein hydrolisates significantly improved the total fish weight (g), relative weight gain, specific growth rate, final weight (g) and final length (cm) in comparison to the control (P<0.05) both at nursery and grow out phase. Higher survival both at the nursery and grow out phase were obtained by the group fed with 3% protein hydrolisates: 97.28±0.18% and 86.0±4.32%. Followed with 2% supplementation level 96.75±0.28% and 78.4±7.7%. The lowest survival was shown by the control group with 93.65±0.13% and 20.1±21.1% from nursery and grow-out phase respectively. Results of challenged test showed that the protein hydrolisates supplementation was able to improve the post-challenged survival and resistency of Asian sea bass against V. parahaemolyticus infection. Fish treated with 3% protein hydrolisates generated higher survival 78,33±2,89%, followed by treatment 2% 73,33±5,77%, and control 31,67±7,64% after five days post immersion (P<0.05). Keywords: Asian sea bass, protein hydrolisates, growth, immune system ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas suplementasi protein hidrolisis pada pakan terhadap respons kekebalan tubuh dan performa pertumbuhan ikan kakap putih Lates calcarifer. Penelitian dilakukan di dua fase pemeliharaan, yakni fase pendederan dan pembesaran dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga perlakuan dan masing–masing perlakuan memiliki tiga ulangan, dengan deskripsi perlakuan adalah kontrol, aplikasi 3% dan 2% protein hidrolisis. Uji tantang dilakukan dengan menggunakan Vibrio parahaemolyticus pada konsentrasi 105 sel/mL dengan metode perendaman. Hasil analisa respons kekebalan tubuh menunjukkan bahwa neutrofil, leukosit, dan monosit pada kelompok ikan yang mendapatkan aplikasi protein hidrolisis meningkat secara nyata dibandingkan kontrol (P<0,05). Sementara limfosit pada kelompok perlakuan protein hidrolisis tidak memiliki perbedaan yang nyata dibandingkan kontrol (P<0,05). Performa pertumbuhan ikan kakap putih yang mendapatkan suplementasi protein hidrolisis juga memiliki total bobot (g), % bobot relatif, % laju pertumbuhan spesifik, bobot akhir (g) dan panjang akhir (cm) yang secara nyata lebih baik jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol (P<0,05) baik pada masa pemeliharaan di pendederan maupun di pembesaran. Sintasan paling tinggi pada fase pendederan dan pembesaran terdapat pada kelompok suplementasi 3% dengan 97,28±0,18% dan 86,0±4,3%. Diikuti oleh kelompok 2% dengan 96,75±0,28% dan 78,4±7,7%; dan paling rendah diperoleh pada kelompok kontrol dengan 93,65±0,13 % dan 20,1±21,1% masing-masing dari fase pembenihan dan pembesaran. Hasil uji tantang menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi protein hidrolisis mampu meningkatkan sintasan dan meningkatkan resistensi ikan uji terhadap infeksi V. parahaemolyticus. Pemberian protein hidrolisis dengan konsentrasi 3% merupakan dosis terbaik dengan sintasan 78,33±2,89%, diikuti oleh aplikasi 2% dengan 73,33±5,77% dan kontrol dengan 31,67±7,64% setelah lima hari masa uji tantang (P<0,05). Kata kunci: ikan kakap putih, protein hidrolisis, pertumbuhan, sistem kekebalan tubuh

Download Full-text

Banana (Musa paradisiaca) Midrib Extract as a Curative Agent of Motile Aeromonad Septicemia in Giant Gourami (Osphronemus gouramy)

Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.4194/1303-2712-v21_12_02 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (12) ◽

pp. 589-602

Author(s):

Dinamella Wahjuningrum ◽

Ike Dewi Nur Fitrianingrum ◽

Widanarni Widanarni ◽

Diah Ayu Satyari Utami

Keyword(s):

Challenge Test ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Musa Paradisiaca ◽

Experimental Fish ◽

Negative Controls ◽

Diffusion Assay ◽

Curative Agent ◽

Better Than

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of banana (Musa paradisiaca) midrib extract supplementation as preventive and curative treatments of motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) on giant gourami (Osphronemus gouramy). Disc diffusion assay was conducted to evaluate antibacterial activity of banana midrib extract against Aeromonas hydrophila. The most effective dose was used for subsequent tests. Experimental fish were categorized into five groups: negative control; positive control; and preventive, curative, and controlling treatments. Except negative control, all groups were challenged by A. hydrophila at a density of 107 CFU mL−1 (0.1 mL per fish). Preventive, curative, and controlling treatment groups were administered the banana midrib extract-enriched diet (3%), whereas positive and negative controls were not treated with banana midrib extract. The results showed that banana midrib extract inhibited A. hydrophila activity in giant gourami, demonstrated by lower A. hydrophila numbers in preventive, curative, and controlling treatments than those in the positive control. After the challenge test in the fish treated with banana midrib extract, immunity parameters were better than those of the positive control. Banana midrib extract was highly effective as a curative agent against MAS in giant gourami based on the highest survival of the experimental fish compared with other treatments.

Download Full-text

Impact of Manipulating Quail Eggs with Betaine During Early Embryogenesis on Chick Development, Hatchability, Hematological Variables, and Some Physiological Estimates

10.21203/rs.3.rs-634816/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ahmed Abdelkareem Abuoghaba ◽

Fatma Ali ◽

Amira Ahmed Mohamed Abdelwahab

Keyword(s):

Incubation Temperature ◽

Positive Control ◽

Negative Control ◽

Early Embryogenesis ◽

Feed Consumption ◽

Blood Protein ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Slaughter Weight ◽

Japanese Quails ◽

Chick Development

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of spraying incubated quail eggs with betaine on chick development, hatchability and some physiological estimates of Japanese quails during early embryogenesis. A total of 750 eggs were equally divided into two groups (2 groups × 5 treatments × 5 replicates × 15 eggs). Eggs in the 1st group were incubated at normal incubation temperature (37.5°C/NIT), while those in the 2nd group were incubated at chronic incubation temperature (39.5 °C/CIT) for 3 hours daily from the 4th up to and 6th day of incubation. Eggs in NIT and CIT groups were subjected to five treatments, T1 (negative control), T2 sprayed distilled water (positive control), while T3, T4, T5 groups sprayed distilled water supplemented with 500, 1000 and 2000mg betaine/L respectively. The chick weight at hatch and slaughter weight and first egg weight was significantly impaired by CIT treatment. CIT group revealed a significant increase in the H/L ratio and a significant decrease in T3 hormone and blood protein levels than the NIT group. Regarding betaine effects, the embryonic mortality rates, hatchability, hatched chick weight, and slaughter weight were significantly improved compared with the control. Also, betaine significantly increased blood protein and T3 hormone levels and significantly decrease the liver enzymes levels and total feed consumption compared with untreated group. The RV/TV ratio of quails in CIT group was significantly increased, while betaine treatment significantly decreased this ratio. Considering these results, it’s strongly suggested that spraying of betaine on eggs at 1000 or 2000 mg//L optimizes Japanese quails performance.

Download Full-text