scholarly journals The Rise of Technocratic Leadership in the 1990s in the People’s Republic of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-167
Author(s):  
Rongrong Lin
Keyword(s):  
Career Paths ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Group Composition ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Career Opportunities ◽  
Elite Recruitment

The transformation of China’s political elite provides important insights into the nation’s political metamorphosis and the changes in cadre selection criteria. The current literature explains the composition of Chinese political elites by referencing cross-sectional biographic data and describing how the revolutionary veterans stepped down and were replaced by the technocrats who emerged in the 1980s and 1990s. However, explanations for the rise of the technocrats have largely been limited to socioeconomic factors. By analyzing the longitudinal data of Chinese provincial leaders during the period of 1990–2013, this article shows the rise of technocrats in Chinese politics in the 1990s but also provides an explanation for it from the perspectives of individuals’ career paths and the contemporaneous political and policy landscapes. These explanations were drawn from analyses of the expansion of higher education and faculty restructuring in the 1950s, graduate job assignments, the recruitment and promotion of young and middle-aged cadres, and the cadre policy known as the Four Modernizations of the early 1980s. This article presents the interactions among individuals’ career opportunities, group composition characteristics, and socioeconomic and macropolitical dynamics. It also reveals how the Chinese Communist Party legitimizes its ruling power and maintains state capacity and political order through elite recruitment.

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Individual Local Political Elites and Decision-Making Collective on Educational Fiscal Expenditure in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 961-985
Author(s):  
Ru Cai ◽  
Xinping Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Change Of Variables ◽  
Democratic Centralism ◽  
Fiscal Expenditure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Local Party

Under the current decentralization system in China, individual characteristics of the local political elites and collective characteristics of the standing committees of the local party have an impact on local education fiscal policy. Yet published research on the similarities and differences between the collective influence of the Standing committee and the individual influence of the political elite are lacking. To address this gap in the literature, our study discussed the impact of local political elites represented by the mayor and the secretary and the collective of standing committees of the local party on education fiscal expenditure. We construct multiple regression models and analyze the R2 Change of variables is based on the cross-sectional data from 2015 of 283 prefecture-level administrative units in China. We find that both political elites and the standing committees have significant impacts on fiscal expenditure in education, and that the influence of the latter is greater than that of the former. The effect of individual characteristics and collective characteristics on education fiscal expenditure is not completely consistent across prefectures. China's prefectural governments implement China's unique principle of democratic centralism when they make decisions on local spending for education and the collective decision-making under the leadership of the committee plays an important role in education fiscal expenditure. Based on this, we put forward policy suggestions to further develop the principle of democratic centralism and to optimize optimizing the local government education supply and evaluation mechanism.

Dual Elite Recruitment Logic and Political Manipulation under Xi Jinping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHIEN-WEN KOU ◽  
WEN-HSUAN TSAI
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Recruitment Strategy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Elite Recruitment

Under Xi Jinping, the cadre recruitment policy of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has been adapted. What are the political implications of these adaptations? This paper argues that Xi has sought to consolidate his power among the political elite and strengthen grassroots governance by introducing a new cadre recruitment policy. We propose the concept of “dual elite recruitment logic” as an aid to interpreting the cadre recruitment strategy in the Xi era: the CCP’s system for appointing and promoting cadres at the full provincial/ministerial level (zhengbuji) and the grassroots follows’ criteria that are different from those formulated under the previous “rejuvenation of cadres” principle. While China under Xi may be able to maintain political stability and promote socio-economic development in the short term, the lack of a new succession mechanism is the biggest obstacle to China’s future political development.

scholarly journals Returning urban political elites to the research agenda: the case of the Southern Low Countries (c. 1350 – c. 1550)

Urban History ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-588
Author(s):  
Frederik Buylaert ◽  
Jelten Baguet ◽  
Janna Everaert
Keyword(s):  
Special Section ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Ruling Class ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Low Countries ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis article provides a comparative analysis of four large towns in the Southern Low Countries between c. 1350 and c. 1550. Combining the data on Ghent, Bruges and Antwerp – each of which is discussed in greater detail in the articles in this special section – with recent research on Bruges, the authors argue against the historiographical trend in which the political history of late medieval towns is supposedly dominated by a trend towards oligarchy. Rather than a closure of the ruling class, the four towns show a high turnover in the social composition of the political elite, and a consistent trend towards aristocracy, in which an increasingly large number of aldermen enjoyed noble status. The intensity of these trends differed from town to town, and was tied to different institutional configurations as well as different economic and political developments in each of the four towns.

Gender, Catholicism, and Communism in 1950s Shanghai (1950年代上海的性别、天主教与共产主义)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-214
Author(s):  
Paul P. Mariani
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Catholic Women ◽  
Communist Revolution ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Formed Part

In the 1950s, Shanghai witnessed a conflict between the Chinese Communist Party (ccp) and the Shanghai Catholic community. The ccp wanted this community to break ties with the pope and form an “independent” Catholic Church that would fall under the authority of the Chinese government. Many Catholics in Shanghai soon resisted what they perceived to be the unjust religious policies of the ccp. One of the “backbone elements” of Catholic resistance in Shanghai was young women. This study investigates how three young Catholic women dealt with the ccp’s encroaching religious policies. All three came from similar backgrounds and they all initially formed part of the Catholic resistance to ccp religious policies during the early 1950s. Afterward their trajectories differed dramatically due to the particular way in which the Communist revolution intervened in the life of each woman. This study thus illuminates the contested area of religious faith, state power, and gender in the early years of the People’s Republic of China. 上世纪五十年代，上海见证了中共与上海天主教会之间的冲突。中共命令上海天主教会断绝与教宗的联系，成为一个听命于中国政府的“独立”教会。上海的许多天主教徒很快就起来抵制这些他们视为不公正的宗教政策。反抗运动中的许多“骨干分子”是年轻女信徒。本文探究了三位年轻的女天主教信徒如何应对当时中共侵权的宗教政策。她们有相似的生活背景，并都在50年代初期参与了抵制中共宗教政策的运动。但是因为中共革命介入她们生命的不同方式，她们之后的人生轨迹大相径庭。这项研究因此阐述了在中华人民共和国初期，宗教信仰、国家政权与性别之间充满张力的互动。

scholarly journals Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Depresi pada Lansia Pensiunan di Kecamatan Jekan Raya Kota Palangka Raya

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-220
Author(s):  
Syam'ani Syam'ani
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Consecutive Sampling ◽  
The World ◽  
Day By Day

The population of the population in the world is increasing day by day. One of the age groups that have a significant increase in the elderly group. Projections and data found about the elderly are a concern that is of interest to the whole world because along with the increase in population it is accompanied by physical and psychological problems that accompany it. This study aims to identify factors that affect depression in retired elderly people. The design used in this study uses a research design: "CROSS-SECTIONAL". In this study, the population is elderly retirees who live in the area of Jekan Raya Subdistrict, Palangka Raya City. The sampling technique in this study uses consecutive sampling technique, which is the best type of non-probability sampling, that is, all objects that come sequentially and meet the selection criteria are included in the study until the number of subjects needed is fulfilled, namely as many as 100 people. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between sex (p: 0.671), employment status (p: 0.994), marital status (p: 0.726), education (p: 0.988), and the level of depression in retired civil servants in Jekan Subdistrict Raya Kota Palangka Raya. This research is expected to contribute positively to the management of elderly people with depression so that they are able to adapt to changes that occur due to the aging process.

scholarly journals A Reformulation of business education curriculum for the development of career opportunities among undergraduates of South Nigerian Universities

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-22
Author(s):  
Chika Madu Ile ◽  
James Edomwonyi Edokpolor
Keyword(s):  
Lifelong Learning ◽  
Business Education ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lifelong Learners ◽  
Social Burden ◽  
Career Opportunities ◽  
The Mean

Concerning on the rates social burden among the graduates of business education in Nigeria has provided an opportunity for the authors to extant the study to examine the current state of business education curriculum and the reformulation of business education curriculum equips the undergraduates with skills to start a business and engaging towards lifelong learning. A cross-sectional survey design was applied to achieve the objectives of the study. The design of the research is a quantitative method. Structured questionnaires were given to a sample of 289 participants (43 lecturers and 246 students) which were randomly selected across three universities in Nigeria. The data obtained are analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 and the mean statistic is used to answer the research questions and standard deviations are used to assess the degree to which participants’ scores are clustered around the mean. The results show that the business education curriculum is theoretical in nature, as such does not have the capability of preparing students to become entrepreneurs and lifelong learners. Hence, the data shows that most of the respondents vote for business education curriculum prepares student to work for the entrepreneurs with mean 3.49 for lecturers and 3.67 for students. Moreover, the result shows that a change in business education curriculum could help to equip students with skills to engage in becoming an entrepreneur. Therefore, the managers of business education should endeavor collaborations with major stakeholders to capable of integrating the 21st-century skills and apprenticeship models into the business education curriculum. It will help to equip undergraduates with the skills needed to pursue entrepreneurial and lifelong learning careers upon graduation.

scholarly journals COMMODIFICATION OF RELIGION IN THE REALM OF LOCAL POLITICS: A STUDY OF THE TAREKAT NAQSABANDIYAH IN ROKAN HULU REGENCY

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Tito Handoko ◽  
Mega Hidayati ◽  
Muhammad Azhar ◽  
Abdul Munir Mulkan ◽  
M . Rafi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Political Relationship ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
Kinship Ties ◽  
The Relationship

This article aims to analyze the relationship between the teacher and the congregation of the Naqsabandiyah in local political action and their relationship with local political elites. This study uses a qualitative approach that aims to interpret a case that will be carefully examined and analyzed using periodic descriptive analysis methods. The results of this study indicate that the pattern of relations between teachers and congregation of the Naqsabandiyah groups in local political action in Rokan Hulu Regency tends to be more accommodating to the authorities, where the political orientation of this group has undergone a transition from traditional to rational action with its own political choices. Then, the relationship between the group and local political elites in socio-religious practices has confirmed the existence of a very strong religious and political relationship, where the Naqsabandiyah sees Achmad (local political elite) as a group representation traced from the existence of kinship ties.

scholarly journals The role of incubator classification on performance of incubators in Kenya.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 256-267
Author(s):  
Miriti Jane Kinya ◽  
Kenneth Lawrance Wanjau ◽  
Nyagweth Ebenezer Odeyo
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Mixed Effect Models ◽  
Random Slopes ◽  
Linear Mixed Effect Models

The study sought to assess the importance of classifying incubators based on the programs offered for optimum performance. Client selection criteria were assessed through three constructs namely: models that fit program goals, uniqueness of ideas, and standard selection tool. A mixed cross-sectional and causal design was adopted and a census was carried out targeting all the 51 incubators. Primary data was collected with an incubator program as a grouping/ cluster variable yielding a multilevel data structure with incubator centres nested in programs. Linear mixed effect models were fitted using Stata to assess the study objective taking into account the fixed effects for the incubator centre level (level-1) and random effects for the program level (level-2). The uniqueness of ideas was found to have a significant fixed effect on performance at level one while at level two, the study found significant random intercepts of incubator centre performance across the programs. Models that match program goals and standard selection tools were also found to have significant random slopes as level two random covariates in the model. Based on the findings of significant random slopes, the study concluded that incubator classification is key for client selection criteria and enhances incubator performance.

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