scholarly journals VEGF gene rs35569394 polymorphism in patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (10) ◽  
pp. 1396-1401
Author(s):  
Sheila Silveira Fernandes ◽  
Alessandra Bernadete Trovó de Marqui ◽  
Daniela Reis Fernandes Teles ◽  
Elisabete Aparecida Montovani Rodrigues Resende ◽  
Marco Fábio Prata Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genotypic Frequency ◽  
Vegf Gene ◽  
Gene Insertion ◽  
Pcos Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The relationship between the clinicopathological and sociodemographics characteristics of acral melanomas diagnosed at BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the frequency of VEGF gene insertion (I) / deletion (D) polymorphism (rs35569394) in patients with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) and to compare with a control population to verify its association with the pathology. METHODS: 206 women participated in this study, 103 with PCOS (group of patients) and 103 without the disease (control group). After extraction of genomic DNA from the samples, molecular analysis was performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and electrophoresis in polycrylamide. Descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and logistic regression model were used. Results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), considering the significance of p <0.05. RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between patients and controls for allele frequencies (χ2 = 1.16, p = 0.56). The genotypic frequency distribution was in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium for the patients (χ2 = 2.42; p <0.05), but not for the control group (χ2 = 7.26; p <0.05). Regarding risk factors for the syndrome, a history of familial PCOS is more frequent among women with the syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, there is no association between VEGF gene I / D polymorphism and PCOS.

scholarly journals Polycystic ovarian syndrome: rs1799752 polymorphism of ACE gene

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 1017-1022
Author(s):  
Mariangela Torreglosa Ruiz Cintra ◽  
Marly Aparecida Spadotto Balarin ◽  
Sarah Cristina Sato Vaz Tanaka ◽  
Vanessa Iorrana Mota da Silva ◽  
Alessandra Bernadete Trovó de Marqui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genotypic Frequency ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Ace Gene ◽  
History Of ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

SUMMARY PURPOSE: To investigate the contribution of the deletion polymorphism and insertion (rs1799752) of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene in the aetiology of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). METHODOLOGY: 97 women diagnosed with PCOS who received care at the Gynaecology and Obstetrics clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas of UFTM, participated in this study. The control group consisted of 94 women. All participants were submitted to the collection of 10 mL of whole blood and the genomic DNA was obtained by the saline extraction method. The genotyping of the samples was performed by means of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The statistics analyses were performed by descriptive analysis, univariate analysis and logistic regression model. The results were presented in odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval of 95% (CI-95%), with a significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). RESULTS: There were no statistical differences between patients and controls for the genotypic (χ2 = 1.52, p = 0.47) and allelic frequencies (χ2 = 0.21, p = 0.76). The distribution of the genotypic frequency is not in HWE for patients (χ2 = 18.80, p <0.05) and for controls (χ2 = 6.85, p <0.05). In relation to the risk factors for the syndrome, the history of familial PCOS is more frequent between women with the syndrome. CONCLUSION: In the study population, there was no association between I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and PCOS.

Evaluation of Ovaries in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome using Shear Wave Elastography

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 578-583
Author(s):  
Aysegul Altunkeser ◽  
Zeynep Ozturk Inal ◽  
Nahide Baran
Keyword(s):  
Shear Wave ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Shear Wave Elastography ◽  
Left Ovary ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Group I ◽  
Pcos Group ◽  
The Right

Background: Shear wave electrography (SWE) is a novel non-invasive imaging technique which demonstrate tissue elasticity. Recent research evaluating the elasticity properties of normal and pathological tissues emphasize the diagnostic importance of this technique. Aims: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which is characterized by menstrual irregularity, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic overgrowth, may cause infertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the elasticity of ovaries in patients with PCOS using SWE. Methods: 66 patients diagnosed with PCOS according to the Rotterdam criteria (PCOS = group I) and 72 patients with non-PCOS (Control = group II), were included in the study. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants were recorded. Ovarian elasticity was assessed in all patients with SWE, and speed values were obtained from the ovaries. The elasticity of the ovaries was compared between the two groups. Results: While there were statistically significant differences between the groups in body mass index (BMI), right and left ovarian volumes, luteinizing hormone and testosterone levels (p<0.05), no significant differences were found between groups I and II in the velocity (for the right ovary 3.89±1.81 vs. 2.93±0.72, p=0.301; for the left ovary 2.88±0.65 vs. 2.95±0.80, p=0.577) and elastography (for the right ovary 36.62±17.78 vs. 36.79±14.32, p=0.3952; for the left ovary 36.56±14.15 vs. 36.26±15.10, p=0.903) values, respectively. Conclusion: We could not obtain different velocity and elastography values from the ovaries of the patients with PCOS using SWE. Therefore, further large-scale studies are needed to elucidate this issue.

scholarly journals Age-specific cut-off levels of anti-Müllerian hormone can be used as diagnostic markers for polycystic ovary syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani ◽  
Maryam Rahmati ◽  
Fatemeh Mahboobifard ◽  
Faezeh Firouzi ◽  
Nazanin Hashemi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Method ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Generalized Additive Models ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Pcos Group

Abstract Background The majority of available studies on the AMH thresholds were not age-specific and performed the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, based on variations in sensitivity and specificity rather than positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively), which are more clinically applicable. Moreover, all of these studies used a pre-specified age categorization to report the age-specific cut-off values of AMH. Methods A total of 803 women, including 303 PCOS patients and 500 eumenorrheic non-hirsute control women, were enrolled in the present study. The PCOS group included PCOS women, aged 20–40 years, who were referred to the Reproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Tehran, Iran. The Rotterdam consensus criteria were used for diagnosis of PCOS. The control group was selected among women, aged 20–40 years, who participated in Tehran Lipid and Glucose cohort Study (TLGS). Generalized additive models (GAMs) were used to identify the optimal cut-off points for various age categories. The cut-off levels of AMH in different age categories were estimated, using the Bayesian method. Main results and the role of chance Two optimal cut-off levels of AMH (ng/ml) were identified at the age of 27 and 35 years, based on GAMs. The cut-off levels for the prediction of PCOS in the age categories of 20–27, 27–35, and 35–40 years were 5.7 (95 % CI: 5.48–6.19), 4.55 (95 % CI: 4.52–4.64), and 3.72 (95 % CI: 3.55–3.80), respectively. Based on the Bayesian method, the PPV and NPV of these cut-off levels were as follows: PPV = 0.98 (95 % CI: 0.96–0.99) and NPV = 0.40 (95 % CI: 0.30–0.51) for the age group of 20–27 years; PPV = 0.96 (95 % CI: 0.91–0.99) and NPV = 0.82 (95 % CI: 0.78–0.86) for the age group of 27–35 years; and PPV = 0.86 (95 % CI: 0.80–0.94) and NPV = 0.96 (95 % CI: 0.93–0.98) for the age group of 35–40 years. Conclusions Application of age-specific cut-off levels of AMH, according to the GAMs and Bayesian method, could elegantly assess the value of AMH in discriminating PCOS patients in all age categories.

scholarly journals Association between Luteinizing Hormone/Choriogonadotropin Receptor Ins18LQ Gene Polymorphism and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (A) ◽  
pp. 517-520
Author(s):  
Hilma Putri Lubis ◽  
Muhammad Fidel Ganis Siregar ◽  
Ichwanul Adenin ◽  
Binarwan Halim ◽  
Henry Salim Siregar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Gene Polymorphism ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pcos Group ◽  
And Control

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders of women in the childbearing period. However, its pathophysiology is still unclear. Certain polymorphisms of the luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR) genes may lead to changes in the bioactivity of this hormone. The important functional role of LHCGR in the metabolism of androgen and ovulation, the LHCGR gene variant, may be related to the risk of PCOS. AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between LHCGR Ins18LQ gene polymorphism and PCOS. METHODS: A case–control study was performed in women with PCOS and non-PCOS from May 2019 to October 2019 in HFC IVF Center. We included 50 women with PCOS and 50 healthy controls. Polymorphism of the LHCGR (ins18LQ) gene was genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS: From this study, we found that there was no significant difference in the proportion of ages between the groups (p > 0.05). There were significant differences in the characteristics of body mass index, FSH level, LH level, and LH/FSH ratio between the PCOS and control groups (p < 0.05). We also found that the proportion of heterozygote variant non-ins/ins was higher in the PCOS group compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference between the polymorphisms of the non-ins and non-nonins variants between the PCOS and control groups (p = 0.269). The frequency of ins alleles was higher in the PCOS group compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: There was no significant association between LHCGR ins18LQ gene polymorphism and PCOS.

Determine Cyp17a1 and Ki67 Expressions in Pcos Induced Rat Model Treated with Sepia pharaonis Ink Extract Proves Effective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Leonoline Ebenezer ◽  
R. Gunapriya ◽  
K. Ranganathan ◽  
R. Vijayaraghavan ◽  
M. Karthik Ganesh
Keyword(s):  
Rat Model ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Clomiphene Citrate ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vaginal Smears ◽  
Sepia Pharaonis ◽  
Pcos Group

Background: The present study aims to evaluate the therapeutic action of Sepia pharaonis ink extract in experimentally induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) rat model and perform Immunohistochemistry to confirm the findings.Methods: The female rats were grouped into 5 consisting of six animals each. Only water was given to the control group. For inducing PCOS, Letrozole 1mg/kg.b.wt was administered to the subsequent four groups for 21 days. To the third group, an allopathic drug, clomiphene citrate 1mg/kg was given for 19 days after PCOS induction. The SPIE was subjected to lyophilisation to make a black powder and next two groups were administered orally with two different dosages of SPIE (100mg and 200mg respectively) mixed with water after PCOS induction. Vaginal smears were taken from all groups till 21 days and then treatment was started with clomiphene citrate (CC) and SPIE. After 21 days, vaginal smears were taken from all groups till ovulation was induced. The test drug effects were studied using ovary weight both right and left, body weight, hormonal levels, histopathology of ovary and Immunohistochemistry. Result: PCOS group showed rapid increase in the ovarian weight when compared to control and was reduced by CC and SPIE treatment. The levels of progesterone and estradiol were found lower and testosterone levels were found higher in PCOS rats which were favourably altered. Vaginal smears coincided with the histopathology and immunohistochemistry findings. SPIE can be used as a therapeutic drug for PCOS in future, reduce infertility complaint of females and prevent early inception of diabetes mellitus.

scholarly journals Endocrine Disruptors and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Elevated Serum Levels of Bisphenol A in Women with PCOS

2011 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. E480-E484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleni Kandaraki ◽  
Antonis Chatzigeorgiou ◽  
Sarantis Livadas ◽  
Eleni Palioura ◽  
Frangiscos Economou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Metabolic Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Pcos Group

Context: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread industrial compound used in the synthesis of polycarbonate plastics. In experimental animals, neonatal exposure to BPA results in a polycystic ovary-like syndrome (PCOS) in adulthood. A bidirectional interaction between androgens and BPA levels has been disclosed. Objective: To determine BPA levels in PCOS women as well as the association between BPA and hormonal/metabolic parameters compared to a control group. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional study of 71 PCOS (National Institutes of Health criteria) and 100 normal women, age- and body mass index–matched, in a University hospital setting. Main Outcome Measures: Anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic parameters and BPA blood levels were determined. Patients (PCOS) and controls (C) were further subdivided according to body mass index into lean and overweight subgroups, respectively. Results: BPA levels were significantly higher in the total PCOS group compared with the controls (1.05±0.56 vs. 0.72±0.37ng/ml, P &lt; 0.001). PCOS women, lean (PCOS-L) and overweight (PCOS-OW), had higher BPA levels compared to the corresponding control group lean (C-L) and overweight (C-OW): (PCOS-L = 1.13±0.63 vs. C-L = 0.70±0.36, P &lt; 0.001) (PCOS-OW = 0.96 ± 0.46 vs. C-OW = 0.72 ± 0.39, P &lt; 0.05). A significant association of testosterone (r = 0.192, P &lt; 0.05) and androstenedione (r = 0.257, P &lt; 0.05) with BPA was observed. Multiple regression analysis for BPA showed significant correlation with the existence of PCOS (r = 0.497, P &lt; 0.05). BPA was also positively correlated with insulin resistance (Matsuda index) in the PCOS group (r = 0.273, P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Higher BPA levels in PCOS women compared to controls and a statistically significant positive association between androgens and BPA point to a potential role of this endocrine disruptor in PCOS pathophysiology.

scholarly journals PREVALENCE OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME AND ITS CORRELATION WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Drechmer ROMANOWSKI ◽  
Monica Beatriz PAROLIN ◽  
Alexandre C T FREITAS ◽  
Mauri J PIAZZA ◽  
Jorgete BASSO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Fatty Liver Disease ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
International Diabetes Federation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Pcos Group ◽  
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Background The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women at childbearing age. Metabolic syndrome is present from 28% to 46% of patients with PCOS. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic expression of metabolic syndrome. There are few published studies that correlate PCOS and NAFLD. Objective To determine the prevalence of NAFLD and metabolic syndrome in patients with PCOS, and to verify if there is a correlation between NAFLD and metabolic syndrome in this population. Methods Study developed at Gynecology Department of Clinical Hospital of Federal University of Parana (UFPR). The sessions were conducted from April 2008 to January 2009. One hundred and thirty-one patients joined the analysis; 101 were diagnosed with PCOS and 30 formed the control group. We subdivided the PCOS patients into two subgroups: PCOS+NAFLD and PCOS. All the patients were submitted to hepatic sonography. For hepatoestheatosis screening, hepatic ecotexture was compared do spleen’s. For diagnosis of metabolic syndrome, we adopted the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) criteria, as well as the criteria proposed by International Diabetes Federation. Statistical analysis were performed with t of student and U of Mann-Whitney test for means and chi square for proportions. Results At PCOS group, NAFLD was present in 23.8% of the population. At control group, it represented 3.3%, with statistical significance (P=0.01). Metabolic syndrome, by NCEP/ATP III criteria, was diagnosed in 32.7% of the women with PCOS and in 26.6% of the women at control group (no statistical difference, P=0.5). At PCOS+DHGNA subgroup, age, weight, BMI, abdominal circumference and glucose tolerance test results were higher when compared to PCOS group (P<0.01). Metabolic syndrome by NCEP/ATPIII criteria was present in 75% and by International Diabetes Federation criteria in 95.8% of women with PCOS+NAFLD with P<0.01. Insulin levels at SOP+DHGNA were higher than at PCOS group with P<0.01. Conclusion Almost 25% of the patients with PCOS were diagnosed for NAFLD. Metabolic syndrome was present between 32.7% and 44.6% of patients with PCOS. At subgroup PCOS+NAFLD, metabolic syndrome is highly prevalent. These patients are more obese, with higher BMI and higher glucose levels.

scholarly journals Frequency of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome among the Students of a Medical College in Dhaka City

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Acanthosis Nigricans ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Pcos Group ◽  
History Of

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common heterogeneous endocrine disorder. Only few data are available in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to find out the frequency of PCOS among the students of a medical college in Dhaka city. Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was done among the 3rd to 5th year students of Ibrahim Medical College. We used Rotterdam criteria (Revised 2003) for diagnosis of PCOS. After taking written consent, a detailed history including menstrual history was taken. Anthropometric measurements including height in cm, weight in kg, waist circumference (WC) were measured. We assessed hyperandrogenism (H) clinically by hirsutism using a modified Ferriman-Gallway (mFG) method. The presence of acne and acanthosis nigricans was also noted. For biochemical hyperandrogenism we did total testosterone estimation. Blood samples was collected between 08.00 and 10.00 am on Days 2-7 of a spontaneous bleeding episode or randomly in the case of amenorrhea after an overnight fast. The circulating levels of total testosterone, levels were measured by Chemiluminescent Immunoassay (Advia Centaur XPTM). Transabdominal USG (Aloka F37) was done by expert radiologist of department of Radiology, BIRDEM. PCOS group was categorized in 4 different phenotypes based on the presence of oligo-anovulation (O), hyperandrogenism (H) and polycystic ovarian morphology (P) : (i) Phenotype A (O+ H+ P), (ii) Phenotype B (O+H), (iii) Phenotype C (H+P) and (iv) Phenotype D (O+P). Results: Out of 73 girls 27(37%) satisfied Rotterdam’s criteria for PCOS. Phenotype B was more common 16(59.3%) followed by A 5(18.5%) then C 3(11.1%) and D 3(11.1%). Hirsutism was found in 24 (88.8%) girls, menstrual disturbance was also present among 24 (88.8%) girls, serum testosterone was elevated in 6(22.2%) girls, 11(40.7%) had USG findings of polycystic ovaries. The mean BMI (24.70 + 3.7) was significantly high (BMI > 23 kg/ m2) among those who had PCOS (59.86%). Acne & acanthosis nigricans was observed 15(55.6%) & 6(22.2%) girls among PCOS respectively which were not statistically significant. Hypothyroidism was observed 7(25.9%) girls with PCOS. Associated family history of DM found in 21(77.8%) girls with PCOS. Family history of PCOS was present in 7(25.9%) girls in PCOS group. The difference were statistically significant (p<0.05) between two groups. Conclusion: Prevalence of PCOS is 37%, which demonstrates that PCOS is an emerging disorder. This draws attention to the issue of early diagnosis, which could provide opportunity to target the group to prevent future morbidities.

scholarly journals Lipidomics analysis of human follicular fluid form normal-weight patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanna Ban ◽  
Haiying Ran ◽  
Ying Chen ◽  
Li Ma
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Follicular Fluid ◽  
Lipid Analysis ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Potential Candidate ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Pcos Group

Abstract Background The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine associated with insulin resistance, even in the absence of overweight. The global lipid profile of the follicular fluid in PCOS with normal weight as yet has not been investigated. The objection of this pilot study was to explore the changes of lipids in the follicular fluid of PCOS with normal weight. Methods Follicular fluid samples were collected from patients who underwent IVF, including normal-weight women without PCOS (control group, n = 10) and normal-weight women with PCOS (PCOS group, n = 8). A lipidomic analysis was performed by high performance liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Multidimensional statistical analysis was performed to disclose the global differences between the two groups. Further, differential lipid analysis between the two groups was performed by Fold Change Analysis (FC Analysis) and T-test to screen potential markers. Results All 812 species of 32 subclasses of lipids were identified by lipidomics analysis. 108 kinds of lipids were considered as the potential candidate differential metabolites with the score of variable importance in the project (VIP) more than 1 by the orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. 32 lipids were significantly different between the PCOS group and the control group simultaneously with FC > 1.5 or FC < 0.67, p-value < 0.05 and VIP value > 1. These differential species of lipid belong to lipid subclasses including triglycerides (TG), phosphatidylethanolamines (PE) and phosphatidylinositols (PI). Conclusion The identified differential lipids in the follicular fluid may be considered as candidate biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets of PCOS with normal-weight.

scholarly journals Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in granulosa cells from patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
You Li ◽  
Guohui Xiong ◽  
Jun Tan ◽  
Shudi Wang ◽  
Ziyu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Granulosa Cells ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Ovarian Granulosa Cells ◽  
Pcos Group

Abstract The molecular mechanism that triggers polycystic ovary syndrome is mysterious. Abnormal ovarian granulosa cells are one of the causes of PCOS. Therefore, we carried out RNA-seq in ovarian granulosa cells from patients with PCOS and normal controls and found that Hedgehog signaling pathway members Ihh and ptch2 were abnormally highly expressed in the PCOS group. Granulosa cells from 22 patients with PCOS and 21 controls with normal ovulation were collected. Subsequent qPCR tests also indicated that the expression of ptch1, gli1, and gli2 of other downstream members of Hh in the PCOS group was significantly higher than that in the control group. These results indicate that abnormally activated Hh signaling pathway, especially Ihh signal, may have a profound influence on PCOS.

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