scholarly journals CYTOKINES AND BRAIN-DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR IN CONTEXT OF COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN THE ELDERLY

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1S) ◽  
pp. 18-19
Author(s):  
Yu Yu Filippova ◽  
M E Kholodilina ◽  
A L Burmistrova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Repair Mechanism ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

The aim is to assess the levels of certain cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β и IL-10, and BDNF in the blood plasma of the elderly, depending on degree of cognitive impairment. 65 elderly with (vascular dementia) or without cognitive impairment were enrolled in the study. The level of cytokines and BDNF were measured in plasma by ELISA. It was found that, regardless of the degree of cognitive impairment, the condition of systemic chronic low-grade inflammation is characteristic of the elderly. Against this background, plasma levels of BDNF were increased in elderly with vascular dementia, reaching statistical significance compared with healthy individuals. Such changes in the level of BDNF may reflect a compensatory repair mechanism in neurodegeneration or be associated with a defective axonal transport or utilization of BDNF in the central nervous system paralleled by increased serum concentrations.

scholarly journals Resistance Exercise Training-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy Was Associated with Reduction of Inflammatory Markers in Elderly Women

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishiko Ogawa ◽  
Kiyoshi Sanada ◽  
Shuichi Machida ◽  
Mitsuharu Okutsu ◽  
Katsuhiko Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Muscle Thickness ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Resistance Exercise Training ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Circulating Levels

Aging is associated with low-grade inflammation. The benefits of regular exercise for the elderly are well established, whereas less is known about the impact of low-intensity resistance exercise on low-grade inflammation in the elderly. Twenty-one elderly women (mean age ± SD, 85.0 ± 4.5 years) participated in 12 weeks of resistance exercise training. Muscle thickness and circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), heat shock protein (HSP)70, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP-1), insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured before and after the exercise training. Training reduced the circulating levels of CRP, SAA (P<.05), HSP70, IGF-I, and insulin (P<.01). The training-induced reductions in CRP and TNF-α were significantly (P<.01,P<.05) associated with increased muscle thickness (r=−0.61,r=−0.54), respectively. None of the results were significant after applying a Bonferroni correction. Resistance training may assist in maintaining or improving muscle volume and reducing low-grade inflammation.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Cytokine IFNγ, IL-6, and IL-10 Association with Childhood Obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 387-391
Author(s):  
Sarmīte Kupča ◽  
Antra Jurka ◽  
Iveta Marksa ◽  
Irēna Rinkuža ◽  
Alfred J. Sipols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Acute Inflammation ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Serum Cytokine ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Abstract Childhood obesity carries a high risk of serious life-threatening cardiometabolic diseases in adulthood, which are associated with low-grade inflammation. The aim of the present study was to measure serum cytokine concentrations in obese children recruited during endocrinology consultations and compared to lean control the results. Blood serum concentrations of interferon gamma (IFNγ), IL-1β, Interleukin 6 IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α were analysed applying Luminex xMap technology with Millipore reagent kits. Statistical analyses were performed using t-test comparisons and Spearman correlations. Obese children had highly significant increased levels of circulating IFNγ (p < 0.0001), IL-6 (p < 0.0001), and IL-10 (p < 0.0001), compared to lean controls. IL-1β and TNFα levels, however, were not elevated. Significant correlation of serum cytokines to per cent excess body mass was only observed with IL-6 (rs = 0.21, p < 0.03), although IL-1β (rs = 0.18, p < 0.08) results were suggestive of a trend. A significant association of obesity in childhood with serum concentrations of IFNγ, IL-6, and IL-10 is consistent with a role for low-grade inflammatory processes early in the aetiology of this disease. IL-6 further appears to be a candidate cytokine for assessment of degree of sub-acute inflammation associated with excess weight in the young.

IL-6 as a Surrogate Biomarker: The IL-6 Clinical Value for the Diagnosis of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

1. Abstract Insulin Resistance is the leading cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). It occurs as a result of lipid disorders and increased levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFAs). FFAs accumulate within the insulin sensitive tissues such as muscle, liver and adipose tissues exacerbating different molecular mechanisms. Increased levels fatty acid has been documented to be strongly associated with insulin resistant states and obesity causing inflammation that eventually causes type 2-diabetes. Among the biomarkers that are accompanying low grade inflammation include IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. The current review point out the importance of measuring the inflammatory biomarkers especially focusing on the conductance and measurement for IL-6 as a screening laboratory test and its diagnostic value in clinical practice.

Cognitive Impairment and Depression in Older Patients

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Steinberg ◽  
Paul B. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Psychosocial Functioning ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Office Setting ◽  
Early Manifestation

Depression, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in the elderly can present with similar features such as cognitive complaints, loss of initiative, and difficulties with psychosocial functioning. These can be difficult to distinguish in the office setting, especially when mild in severity. The relationships between the three syndromes remains incompletely understood. Patients with MCI are at high risk for conversion to dementia. Depression may be either a risk factor for or early manifestation of MCI. Depression in late life is associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other dementias, but the causal relationship remains controversial. Depression may also increase the risk of conversion from MCI to dementia and be more strongly associated with conversion to Vascular dementia (VaD) than to AD. This book will provide guidance to clinicians in the diagnosis and management of these complex conditions in the office setting.

scholarly journals Serum Calprotectin and Chemerin Concentrations as Markers of Low-Grade Inflammation in Prepubertal Children with Obesity

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grażyna Rowicka ◽  
Hanna Dyląg ◽  
Magdalena Chełchowska ◽  
Halina Weker ◽  
Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Low Grade ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Prepubertal Children ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Normal Body Weight ◽  
Wbc Count ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

In adults, obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which may cause long-term adverse health consequences. We evaluated whether obesity in prepubertal children also generates this kind of inflammation and whether calprotectin and chemerin may be useful markers for early detection of such inflammation in this group of children. The study population included 83 children aged 2 to 10 years; 62 with obesity and without components of metabolic syndrome and 21 healthy controls with normal body weight. White blood cell (WBC) count, concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), calprotectin, and chemerin were determined in peripheral blood. Our study showed that in the group with obesity, serum concentrations of calprotectin and chemerin, as well as CRP were significantly higher as compared with the controls. We found a significant positive correlation between serum chemerin concentrations and BMI z-score (r = 0.33, p < 0.01) in children with obesity. Chemerin concentration was also positively correlated with CRP level (r = 0.36, p < 0.01) in the whole group of children. These findings suggest that obesity may generate chronic low-grade inflammation as early as in the prepubertal period which can be indicated by significantly higher serum concentrations of calprotectin and chemerin. Calprotectin and especially chemerin seem to be promising indicators of this type of inflammation in children with obesity, but the correlation between these markers requires further research.

scholarly journals The Cooperative Induction of CCL4 in Human Monocytic Cells by TNF-α and Palmitate Requires MyD88 and Involves MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathways

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (18) ◽  
pp. 4658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sindhu ◽  
Kochumon ◽  
Shenouda ◽  
Wilson ◽  
Al-Mulla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Grade ◽  
Monocytic Cells ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Blocking Antibody ◽  
Metabolic Inflammation ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Tlr4 Receptor

: Chronic low-grade inflammation, also known as metabolic inflammation, is a hallmark of obesity and parallels with the presence of elevated circulatory levels of free fatty acids and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. CCL4/MIP-1β chemokine plays a key role in the adipose tissue monocyte recruitment. Increased circulatory levels of TNF-α, palmitate and CCL4 are co-expressed in obesity. We asked if the TNF-α/palmitate could interact cooperatively to augment the CCL4 production in human monocytic cells and macrophages. THP-1 cells/primary macrophages were co-treated with TNF-α/palmitate and CCL4 mRNA/protein expression was assessed using qRT-PCR/ELISA. TLR4 siRNA, a TLR4 receptor-blocking antibody, XBlue™-defMyD cells and pathway inhibitors were used to decipher the signaling mechanisms. We found that TNF-α/palmitate co-stimulation augmented the CCL4 expression in monocytic cells and macrophages compared to controls (p < 0.05). TLR4 suppression or neutralization abrogated the CCL4 expression in monocytic cells. Notably, CCL4 cooperative induction in monocytic cells was: (1) Markedly less in MyD88-deficient cells, (2) IRF3 independent, (3) clathrin dependent and (4) associated with the signaling mechanism involving ERK1/2, c-Jun, JNK and NF-κB. In conclusion, TNF-α/palmitate co-stimulation promotes the CCL4 expression in human monocytic cells through the mechanism involving a TLR4-MyD88 axis and MAPK/NF-κB pathways. These findings unravel a novel mechanism of the cooperative induction of CCL4 by TNF-α and palmitate which could be relevant to metabolic inflammation.

Betaine reduces the expression of inflammatory adipokines caused by hypoxia in human adipocytes

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Olli ◽  
S. Lahtinen ◽  
N. Rautonen ◽  
K. Tiihonen
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Human Adipocytes ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Obesity is characterised by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and the elevated circulating and tissue levels of inflammatory markers, including inflammation-related adipokines, released from white adipose tissue. The expression and release of these adipokines generally rises as the adipose tissue expands and hypoxic conditions start to develop within the tissue. Here, the effect of betaine, a trimethylglycine having a biological role as an osmolyte and a methyl donor, on the expression of inflammation-related markers was tested in human adipocytes under hypoxia. Differentiated adipocytes were cultivated under low (1 %) oxygen tension for 8–20 h. The expression of different adipokines, including IL-6, leptin, PPARγ, TNF-α and adiponectin, was measured by quantitative PCR by determining the relative mRNA level from the adipocytes. Hypoxia, in general, led to a decrease in the expression of PPARγ mRNA in human adipocytes, whereas the expression levels of leptin and IL-6 mRNA were substantially increased by hypoxia. The cultivation of adipocytes under hypoxia also led to a reduction in the expression of TNF-α mRNA. The results showed that hypoxia increased the relative quantification of leptin gene transcription, and that betaine (250 μmol/l) reduced this effect, caused by low oxygen conditions. Under hypoxia, betaine also reduced the mRNA level of the pro-inflammatory markers IL-6 and TNF-α. These results demonstrate that the extensive changes in the expression of inflammation-related adipokines in human adipocytes caused by hypoxia can be diminished by the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of betaine.

scholarly journals The Role of Exercise Training on Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13258
Author(s):  
Paola Gonzalo-Encabo ◽  
Gonzalo Maldonado ◽  
David Valadés ◽  
Carmen Ferragut ◽  
Alberto Pérez-López
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Concurrent Training ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Low-grade systemic inflammation leads to critical alterations of several tissues and organs that can promote the appearance of non-communicable diseases, a risk that is increased in adults with obesity. Exercise training may counteract low-grade systemic inflammation, but there is a lack of consensus on how cytokines are modulated by training in adults with obesity. This study aimed of examining the effects of exercise training on circulating pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in adults with overweight and obesity, and whether exercise-induced fat mass reduction could mediate that effect. The search was conducted on Medline (Pubmed), SPORTDiscus and Web of Science databases from January 1998 to August 2021, using keywords pertaining to inflammation, exercise, and obesity. A total of 27 studies were selected, in which the circulating concentration levels of cytokines were analyzed. Endurance training (ET) decreased circulating CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α levels. TNF-α was reduced after resistance and concurrent training (CT), while IL-10 increased after resistance training (RT). Changes in IL-10 and CRP coincided with fat mass reduction, while decreased TNF-α levels were concomitant with changes in IL-6 and IL-10. Exercise training may reduce systemic low-grade inflammation profile in adults with overweight and obesity.

scholarly journals Study of TNF-α, IL-6 and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Vidharbha Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 534-539
Author(s):  
Ankita Kondhalkar ◽  
Rajan Barokar ◽  
Prajakta Warjukar ◽  
Roshan Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Insulin Synthesis ◽  
Immunological Markers ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Hematological Markers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Background: DM is a metabolic condition caused by deficiencies in insulin synthesis, insulin action, or both. It is characterised by chronic hyperglycemia and glycosuria, as well as abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Diabetes and its complications are believed to be caused by a variety of causes. Genetics, diet, sedentary lifestyle, perinatal causes, age, and obesity are among them.  The relationship and interaction of various risk factors with disease severity is still unknown, so the aim of the proposed study was to determine the possible relationship between biochemical markers glycosylated haemoglobin, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and immunological markers TNF- and IL-6, in order to suggest appropriate measures to reduce the country's diabetes burden. Materials and Methods: A total of 300 people were chosen for the study after visiting Shalinitai Meghe hospital in Nagpur for a health check-up. The three groups were contained in this area. Results: Both biochemical and immunological parameters rose in managed diabetic patients and significantly increased in uncontrolled diabetic patients, according to the report, but values did not differ between groups 1. Conclusion: Low-grade inflammation and inflammatory mediator upregulation have been suggested to play a role in T2DM etiology. TNF- and IL-6 have a positive connection with T2DM and insulin sensitivity, according to our data. These can be used as T2DM biomarkers in the early stages of the disease. To help doctors monitor and treat T2DM successfully, more research on a larger spectrum of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines (mediators) in conjunction with other biochemical, immunoassay, and hematological markers is needed.

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