scholarly journals “ TRADE RESTRICTIONS DURING COVID-19 JUSTIFICATION UNDER GATT”

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 5115-5125
Author(s):  
Dr. Nashat Mahmoud
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Domestic Security ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The outbreak of Covid-19 as a pandemic has deep-rooted health and economic crises in the fabric of various nations. The impact has been felt in all sectors of life, one crucial sector being that of trade. Nations in light of the outbreak have taken measures to impose trade restrictions and embargos. The reason behind this measure adopted by means of various arrangements and policies is to ensure that the State maintains the domestic security of its foodstuffs, medicines and other essential goods due to the uncertainty. The question that would arise due to such moves is the validity of the measures under the GATT provisions that regulates trade between various nations based on the principles enshrined under the same. The paper seeks to study the various intricacies of the GATT provisions, primarily Article XI, Article XX and Article XXI to understand the feasibility and justification of such measures surrounding trade restrictions that have arisen due to the Covid-19 Pandemic. Methodology:The paper has adopted the doctrinal research methodology where due reading has been done to the GATT provisions and the SPS and TBT Agreements. The various tests as laid down by the WTO Panels and Appellate body has been observed to understand the grounds on which the provisions can be claimed for. The paper focuses on drawing linkages with the grounds of such bans with the precedents to understand the current situation in law and understand the shortfalls. Findings:Throughthemeans of the research, it can be observed as to how the current position of law under the GATT provisions is able to adequately address the issue of trade ban in light of the Covid-19 Pandemic. The grounds for the imposition of the trade bans and restrictions under Article XX(b) and Article XXI can be seen to provide the nations a leverage to take such measures as the tests are met to impose such restrictions. But it is also pertinent to note the serious implications that such restrictions would have on  the developing countries. The current scenario under law should be amended to incorporate the effects of Covid-19 Pandemic and subsequent issues around the same. Research Implications:The research is conducted keeping in mind the primary provisions under GATT which are Article III, Article XI, Article XX and Article XXI along with the SPS and the TBT Agreements of 1995. Instances from the past and measures adopted by various Nations in light of the Covid-19 Pandemic have been considered as well. Originality:The paper intends to contribute to the research related to the developing knowledge and conditions of Trade related aspects under GATT, restricting to restrictions and bans on trade imposed by the GATT members under the vice of the hardships caused to their economy under the Covid-19 Pandemic.  

Exploring the World Trade Organisation's Trade and Environment/Public Health Jurisprudence as a Model for Incorporating a Trade–Labour Linkage into the Organisation's Multilateral Trade Regime: Should African Countries Accept a Policy Shift?

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65
Author(s):  
Tapiwa V. Warikandwa ◽  
Patrick C. Osode
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Trade ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Multilateral Trade ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Labour Standards ◽  
The Impact

The incorporation of a trade-labour (standards) linkage into the multilateral trade regime of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) has been persistently opposed by developing countries, including those in Africa, on the grounds that it has the potential to weaken their competitive advantage. For that reason, low levels of compliance with core labour standards have been viewed as acceptable by African countries. However, with the impact of WTO agreements growing increasingly broader and deeper for the weaker and vulnerable economies of developing countries, the jurisprudence developed by the WTO Panels and Appellate Body regarding a trade-environment/public health linkage has the potential to address the concerns of developing countries regarding the potential negative effects of a trade-labour linkage. This article argues that the pertinent WTO Panel and Appellate Body decisions could advance the prospects of establishing a linkage of global trade participation to labour standards without any harm befalling developing countries.

Overseas Development Administration. A Guide to Social Analysis for Projects in Developing Countries. London: HMSO. 1995. viii+248 pages. Hardbound. £18.95.

1996 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-190
Author(s):  
Mir Annice Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Social Analysis ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Overseas Development

This book, hereinafter referred to as the Guide, has been developed for those social analysts (e.g., anthropologists, sociologists, and human geographers) who have had little or no practical experience in applying their knowledge as development practitioners. In the past, development projects would be analysed from a narrow financial and economic perspective. But with the evolution of thinking on development, this narrow financial and economic aspect has now been broadened to include the impact on society as the very meaning of development has now come to symbolise social change. Thus, development is not restricted only to plans and figures; the human environment in its entirety is now considered for analysis while designing and implementing development projects.

UNEMPLOYMENT AS A SIGN OF INSTABILITY IN SOCIETY

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Р. Х. Азиева ◽  
Х. Э. Таймасханов
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Modern World ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact

В современном мировом пространстве политика государств сопряжена с решением такой глобальной проблемы, как безработица. За последние три десятилетия безработица стала одной из наиболее значимых проблем не только в развивающихся, но и в развитых странах, так как безработица приводит к массовой нищете и угрожает социальной и политической стабильности. В статье представлены масштабы изменений в сфере занятости в условиях неопределенности и дана оценка влияния происходящих процессов на изменения структуры занятости. А также авторами представлены рекомендации по стабилизации рынка труда для недопущения высокого уровня безработицы и падения уровня жизни населения. In the modern world space, the policy of states is associated with the solution of such a global problem as unemployment. Over the past three decades, unemployment has become one of the most significant problems, not only in developing countries, but also in developed countries, as unemployment leads to mass poverty and threatens social and political stability. The article presents the scale of changes in the field of employment in conditions of uncertainty and assesses the impact of the processes on changes in the structure of employment. The authors also present recommendations for stabilizing the labor market to prevent high unemployment and falling living standards of the population.

scholarly journals The impact of maternal obesity on maternal and fetal outcome

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Esther Kamalarani A. ◽  
Ramyajothi . ◽  
Ramalakshmi S.
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Gestational Hypertension ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact

Background: Obesity continues to be a global health concern. Although the increasing obesity rates in developed countries has slowed down in the past 10 years, obesity rates in developing countries continue to increase, as much as three times in some developing countries over the past 30 years. The aim of the study was to determine the adverse effects of obesity in pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcome.Methods: In all patients, a detailed history was taken and examinations and investigations were carried out.  Based on BMI (body mass index), patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 = patients with BMI >30 kg/m2 and Group 2 = patients with BMI <30 kg /m2.Results: In our study, comparing pregnant mothers with BMI >30 kg/m2 and normal BMI, authors found that the prevalence of maternal and fetal complications was higher in the obese group. Prevalence of antenatal complications like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, imminent eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus requiring control with insulin was higher in obese women.Conclusions: Obesity is associated with increased adverse effects on pregnancy and its outcome.

scholarly journals International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOS) and Their Impact on The Democratization of Developing Countries: The Case of Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saied Sulaiman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Conference Proceedings ◽  
Standard Form ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
End Of History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Impact

The paper examines the impact of INGOs on the democratization of developing countries. Following the &lsquo;end of history,&rsquo; the INGOs multiplied globally, and the number of aids to developing countries was given through them in billions of dollars in the past three decades. It is envisaged that with the increase in their population, the developing countries will be better off with a standard form of living that is attributable to standard democratization. However, despite the billions of dollars spent, the citizens of the developing countries are still worse in poverty, poor leadership, and corruption. On the contrary, some countries, including Nigeria, are threatening legislation that will curtail the INGOs, sighting their opacity and lack of tangible results as reasons. The research used Nigeria as a case study to analyze the methods, approaches, and the capacity of these INGOs and how they affect the democratization of their host countries. Through a review of existing records, non-participatory observations, and reviews of conference proceedings. The paper analyzed the parallel gaps that exist by arguing that, taking a broad, multi-disciplinary method from the various works of literature studied will provide essential conceptual and practical insights that can inform current debates.

scholarly journals Botswana's fences and the depletion of Kalahari wildlife

Oryx ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 218-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Williamson ◽  
Jane Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Current Situation ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact

Over the past 20 years or more fences have been erected around the part of the Kalahari that lies in Botswana without thought about the impact on the wildlife. Over the years the fences have taken a massive toll of animals whose traditional migration routes to water have been sealed off. The authors, who have been working in the Kalahari since 1981, examine the current situation and suggest some of the possible remedies that are so urgently needed.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF SAFEGUARD MEАSURES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES

2016 ◽  
pp. 136-143
Author(s):  
Y. K. Zaytsev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Impact

The article discusses the role of international trade in promoting economic growth and socio-economic development of the poorest countries. The analysis of foreign trade statistics shows that the modality of the relationship between trade and economic development has changed, depending on a large number of factors, including tariff and non-tariff such measures. In the first part of the article the author examines the theoretical concepts that describe the impact of international trade on the socio-economic development of the poorest countries. Having analyzed a wide range of literature, the author identifies two approaches to the understanding the issue, "old" one establishing a direct link between trade, economic growth and long-term development, and the "new" one problematizing this link. The second part of the paper examines the place of protective measures for trade in developing countries. It shows that the removal of the protective measures as a result of trade liberalization does not always go for the benefit of developing countries. The last part of the article evaluates the impact of protective measures on trade and economic development in the poorest countries on the basis of total trade restrictions index. The author comes to the conclusion that international trade and the strengthening of export potential should be a tool, but not the key objective of national economic policy of the poorest countries.

scholarly journals Exchange rate problems as an indicator of problems in governing the national economy

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
Bohdan Ilychok ◽  
Vitali Gumenyuk ◽  
Zhanna Poplavska ◽  
Halyna Pushak
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Current Position ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Global Competitiveness Index ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Negative Factors

The article focuses on improvements and related issues in the implementation of Ukrainian monetary policy. Over the past 20 years the Ukrainian government has conducted monetary policy that flouts generally accepted international goals. The article also presents an overview of the main economic factors that exert an influence on the exchange rate – inflation and the state of the account surplus of goods payment balance, which is determined by the competitiveness of the economy. The index of global competitiveness is used as an indicator of the national economy’s competitiveness, while the country’s current position and dynamics under the global competitiveness index (GCI) are examined. The article details the main factors that have led the country’s position to fall, including the fact that the problems are systemic and result from corruption. The impact of the negative factors can be minimized in Ukraine, and monetary policy improved.

The Impact of Family Control on the Performance and Financial Characteristics of Family Versus Nonfamily Businesses in Japan: A Matched-Pair Investigation

2008 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Allouche ◽  
Bruno Amann ◽  
Jacques Jaussaud ◽  
Toshiki Kurashina
Keyword(s):  
Research Methodology ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Family Businesses ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Family Control ◽  
Precise Result ◽  
The Past ◽  
Financial Characteristics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Better Than

Research on family businesses has undergone rapid development in the past two decades. Broadly speaking, such companies perform better than nonfamily businesses, as recent investigations in Japan support. To obtain a more precise result, this research has applied to the Japanese context a research methodology that has proven its worth in Western cases. On the basis of data covering the years 1998 and 2003, we found better performance among family businesses in Japan.

Application of Gamification in Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdravka Koleva ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Business Strategy ◽  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Past ◽  
Potential Alternative ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
Irreparable Damage

Over the past year, consumers’ shopping habits have changed under the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and this has inflicted – and continues to inflict – irreparable damage to businesses, including small agricultural producers. Most vulnerable in the sector are the groups of producers of fresh fruit, vegetables, herbs, spices, etc. Some of them have realized that they are in urgent need of adopting a new approach to their customers and product selling channels. Gamification is a new layer that can be added to the marketing business strategy to increase the loyalty of existing customers and attract new ones. This text provides a brief overview of the current situation in Bulgaria, the problems producers are facing, and the potential alternative solutions for changing consumer behaviour that can help farmers save their means of livelihood.

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