Morphophysiological characterization of leaves and inflorescences of commercial mini chrysanthemum varieties

Abstract Chrysanthemum is among the oldest plants cultivated by man, being widely cultivated in Brazil. In view of its economic importance and use in breeding, the present study aims to characterize mini chrysanthemum varieties, focusing on morphological and physiological parameters. Therefore, four varieties of mini chrysanthemums, in pots, were acquired in the local market: V1 - ‘Swifty Light Pink’ (purple), V2 - ‘Diablo Time’ (red), V3 - ‘White Cherie’ (white); V4 - ‘Giovanni’ (yellow), from which they were taken leaves and inflorescences samples for measurement of height, diameter and fresh mass, as well as to quantify the total soluble sugar (TSS, %), reducing sugar (RS, %), non-reducing sugar (NRS, %), anthocyanin and chlorophyll contents. Regarding the characterization of inflorescences, it was found that ‘Diablo Time’ had the largest diameter, height and fresh weight, in these last two cases not differing from ‘Giovanni’, which had lower anthocyanin content; while the highest values of carbohydrate content were found in ‘White Cherie’. In relation to the characterization of the leaves, ‘Giovanni’ had the largest dimensions, fresh mass and chlorophyll content. Already ‘Swifty Light Pink’ stood as to the sugar contents. Thus, it is clear that there are morphophysiological differences between the chrysanthemum mini varieties, which can contribute to breeding programs.

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Studies on the Sugar Accumulation and Carbohydrate Splitting Enzyme Levels in Post Harvested and Cold Stored Potatoes

Journal of Bio-Science ◽

10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3748 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

pp. 95-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Md Rezaul Karim ◽

MMH Khan ◽

Md Salim Uddin ◽

NK Sana ◽

F Nikkon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Key Words ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Sugar Accumulation ◽

Potato Varieties ◽

Total Soluble Sugar

Significant differences were found in sugar content and carbohydrate splitting enzyme activities in tubers of ten indigenous potato varieties at harvesting and after keeping at cold storage. The activities of invertase, amylase, β-galactosidase and cellulase in all varieties were found to be increased by 2-12, 1.2-4, 1.9-4.5, and 1.1-3.7 folds, respectively from harvesting to cold stored potatoes. The amount of starch and sucrose were found to be decreased by 1.15-2.8 and 1.02-1.4 folds, respectively from harvesting to cold stored in all varieties. Total soluble sugar and reducing sugar contents in potatoes were increased by 1.02-1.4 and 4-11 folds, respectively from harvesting to cold stored in all varieties of potatoes. The amount of reducing sugar increased in cold stored potatoes due to the increased activities of carbohydrate splitting enzymes. Key words: Potatoes, Indigenous, Carbohydrate splitting enzymes, Sugars. DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3748 J. bio-sci. 16: 95-99, 2008

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Biochemical and phytochemical evaluation of Stevia rebaudiana

Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ◽

10.3329/ajmbr.v2i1.27577 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 121-130 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Md Moniruzzaman Sohag Howlader ◽

Sheikh Rashel Ahmed ◽

Khadizatul Kubra ◽

Md Khairul Hassan Bhuiyan

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Total Phenolic Compounds ◽

Dry Extract ◽

Total Soluble Sugar

The present study was aimed to evaluate biochemical and phytotochemical of dry leaves of Stevia rebaudiana. Biochemical analysis indicated that Stevia leaves are a good source of carbohydrate and reducing sugar. Different extraction methods were used to prepare four different dry extracts (Extract A, B, C, D). Total soluble sugars and reducing sugars were analyzed for these four dry extracts and commercial Stevia powder. The highest amount of total soluble sugar (477 mg sugar g-1 dry extract) was obtained from extract C and higher amount of reducing sugar (82 mg g-1 dry extract) was obtained from extract D among the extracts. But commercial Stevia powder showed higher total soluble sugar content (754 mg g-1 dry powder) and highest amount of reducing sugar (98 mg g-1 dry extract) than all the extracted dry samples. The extraction process of dry extract C was feasible for the extraction of total soluble sugar. For the phytochemical screening, crude extract was tested for the presence of different chemical groups and presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and saponins that were identified. The highest amount of total phenolic compounds (92 mg) was recorded from methanolic extract of extraction B. The lowest amount of total phenolic compounds (36 mg) was recorded in ethanolic extract of extraction A. So, Methanol proved as best solvent to extract increased quantity of total phenolic compounds than other solvents.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2016, 2(1): 121-130

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Effect of Mechanical Damages and Storage Conditions on Quality of Markies cv. Potatoes for Processing

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2019/v36i230231 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Dreice Nascimento Gonçalves ◽

Luciana Gomes Soares ◽

Ariana Mota Pereira ◽

Paula Acácia Silva Ramos ◽

Maria Eduarda Da Silva Guimarães ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soluble Sugar ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

And Control ◽

And Storage

Aims: Evaluate whether mechanical damage and storage conditions affect the quality of the ‘Markies’ potato for processing. Study Design: The experimental design was the completely randomized, in the scheme of split-plots. The plots were composed of treatments with and without mechanical damage and the subplots were made up by the evaluation times, with 5 replicates, where the experimental unit was composed of 2 tubers. Place and Duration of Study: Tubers of the ‘Markies’ cultivar from the producing region of Perdizes, State of Minas Gerais, were planted in June 2016 and harvested in October 2016. Methodology: The tubers were stored for 2 months at 8°C, and further divided into treatment with damage, in which the tubers were subjected to impact and abrasion; and control treatment, in which the tubers were not damaged. After that, they were stored at 28°C and evaluated for their loss of loss of accumulated fresh mass (FML), total soluble sugar (TSS), reducing sugar (RS), non-reducing sugar (NRS) and color after frying in the periods of 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after being placed at room temperature. Results: The mechanical damage in the tubers increased FML, however, it did not affect the content of TSS, NRS, RS and color after frying. Increases were observed in the content of TSS and NRS after 12 h of evaluation. Grade 2 was assigned to the coloring scale after frying for the tubers regardless of treatment or evaluation period. Conclusion: Mechanical damage increases the FML and the ‘Markies’ cultivar is suitable for the industry of pre-fried potato processing even under the occurrence of mechanical damage and exposure to high temperatures.

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Flowering, fruiting and physiology of apple tree under different irrigation levels in the Brazilian semiarid region

Comunicata Scientiae ◽

10.14295/cs.v8i1.1761 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 99 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cíntia Martins De Oliveira ◽

Welson Lima Simões ◽

Paulo Roberto Coelho Lopes ◽

José Bezerra Da Silva ◽

Emanoel Jurema Araújo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Set ◽

Apple Tree ◽

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Semiarid Region ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Brazilian Semiarid ◽

Opposite Behavior ◽

Irrigation Levels

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation levels on flowering, fruit set, carbohydrate and protein content and gas exchange, of apple varietiesin the Brazilian semiarid region. The experimental design was a randomized block with split plots with five replications and four plot irrigation levels (60, 80, 100, and 120% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo)) and the subplots with two cultivars (Juliet and Princess). As a result, it was found that the number of flowers (NFL), fruits (NFR), shoot percentage (SP) and fruit set (FS) were higher in cv. Juliet. The number of buds (NB) and the fertility index (FI) were higher in cv. Princess. With regard to metabolites, reducing sugar content (RS) had no significant effect among cultivars. The non-reducing sugar content (NRS), total soluble sugar (TSS) and total soluble proteins (TSP) were higher in cv. Princess. As for irrigation depths, TSP, sprouting, flowering and fruit set increased along with the amount of water applied, while the RS, NRS and TSS contents had the opposite behavior.

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Estimation of biochemical factors responsible for resistance to root and collar rot (Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.) in okra

Journal of Applied and Natural Science ◽

10.31018/jans.v10i4.1936 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 1266-1270

Author(s):

Aravind T ◽

A. B. Brahmbhatt

Keyword(s):

Peroxidase Activity ◽

Soluble Protein ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Resistant Variety ◽

Phenol Content ◽

Collar Rot ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Moderately Resistant

Twenty okra genotypes were screened for their resistance to root and collar rot incited by Macrophomina phaseolina in the experimental fields of Department of Plant Pathology, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University. Based on their disease reaction, they were grouped into four categories i.e., resistant, moderately resistant, susceptible and highly susceptible. The biochemical analysis of the resistant and susceptible genotypes revealed that the total soluble sugar, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar decreased following inoculation by the pathogen. The decrease in total soluble sugar, reducing sugar and non reducing sugar were 21.54, 21.73 and 21.42 per cent in resistant variety, whereas in highly susceptible variety it was 6.06, 6.10 and 3.03 per cent, respectively. The total phenol content, soluble protein and peroxidase activity increased on inoculation with the pathogen. In the resistant variety, the increase in phenol content, soluble protein and peroxidase activity was 23.4, 32.56 and 63.86 per cent whereas in moderately resistant variety this was 19.85, 21.63 and 55.29 per cent, respectively. Susceptible and highly susceptible genotypes had low to moderate increase in the three parameters. The experimental results confirmed the importance of these biochemical factors in imparting the host resistance to root and collar rot.

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Post-Harvest Quality of cv. Markies Potatoes Submited to Mechancial Damages

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v12n2p124 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 124

Author(s):

Dreice Nascimento Gonçalves ◽

Ariana Mota Pereira ◽

Luciana Gomes Soares ◽

Maria Eduarda da Silva Guimarães ◽

Kharen Priscilla de Oliveira Salomão Petrucci ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Carbohydrate Metabolism ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Mechanical Damage ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Abrasion Damage

Mechanical damage and storage conditions may alter carbohydrate metabolism and oxidative enzyme activity, causing darkening and impairing the use of tubers in pre-fried potato processing industry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic changes and carbohydrate metabolism of ‘Markies’ potato tubers subjected to mechanical damage and exposed to high temperatures before processing. The tubers were stored for 4 months at 8 °C, and further divided into treatment with impact and abrasion damage; and control treatment, in which the tubers were not damaged. Afterwards, they were stored at 28 °C room temperature, evaluated for loss of accumulated fresh mass (FML); total soluble sugar (TSS), reducing sugar (RS) and non-reducing sugar (NRS); color after frying and activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h after placed at room temperature. The mechanical damages incremented FML, RS, PPO and TSS, NRS and POD up to 35.6, 34, and 22 h, respectively. Regardless of the occurrence of mechanical damage and the period of evaluation, the sticks showed a light color after frying and were classified in category 2. The increase in the evaluation time led to the rise in FML and the PPO activity. It is concluded that the mechanical damages increase the FML and cause darkening of the tips of the sticks after frying, however this variety still display qualities that are suitable for industrial processing.

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Changes of starch and sucrose content and related gene expression during the growth and development of Lanzhou lily bulb

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0262506 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. e0262506

Author(s):

Weitai Li ◽

Dengjing Huang ◽

Bo Wang ◽

Xuemei Hou ◽

Rui Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Economic Value ◽

Growth Period ◽

Adenosine Diphosphate ◽

Soluble Starch ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Flowering Stage ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Lanzhou Lily

As the main forms of carbohydrates, starch and sucrose play a vital role in the balance and coordination of various carbohydrates. Lanzhou lily is the most popular edible lily in China, mainly distributed in the central region of Gansu. To clarify the relationship between carbohydrate metabolism and bulb development of Lanzhou lily, so as to provide a basis for the promotion of the growth and development in Lanzhou lily and its important economic value, we studied lily bulbs in the squaring stage, flowering stage, half withering stage and withering stage. The plant height, fresh weight of mother and daughter bulbs continued to increase during the whole growth period and fresh weight of stem and leaf began to decrease in the half withering stage. The content of starch, sucrose and total soluble sugar in the lily mother bulb accumulated mostly in the flowering, withering and half withering stages, respectively. Starch, sucrose and total soluble sugar accumulated in the daughter bulb with the highest concentration during the withering stage. In the transcription level, sucrose synthase (SuSy1) and sucrose invertase (INV2) expressed the highest in squaring stage, and the expression was significantly higher in the mother bulb than in the daughter bulb. In flowering stage, the expression levels of soluble starch synthase (SSS1), starch-branching enzyme (SBE) and adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP1) genes were higher in the mother bulb than in the daughter bulb. Altogether, our results indicate that starch and sucrose are important for the bulb growth and development of Lanzhou lily.

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Pruning and dormancy breaking make two sustainable grape-cropping productions in a protected environment possible without overlap in a single year

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.7412 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. e7412

Author(s):

Zhipeng Qiu ◽

Guangzheng Chen ◽

Dongliang Qiu

Keyword(s):

Soluble Sugar ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Dormancy Breaking ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Winter Crop ◽

Bud Breaking ◽

One Year ◽

Summer Fruit ◽

Summer Crop

In table grape production, protected cultivation in a vineyard in different regions and climates is currently a commonly used practice. The aims of this study were to provide key approaches to sustainably produce two crops of grape without overlap under protected environment in a single year. Spraying the degreening chemicals 400 mg/L ethephon +0.4% sulfur at 4 weeks of vine nutrient restoration after the harvest of the summer crop resulted in the highest percentage of sprouting inflorescence. The retention of 7–10 buds in the base shoot results in the high percentage of sprouting inflorescence. Bud breaking chemicals with 2.5% hydrogen cyanamide+2.0% Baoguoliang +0.02% Shenzhonggen significantly led to sprout inflorescence more efficiently. Cluster and fruit weights of the winter crop weighed significantly less than those of the summer crop. However, the contents of total soluble sugar and titratable acidity were higher than those of the summer crop. The anthocyanin content in the peel of the winter fruit was significantly higher than that in the summer fruit. The yield of the winter crop is controlled by the yield of the summer fruit. To maintain the stability of the two crops for one year, the ratio of yield in the winter to the summer should be controlled from 2:5 to 3:5 to ensure the sustainable production of two crops without overlap for ‘Summer Black’ grape. These results may help grape growers to overcome the impacts of rainy and hot climates with the help of protected facilities, and it could enable the use of solar radiation and heat resources in subtropical and tropical areas.

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Light Intensity Modulates the Accumulation of Carbohydrates, Antioxidant Enzymes and Production of Iceberg Lettuce under Tropical Conditions

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7120553 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 553

Author(s):

Eduardo Santana Aires ◽

Carlos Alberto Aragão ◽

Bárbara França Dantas ◽

João Domingos Rodrigues ◽

Elizabeth Orika Ono

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Reducing Sugar ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Biochemical Responses ◽

Iceberg Lettuce ◽

High Solar Radiation ◽

Tropical Conditions ◽

Physiology And Biochemistry

High solar radiation in tropical regions can affect the development, physiology, and biochemistry of plants. Our aim with this research was to evaluate the biochemical responses and production of iceberg lettuce cultivars under environments with different shadings. An experiment under field conditions was installed in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme. Four cultivars of iceberg lettuce (Great Lakes, Winslow, Delicia, and Balsamo) and four environments with different shadings (three types of shading screens: red, ChromatiNet®, and black; and treatment under the full sun) were evaluated. Forty-five days after transplanting, the plants were harvested, and the biomass was weighed to obtain the fresh consumable part (FCP) and the biochemical parameters: total soluble sugar (TSS), reducing sugar (RS), and the activity of SOD, CAT, and POD. We found that shading modulates biochemical and productive responses of iceberg lettuce, and the main microclimatic factor related to these responses was solar radiation. We observed a negative correlation between RS and FCP. The solar radiation between 16 and 18 MJ·m−2·day−1, observed in the environments with a black screen and ChromatiNet®, promoted the highest activity of the SOD enzyme and average levels of TSS and RS, providing higher FCP of the cultivars Delícia and Balsamo in high temperatures period.

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Determination of Carbohydrate Composition in Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) Larvae and Characterization of Mealworm Chitin and Chitosan

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10030640 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 640

Author(s):

Yang-Ju Son ◽

In-Kyeong Hwang ◽

Chu Won Nho ◽

Sang Min Kim ◽

Soo Hee Kim

Keyword(s):

Sugar Content ◽

Soluble Sugar ◽

Tenebrio Molitor ◽

Carbohydrate Content ◽

Free Sugar ◽

Total Carbohydrate ◽

Total Soluble Sugar ◽

Chitin And Chitosan

Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is a classic edible insect with high nutritional value for substituting meats from vertebrates. While interest in mealworms has increased, the determination of carbohydrate constituents of mealworms has been overlooked. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the carbohydrate content and composition of mealworms. In addition, the characteristics of mealworm chitin were determined as these were the major components of mealworm carbohydrate. The crude carbohydrate content of mealworms was 11.5%, but the total soluble sugar content was only 30% of the total carbohydrate content, and fructose was identified as the most abundant free sugar in mealworms. Chitin derivatives were the key components of mealworm carbohydrate with a yield of 4.7%. In the scanning electron microscopy images, a lamellar structure with α-chitin configuration was observed, and mealworm chitosan showed multiple pores on its surface. The overall physical characteristics of mealworm chitin and chitosan were similar to those of the commercial products derived from crustaceans. However, mealworm chitin showed a significantly softer texture than crustacean chitin with superior anti-inflammatory effects. Hence, mealworm chitin and chitosan could be employed as novel resources with unique advantages in industries.

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