Response of oil flax varieties to abiotic conditions of the  Middle Cis-Ural region by formation of seed yield

Studying the reaction to the abiotic conditions of the Middle Urals in 16 varieties of oil flax will allow to adapt the culture: increase its productivity and product quality. As a standard, the variety ‘VNIIMK 620’ was sown. The experiments were laid on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil in the grain-grass rotation after winter crops during 2012-2015. During the years of research, the plow layer of the experimental plots had different humus contents - medium and high, mobile phosphorus and exchange potassium - medium and very high, exchange soil acidity - slightly acidic and close to neutral. To a greater extent, by 91.5%, the change in the seed yield of the studied oil flax varieties depended on the abiotic conditions of the growing season; the share of the influence of the genotype of the variety in the formation of seed yield was 3.0%. Meteorological conditions during the years of the experiments were characterized by large fluctuations in the average daily air temperature and the amount of precipitation that fell over the months, in consequence of this the seed yield of flax oil varied in wide range over both varieties and years of study. The most favorable abiotic conditions for the formation of oil flax seeds were formed in 2014, when, during the ripening period of the seeds optimal meteorological conditions have developed with hydro thermic factor of 1.0. This contributed to obtaining the highest seed yield in 2014 - 218 g/m2. On average, over four years of research, the same response to abiotic conditions with seed yield was formed in ‘VNIIMK 620’ varieties from Russia, ‘Clark’ varieties from Holland and ‘Barbara’ from Hungary. The most plastic grade is ‘Clark’ with a plasticity coefficient bi = 1.33. The most stable seed yield is the ‘Norlin’ variety with a stability coefficient of 32.2. Russian varieties ‘LM-96’, ‘N 3829’ and foreign varieties ‘Norlin’, ‘Atalante’ proved to be the most adaptable to cultivation conditions in the agroecological conditions of the Cis-Ural region and can be considered promising in terms used as starting material in the breeding process.

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Seed productivity of alfalfa sowing depending on precipitation and air temperature for the vegetation period

Multifunctional adaptive feed production № 23 (71) ◽

10.33814/mak-2020-23-71-55-59 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Vladimir Kramarenko

Keyword(s):

Air Temperature ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Vegetation Period ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Industrial Technology ◽

South Urals ◽

Seed Productivity ◽

Seed Collection ◽

Wide Range ◽

Alfalfa Varieties

The results of ecological testing of alfalfa varieties zoned for the South Urals for seeds cultivated according to industrial technology are presented. Meteorological conditions had a significant impact on seed yield. The size of the crop varied over a wide range from 0 to 350 kg/ha. On average, over the years of study, seed collection was about 78 kg/ha.

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INFLUENCE OF METHODS FOR SELECTION OF PLANTS AND WAYS OF SEEDING ON EFFICIENCY OF ORIGINAL SEEDS OF FLAX-DOLGUNETS GRROWING IN PRIMARY SEED BREEDING

АГРАРНЫЙ ВЕСТНИК ВЕРХНЕВОЛЖЬЯ ◽

10.35523/2307-5872-2020-31-2-51-56 ◽

2020 ◽

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Control Level ◽

Row Spacing ◽

High Germination ◽

Breeding Efficiency ◽

Flax Seeds ◽

Narrow Row ◽

Seed Propagation ◽

Selection Of

The results of scientific research are presented, which made it possible to develop less labor-intensive methods for selecting flax plants to grow original (updated) seeds. Studies have shown that a positive selection of tall plants of flax, compared with the accepted counterpart (control), increased seed yield 1.7-1.9 times. Moreover, plant homogeneity according to the main characteristics (height and fiber content in the stem) characterizing the varietal quality of grown seeds turned out to be at the control level. A negative selection, involving the removal of atypical plants, provided an increase in the output volume of seeds compared to the control by 3.9-4.1 times. This selection method did not reduce the varietal quality of seed material compared to the accepted analogue. With both selection methods, after combining typical plants, seeds with the same high germination rates were obtained (96-99 %). The breeding efficiency of the grown flax seeds using narrow-row sowing methods is shown. Studies have established that narrow-row sowing of seeds with a row-spacing of 7.5 and 6.25 cm compared with sowing by a wide-row method significantly increased their yield by 2.8-3.0 and 2.3-3.0 kg / ha, respectively. The greatest influence on the formation of seed yield in narrow-row sowing (6.25 cm) was exerted by the method of sowing, the part of which was 76.1 %. As the length of seed propagation of flax in creased (up to the uterine elite 2 years) in narrow-row sowing (6.25 cm) compared to broad-row, there was no decrease in quality indicators - germination and seed strength.

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Reducing leaching using the threshold nitrate root-uptake phenomena

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8780 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Kurtzman ◽

Beeri Kanner ◽

Yehuda Levy ◽

Ido Nitsan ◽

Asher Bar-Tal

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Land ◽

Root Zone ◽

Threshold Concentration ◽

Wet Season ◽

Annual Crops ◽

Wide Range ◽

Irrigated Crops ◽

Winter Crops ◽

Leaching Fraction ◽

Direct Results

Reducing nitrate leaching from agricultural land to aquifers is a high priority concern for more than a half a century. Theory and observations of a threshold concentration of nitrate in the root-zone (Cmax), from which the leachate concentration increases at higher rates with increasing root-zone nitrate concentration, are presented. Cmax is derived both by direct results from container experiments with varying nitrogen (N) fertigation, and as calibration parameter in N-transport models beneath commercial agricultural plots. For five different crops, Cmax ranged between 20-45 mg/l of NO3-N derived from experiments and models. However, for lettuce, which was irrigated with a large leaching fraction, a Cmax could not be defined. For the crops irrigated and fertilized in the warm/dry season (corn and citrus) experiments show a dramatic change in leachate concentrations and simulations reveal a wide range of sensitivity of leachate NO3-N concentration to Cmax. Annual crops that are irrigated and fertilized in the cool/wet season (e.g. potato in Mediterranean climate) showed a distinct Cmax yet less dramatic than the summer-irrigated crops in the container experiment, and smaller impact of Cmax in models. Simulations showed that for summer-irrigated crops maintaining fertigation at C<Cmax has a significant effect on deep leachate concentrations, whereas for the winter annual crops the simulations revealed no threshold. It is suggested that for summer-irrigated crops fertigation below Cmax robustly serves the co-sustainability of intensive agriculture and aquifer water quality, for the winter crops it is suggested but benefits are not robust. For short season, small root-system crops (lettuce) efforts should be made to detach the crop from the soil.

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Germination Ecology of Two Australian Populations of African turnipweed (Sisymbrium thellungii)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/wsc.2018.55 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 66 (6) ◽

pp. 752-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Gulshan Mahajan ◽

Amar Matloob ◽

Michael Walsh ◽

Bhagirath S. Chauhan

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Wide Range ◽

Water Ph ◽

Winter Crops ◽

Residue Study

AbstractAfrican turnipweed (Sisymbrium thellungiiO. E.Schulz) is an emerging problematic broadleaf weed of the northern grain region of Australia. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of temperature, light, salinity, pH, seed burial depth, and the amount of wheat crop residue on germination and emergence of two AustralianS. thellungiiweed populations (population C, cropped area; population F, fence line). Both populations behaved similarly across different environmental conditions, except in the residue study. Although the seeds of both populations ofS. thellungiicould germinate under complete darkness, germination was best (~95%) under light/dark conditions at the 20/10 C temperature regime. Both populations ofS. thellungiigerminated over a wide range of day/night temperatures (15/5, 20/10, 25/15, and 30/20 C). Osmotic stress had negative effects on germination, with 54% seeds (averaged over populations) able to germinate at −0.1MPa. Complete germination inhibition for both populations was observed at −0.8MPa osmotic potential. Both populations germinated at sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations ranging from 50 to 100 mM, beyond which germination was completely inhibited. There were substantial reductions in seed germination, 32% (averaged over populations) under highly acidic conditions (pH 4.0) as compared with the control (water: pH 6.4). Seed germination of both populations on the soil surface was 77%, and no seedlings emerged from a burial depth of 1 cm. The addition of 6 Mg ha−1of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) residue reduced the emergence of the C and F populations ofS. thellungiiby 75% and 64%, respectively, as compared with the control (no residue). Information gathered from this study provides a better understanding of the factors favorable for germination and emergence ofS. thellungii, which will aid in developing management strategies in winter crops, especially wheat, barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), and chick pea (Cicer arietinumL.).

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Sonchus oleraceus (common sowthistle).

10.1079/cpc.50584.20210100271 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽

Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez ◽

A. I. Popay

Keyword(s):

Sand Dunes ◽

Cultivated Land ◽

Construction Sites ◽

Burned Areas ◽

Sonchus Oleraceus ◽

The Earth ◽

Large Numbers ◽

Disturbed Areas ◽

Wide Range ◽

Winter Crops

Abstract S. oleraceus is a common seed crop contaminant and has been carried either deliberately or accidentally by humans to almost every corner of the earth, where it invades mainly open and disturbed areas. It grows in a wide variety of environments on a wide range of substrates - roadsides, cultivated land, gardens, construction sites, sand dunes, logged or burned areas, on walls, mountain slopes, and near water. Once introduced to a new area the plants spread quickly because they grow and flower quickly and produce copious wind- and bird-dispersed seeds that germinate quickly in large numbers. They invade many cropped areas, especially among vegetable and winter crops. They are almost perfect 'designer weeds'. Additionally, this species has small light seeds which are easily dispersed by wind and water.

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NESTED HIGH-RESOLUTION NOx AND PM SIMULATIONS OVER ZÜRICH

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-6202 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ivo Suter ◽

Lukas Emmenegger ◽

Dominik Brunner

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Boundary Conditions ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Model Systems ◽

Multi Scale ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Impact ◽

The City ◽

Concentration Levels

Reducing air pollution, which is the world's largest single environmental health risk, demands better-informed air quality policies. Consequently, multi-scale air quality models are being developed with the goal to resolve cities. One of the major challenges in such model systems is to accurately represent all large- and regional-scale processes that may critically determine the background concentration levels over a given city. This is particularly true for longer-lived species such as aerosols, for which background levels often dominate the concentration levels, even within the city. Furthermore, the heterogeneous local emissions, and complex dispersion in the city have to be considered carefully.In this study, the impact of processes across a wide range of scales on background concentrations over Switzerland and the city of Zurich was modelled by performing one year of nested European and Swiss national COSMO-ART simulations to obtain adequate boundary conditions for gas-phase chemical, aerosol and meteorological conditions for city-resolving simulations. The regional climate chemistry model COSMO-ART (Vogel et al. 2009) was used in a 1-way coupled mode. The outer, European, domain, which was driven by chemical boundary conditions from the global MOZART model, had a 6.6 km horizontal resolution and the inner, Swiss, domain one of 2.2 km. For the city scale, a catalogue of more than 1000 mesoscale flow patterns with 100 m resolution was created with the model GRAMM, based on a discrete set of atmospheric stabilities, wind speeds and directions, accounting for the influence of land-use and topography. Finally, the flow around buildings was solved with the CFD model GRAL forced at the boundaries by GRAMM. Subsequently, Lagrangian dispersion simulations for a set of air pollutants and emission sectors (traffic, industry, ...) based on extremely detailed building and emission data was performed in GRAL. The result of this nested procedure is a library of 3-dimensional air pollution maps representative of hourly situations in Zurich (Berchet et al. 2017). From these pre-computed situations, time-series and concentration maps can be obtained by selecting situations according to observed or modelled meteorological conditions.The results were compared to measurements from air quality monitoring network stations. Modelled concentrations of NOx and PM compared well to measurements across multiple locations, provided background conditions were considered carefully. The nested multi-scale modelling system COSMO-ART/GRAMM/GRAL can adequately reproduce local air quality and help understanding the relative contributions of local versus distant emissions, as well as fill the space between precise point measurements from monitoring sites. This information is useful for research, policy-making, and epidemiological studies particularly under the assumption that exceedingly high concentrations become more and more localised phenomenon in the future.

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Phenotypic Characterization of 183 Turkish Common Bean Accessions for Agronomic, Trading, and Consumer-Preferred Plant Characteristics for Breeding Purposes

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10020272 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 272 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Muhammad Azhar Nadeem ◽

Tolga Karaköy ◽

Mehmet Zahit Yeken ◽

Ephrem Habyarimana ◽

Ruştu Hatipoğlu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Common Bean ◽

Plant Height ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Environmental Conditions ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Seed Length ◽

Plant Weight ◽

Wide Range ◽

Days To Maturity ◽

100 Seed Weight

Plant landraces represent a repository of a gene pool, local adaptation of their domestic species, and thereby are considered a great source of genetic variations. Such genetic variation can be helpful to mitigate the current and future food challenges. A total of 183 common bean accessions including three commercial varieties collected from 19 Turkish provinces were grown to record their morpho-agronomic variations and to evaluate the best performing accessions under multi-environmental conditions. Plant height, days to maturity, pods weight, seed length, and 100-seed weight were used to evaluate the best performing accessions under different environmental conditions. A wide range of variations for traits like days to maturity (99–161), plant height (21–168.7 cm), seed length (7.41–16.4 mm), seeds per plant (17.8–254.4), and 100-seeds weight (24.97–73.8 g) were observed and can be useful for breeding purposes. The analytic results derived from the first three eigenvectors suggested that plant height, plant weight, 100-seed weight, and days to flowering were biologically significant bean traits. Seed yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with plant weight and pods weight. Genotype × environment biplot discriminated the studied common bean accessions based on their plant height and growth habit. Plant height, days to maturity, seed width, and first pod height were found highly heritable traits and were least affected by environmental forces. Among 19 provinces, accessions of Bilecik showed maximum pods per plant, seed yield per plant and 100-seed weight, while Erzincan and Sivas provinces reflected the prevalence of bushy and early maturing accessions. Information provided herein comprehensively explored the occurrence of genotypic variations which can be used for the development of candidate varieties responding to breeder, farmer, and consumer preferences.

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Seed yield and nutritive value of dry, mature subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea00190 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 169 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Y. J. Ru ◽

J. A. Fortune

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Nutritive Value ◽

Subterranean Clover ◽

Zinc Content ◽

Trifolium Subterraneum ◽

Crude Fibre ◽

Dry Matter Digestibility ◽

Wide Range

The nutritive value of 26 cultivars of dry, mature subterranean clover was evaluated at Shenton Park, Perth, Western Australia. The cultivars were divided into 3 maturity groups according to flowering time and each cultivar was sown in blocks comprising 4 replicates. The plots were grazed by sheep at 2-week intervals during the growing season. Dry mature plant material and soil were sampled in summer to examine the effect of grazing and cultivar on seed yield and nutritive value of feed residues. Cultivars heavily grazed in spring had a low herbage mass. There was no difference in seed yield and seed weight between heavily and lightly grazed cultivars. Dry matter digestibility and mineral content of dry residues was inconsistent for the 2 grazing treatments. The dry matter digestibility of dry, mature subterranean clover ranged from 40 to 56%, with a wide range of crude fibre, nitrogen and mineral content for the 26 cultivars. While most minerals in the dry residues were above the requirement for sheep, 7 cultivars had a zinc content less than the maintenance requirement for sheep. There was an imbalance for all cultivars in calcium: phosphorus with a range of 4–10: 1. Concurrent estimates on the yield and composition of seed indicated that seed can be resource of minerals for grazing animals in summer. Most cultivars had a seed yield over 100 g/m2 with that of 9 cultivars being over 130 g/m2. Seed was rich in nitrogen, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc and copper, and poor in sodium, calcium and manganese. However, there were no cultivars with an appropriate ratio of calcium and phosphorus. The imbalance in nitrogen and sulfur was a result of high nitrogen content with the ratio ranging from 19: 1 to 29: 1.

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