scholarly journals Efektivitas Metode Pembelajaran Cooperative Learning Terhadap Kemampuan Komunikasi pada Mahasiswa

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Iin Patimah ◽  
Sri Wulan Megawati ◽  
Tanti Suryawantie
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Communication Competence ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Competence Scale ◽  
Quasi Experiment

ABSTRAK Komunikasi  merupakan elemen vital dalam keperawatan, karena komunikasi yang baik dapat menunjang keberhasilan asuhan keperawatan sebaliknya  komunikasi yang buruk dapat menimbulkan kesalahan medis yang berimbas pada injury bahkan kematian pada pasien. Kemampuan komunikasi perawat harus diasah sedini mungkin yaitu dimulai dari pendidikan tahap akademik. Metode pembelajaran Cooperative Learning merupakan metode pembelajaran yang terstruktur, sistematis yang dirancang oleh dosen/pengajar untuk memecahkan suatu masalah/kasus atau mengerjakan suatu tugas dilakukan pada kelompok kelompok kecil untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran tertentu, dimana masing-masing anggota kelompok bertanggung jawab untuk mempelajari materi pembelajaran tertentu dan menjelaskan ke teman lainnya begitupun kelompok anggota lainnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengukur  efektivitas metode pembelajaran Cooperative Learning terhadap kemampuan komunikasi pada mahasiswa tingkat satu pada Program Studi S1 Keperawatan STIKes Karsa Husada Garut tahun 2016. Metode pembelajaran dilaksanakan dalam kurun waktu  tujuh kali pertemuan masing-masing pertemuan selama 200 menit. Rancangan metode penelitian menggunakan quasi experiment with control group pre and posttest design dengan perhitungan total sampling selama periode Juni-Agustus 2016. Alat ukur yang digunakan yaitu ICCS (Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale) untuk mengukur kemampuan komunikasi mahasiswa sebelum dan sesudah mengikuti metode pembelajaran Cooperative Learning. Untuk selanjutnya data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji t. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh nilai p value sebesar 0.571 (p value> 0.05) yang artinya H nol ditolak. Hal ini berarti menunjukan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan kemampuan komunikasi antara kelompok perlakuan dan control. Disarankan dalam penelitian ini dlakukan dengan kurun waktu yang lebih panjang.  ABSTRACT Communication is a vital element in nursing.  Good  skill communication can support the success of a nurse  otherwise poor communication can lead medical errors that impact on injury and even death in patients. The nurse's communication skills should be honed as early as possible starting from the academic stage of education. Cooperative Learning is a structured, systematic learning method designed by lecturers/lecturers to solve a problem/case or do a task performed on small groups to achieve certain learning objectives, where each group member is responsible for studying learning materials certain and explain to other friends as well as other group members. The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of Cooperative Learning methods on communication skills in the first-grade students in the Program Study of Nursing S1 STIKes Karsa Husada Garut in 2016. The learning method is conducted within seven meetings of each meeting for 200 minutes. The design of the research method used quasi-experiment with control group pre and posttest design with total sampling calculation during the period of June-August 2016. The measuring instrument used is ICCS (Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale) to measure the communication ability of students before and after following Cooperative Learning learning method. For the next data is analyzed by using t-test. From the research results obtained p-value of 0.571 (p value> 0.05) which means that H is rejected. This means that there is no difference in communication skills between the treatment and control groups. It is recommended in this study to be done with a longer period of time

scholarly journals Pengaruh Pembelajaran Kooperatif dengan Teknik Think-Pair-Square terhadap Peningkatan Kemampuan Pemahaman Matematis Siswa

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
Lois Tambunan
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Mathematical Understanding ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Equivalent Control

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah peningkatan kemampuan pemahaman dan komunikasi matematis siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran kooperatif dengan teknik Think-Pair-Square (TPS) lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran konvensional. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode eksperimen dan desain kelompok kontrol non-ekivalen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas I SMA Swasta HKBP Pematangsiantar. Untuk memperoleh data yang diperlukan, digunakan instrumen berupa tes kemampuan pemahaman matematis, format observasi, dan angket untuk siswa. Analisis data dilakukan secara kuantitatif untuk data hasil pretes, postes, dan nilai gain, dan secara kualitatif untuk data hasil observasi, dan angket untuk siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (a) Peningkatan kemampuan pemahaman matematis siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran kooperatif dengan teknik Think-Pair-Square (TPS) lebih tinggi daripada siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran konvensional; (b) Aktivitas siswa yang mendapat pembelajaran kooperatif dengan teknik Think-Pair-Square (TPS) adalah baik; (c) Siswa menunjukkan sikap yang positif terhadap pembelajaran kooperatif dengan teknik Think-Pair-Square (TPS). Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran Kooperatif Teknik Think-Pair-Square (TPS), Pemahaman dan Komunikasi Matematis. ABSTRACT This research aims to determine whether the increase in mathematical understanding and communication skills of students who receive cooperative learning with Think-Pair-Square (TPS) techniques is higher than students who get conventional learning. The study was conducted using experimental methods and the design of a non-equivalent control group. The population in this study were all first grade students of SMA Swasta HKBP Pematangsiantar. To obtain the required data, instruments used in the form of tests of mathematical understanding ability, observation formats, and questionnaires for students. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively for the results of the pretest, posttest, and gain values, and qualitatively for the observational data, and the questionnaire for students. The results showed that: (a) Increased mathematical understanding ability of students who received cooperative learning with Think-Pair-Square (TPS) techniques was higher than students who received conventional learning; (b) The activities of students who get cooperative learning with Think-Pair-Square (TPS) techniques are good; (c) Students show a positive attitude towards cooperative learning with Think-Pair-Square (TPS) techniques. Key words : Cooperative Learning Think-Pair-Square (TPS) Techniques, Mathematical Understanding and Communication.

Listening and interpersonal communication skills as predictors of resilience in occupational therapy students: A cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-53
Author(s):  
Ted Brown ◽  
Mong-lin Yu ◽  
Jamie Etherington
Keyword(s):  
Occupational Therapy ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Communication Competence ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Unique Variance ◽  
Occupational Therapy Students ◽  
Resilience Scale ◽  
Competence Scale

Introduction This study investigated whether listening and communication skills are predictive of occupational therapy students’ resilience. Method 135 third- and fourth-year undergraduate occupational therapy students (74% response rate) completed the Active-Empathetic Listening Scale, Listening Styles Profile – Revised, Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale, Resilience at University and Resilience Scale for Adults instruments. Linear regressions were completed with the Resilience at University and Resilience Scale for Adults subscales as the dependent variables and the Active-Empathetic Listening Scale, Listening Styles Profile – Revised and Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale subscales as the independent variables. Results Regression analysis identified significant predictors of students’ resilience. The Active-Empathetic Listening Scale: Sensing Listening accounted for 5% ( p =  .009) and 4.3% ( p =  .011) of the unique variance of Resilience at University: Find Your Calling and Living Authentically. Listening Styles Profile – Revised: Analytical Listening accounted for 4.4% ( p =  .022) and 2.7% ( p =  .038) of the unique variance of Resilience at University: Managing Stress and Maintaining Perspective. Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale: Self-Disclosure accounted for 6.7% ( p =  .003), 3.6% ( p =  .035) and 3.4% ( p =  .047) of the unique variance of Resilience Scale for Adults: Social Resources, Resilience at University: Maintaining Perspective and Resilience Scale for Adults: Planned Future. Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale: Social Relaxation accounted for 8.5% ( p =  .001) of the unique variance of Resilience Scale for Adults: Social Competence. Conclusion Components of listening and interpersonal communication were found to be significant predictors of resilience in occupational therapy students. Further investigation in this area of research is recommended.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF TIPE STAD TERHADAP DAYA INGAT DAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA PADA MATERI HIDROLISIS GARAM KELAS XI IPA SMA KEMALA BHAYANGKARI 1 SUNGAI RAYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahara Sahara ◽  
Dedeh Kurniasih ◽  
Rizmahardian Azhari Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Teaching Method ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT The process of learning chemistry which only focused on teacher as informant caused the students’ memory lower. This could make the students’ learning outcomes lower, thus, it was needed STAD type of Cooperative Learning Method which had the process of interaction between student and teacher, and could help the students comprehend the material. Therefore, it was necessary to make a research which had the purpose to know the difference between students’ learning outcomes and memory which used STAD type ofCooperative Learning Method and lectures teaching method as well as how large the effect of STAD type of Cooperative Learning Method on salt hydrolysis material was. This research was Quasi Experimental Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The sample of the research was choosen by using saturated sampling which XI IPA 1 as experimental class and XI IPA 2 as control class. The techniques of data collection used measurement technique, observation, and interview while the tools of data collection used tests such as essayquestion, observation sheet, and interview guide. The statistical analysis of posttest result using U-man whitney test obtained significant value 0.000. This value was smaller than α (0.005) which meant that there was difference in learning outcome between experimental and control class. The statistical analysis result of U-man whitney delayed test obtained significant value 0.006, this value was smaller than α (0.005) which meant that there was difference between students’ memory in experimental and control class. The calculation of effect size showed value 1.64 with high criteria which gave high effect on students’ learning outcomes which was 44.95%, while the calculation of students’ memory effect size showed value 0.69 with moderate criteria which gave effect on students’ memory which was 26,42%. Keywords : Memory, Learning Outcomes, Salt Hydrolysis, STAD type of Cooperative Learning Method

scholarly journals THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING METHOD TO REDUCING STUDENTS ANXIETY IN LEARNING MATH AT GRADE VII SMP NEGERI 1 BAUBAU

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suwarni La Usa
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
T Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Round Numbers ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Research Show

The problem of this research is whether the application of cooperative learning method is effective in reducing student’s anxiety in learning Math at grade VII at the topic of round numbers. The objective of the research is to know the effectiveness of cooperative learning in reducing student’s anxiety in learning Math at the topic of round numbers at grade VII SMP Negeri 1 Baubau. This research is descriptive quantitative by applying quasi experimental design. The sample taken consisted of 54 students which is each group consisted of 27 students. The instrument used in this research is test. The result of the research show that (1)The mean score of students learning in Math in experimental group before treatment is 56,48 with standard of deviation is 18,65 and after treatment is 83,70 with standard of deviation is 15,54. (2)The mean score of students learning in Math in control group before treatment is 56,67 with standard of deviation is 17,26 and after treatment is 73,51 with standard of deviation is 17,58. (3)Based on the mean score of students result in learning who is taught through those model of learning and seeing the result of statistic inferential of t test shows that learning through cooperative learning method is more effective to reduce students anxiety in learning Math.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN RIWAYAT ANSIETAS DI KELUARGA TERHADAP ANSIETAS MAHASISWA TINGKAT I DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN BEASISWA DI AKPER MANGGALA HUSADA

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Sri Laela ◽  
Ening Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Consecutive Sampling ◽  
Self Rating ◽  
Quasi Experiment

Mahasiswa tingkat I yang mendapatkan beasiswa berisiko mengalami ansietas, hal ini dikarenakan mahasiswa sedang mengalami perubahan lingkungan dari masa SMA ke jenjang perkuliahan dan harus mampu mempertahankan beasiswanya. Tujuan penelitian ini mengidentifikasi hubungan riwayat ansietas di keluarga terhadap ansietas mahasiswa tingkat I dalam mempertahankan beasiswa di Akper Manggala Husada. Metode penelitian yang digunakan quasi-experiment with control group pretest – posttest design dengan metode consecutive sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 48 responden. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner Zung Self - rating Anxiety Scale (ZSAS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan yang kuat antara riwayat ansietas di keluarga terhadap ansietas mahasiswa tingkat I dalam mempertahankan beasiswa di Akper Manggala Husada. Ada penurunan ansietas secara bermakna (p-value= 0,000) pada kelompok yang mendapat tindakan keperawatan Ners dan terapi thought stopping. Terjadi penurunan pada tingkat ansietas yang sama pada kelompok yang mendapat tindakan keperawatan Ners dan kelompok yang mendapat tindakan keperawatan Ners dan terapi thought stopping. Tindakan keperawatan Ners dan terapi thought stopping mampu menurunkan ansietas mahasiswa denganbeasiswa.

scholarly journals PIJAT KAKI EFEKTIF MENURUNKAN FOOT EDEMA PADA PENDERITA CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Kasron Kasron
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Probability Sampling ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experiment

Oedema kaki merupakan salah satu gejala pada pasien CHF. Oedema kaki dapat menyebabkan penurunan kualitas hidup, ketidaknyamanan, perubahan postur tubuh, menurunkan mobilitas dan meningkatkan resiko jatuh, gangguan sensasi di kaki dan menyebabkan perlukaan di kulit. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh pijat kaki terhadap penurunan oedema kaki pada pasien CHF. Metode penelitian menggunakan quasi-experiment dengan pendekatan pre-post test without control group. Responden penelitian adalah pasien CHF yang mengalami oedema kaki, pemilihan responden menggunakan non-probability sampling dengan metode accidental sampling. Responden diukur lingkar oedema pada lingkar angkle, instep dan MP-Joint menggunakan metline pada sebelum intervensi, hari pertama, kedua dan ketiga. Analisis statistik menggunakan wilcoxon test. Sejumlah 13 responden memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Pada kaki kanan lingkar angkle pre: 27,7±1,8, post 1: 27,6±1,8, post 2 27,5±1,7, post 3: 27,2±1,7, lingkar instep pre: 27,6±1,7, post 1: 27,6±1,8, post 2: 27,2±1,7, post 3: 26,9±1,7, lingkar MP-joint pre: 27,0±1,6, post 1: 27,0±1,6, post 1: 27,0±1,6, post 2: 26,7±1,7, post 3: 26,3±1,7. Kaki kiri lingkar angkle pre: 27,6±1,8, post 1: 27,6±1,8, post 2: 27,3±1,8, post 3: 27,0±1,8, lingkar instep pre: 27,6±1,7, post 1: 27,5±1,7, post 2: 27,2±1,7, post 3: 26,8±1,7, lingkar MP-joint pre: 27,0±1,6, post 1: 26,9±1,8, post 2: 26,5±1,8, post 3: 26,2±1,8. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna lingkar oedema pada kaki kanan setelah hari kedua dan ketiga dengan p-value <0,001. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah terdapat perbedaan lingkar oedema angkle, instep, dan MP-joint pada hari kedua dan ketiga setelah pemijatan kaki pada pasien CHF yang mengalami oedema kaki. Perlu penelitian lanjutan untuk penatalaksanaan oedema kaki pada pasien CHF yang mengalami oedema kaki.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PELATIHAN PENGKAJIAN KOMPREHENSIF TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN DAN KETERAMPILAN PERAWAT MENGKAJI KEBUTUHAN KLIEN DI PUSKESMAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Fitriana Kartikasari ◽  
Achir Yani ◽  
Yustan Azidin
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Quasi Experiment

Latar belakang : Pengkajian merupakan dasar pemikiran dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan sesuai kebutuhan klien. Pengkajian yang lengkap dan sistematis sesuai dengan fakta dan kondisi yang ada pada klien sangat penting. Perawat harus memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan untuk mengkaji kebutuhan klien. Pengkajian yang tidak akurat akan mengarah pada identifikasi kebutuhan klien tidak lengkap dan akurat akan mengarah kepada identifikasi diagnosa keperawatan yang tidak tepat mengakibatkan kesalahan tindakan dan mengancan keselamatan klien. Tujuan : penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pelatihan pengkajian komprehensif terhadap pengetahuan dan ketrampilan perawat mengkaji kebutuhan klien. Metode : penelitian ini Quasi Experiment pre-test and post-test with control group design.Populasi penelitian adalah 55 perawat. Pengambilan sampel dengan convenience sampling dengan  sampel penelitian 20 perawat di 2 puskesmas (kelompok eksperimen) dan 20 perawat di 2 puskesmas (kelompok kontrol). Hasil : Pelatihan pengkajian kommprehensif mempengaruhi pengetahuan dan keterampilan perawat. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan pengetahuan perawat pada kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol setelah pelatihan p value 0,000 dan perbedaan keterampilan perwat pada kelompok eksperimen dan kontrol setelah pelatihan p value 0,001 artinya ada pengaruh pelatihan pengkajian komprehensif terhadap pengetahuan dan ketrampilan perawat mengkaji kebutuhan klien sehingga Dinas Kesehatan atau Puskesmas perlu untuk melakukan program pelatihan pengkajian komprehensif secara berkelanjutan.

scholarly journals MENINGKATKAN INTERPROFESIONAL KOLABORASI TERHADAP KESELAMATAN PASIEN DENGAN KOMUNIKASI SBAR

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusama Hia
Keyword(s):  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experiment

perawat dengan dokter merupakan salah satu elemen penting dari praktik kolaborasi dalam pelayanan kesehatan. Komunikasi yang terjalin baik antara dokter dan perawat diharapkan dapat menjadi sarana untuk menyampaikan hal - hal penting, menjalin diskusi, memutuskan secara bersama-sama serta dapat meminimalkan hambatan-hambatan yang ada dalam pemberian perawatan kepada pasien. Model teknik komunikasi SBAR (Situation Background Assessment Recommendation) membantu perawat untuk mengorganisasi cara berfikir, mengorganisasi informasi, dapat memudahkan penyampaian pesan serta berdiskusi saat berkomunikasi dengan dokter. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan apakah penerapan komunikasi SBAR dapat meningkatkan kemampuan perawat dalam berkomunikasi lisan dengan dokter. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi experiment dengan pre-post test with control group. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 18 peserta pada kelompok intervensi dan 18 peserta pada kelompok kontrol yang diambil dengan teknik pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada kelompok kontrol tidak terjadi peningkatan yang signifikan pada kemampuan pearwat dalam berkomunikasi dengan dokter ditunjukkan dengan p value 0,430 ,sedangkan pada kelompok intervensi ada peningkatan yang signifikan setelah diberikan intervensi dengan nilai p value 0,000. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa penerapan komunikasi SBAR dapat meningkatkan kemampuan perawat dalam berkomunikasi dengan dokter

Effect of GI and Glogster on Improving the Intercultural Communication Skills in Higher Education

2020 ◽  
pp. 576-604
Author(s):  
Ghada M. Awada ◽  
Hassan B. Diab ◽  
Kawthar H. Faour
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
International Students ◽  
Experimental Design ◽  
Intercultural Communication ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Intercultural Sensitivity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Experimental Group

The study reports the effect of group investigation (GI) cooperative learning method and the Glogster online poster on improving the intercultural communication skills of international students (n=54) of eight different countries. The study is premised on the proposition that the integration of GI and Glogster in classrooms consisting of Lebanese and non-Lebanese students could be effective in improving the intercultural communication skills of international students and enhancing their perceptions of intercultural communication. The study employed the mixed methods pretest-posttest control group experimental design whereby six Interactions Among Civilizations intact classes were randomly assigned to control and experimental conditions. Employing the intercultural sensitivity scale yielded findings indicating the significance of the GI and Glogster in developing the cultural adaptability and intercultural sensitivity of the experimental group participants (n=25) whereas the control group participants (n=28) did not show similar improvement.

scholarly journals Impact of ISBAR Communication Training on Interpersonal Communication and Teamwork of Residents in General Practice Standardized Training

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 76-83
Author(s):  
Min Chen ◽  
Jianhao Yin ◽  
Rui Jia ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Rong Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Communication Skills ◽  
Clinical Education ◽  
Training Model ◽  
Communication Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Observation Group ◽  
Communication Ability ◽  
The Impact

Interpersonal communication and teamwork is one of the training objectives of standardized training for residents. The ISBAR (Identify, Situation, Background, Assessment, Request) communication training model can effectively improve physicians’ clinical communication skills and teamwork ability. Our research aims to explore the impact of the ISBAR communication training on the interpersonal communication and teamwork of residents in general practice standardized training. A total of 92 general practitioners (GP) who participated in the Standardized Residency Training in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University in September 2018 were randomly recruited and divided into observation group（n=46） and control group（n=46） using simple random grouping method. GP in the observation group was trained by the ISBAR communication training model, whereas GP in the control group was trained by the traditional clinical education model. Six different scales were used to assess the interpersonal communication ability and teamwork ability of the two groups at different time points. After two weeks of training，the scores of interpersonal communication ability and teamwork ability in the observation group were higher than those in the control group（P<0.05）. ISBAR communication training model may significantly improve the interpersonal communication skills and teamwork ability of residents in general practice standardized training.

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